VAN DONG PHDNG GACH NGHE THOAT COA HAN MAC Tt HE HOfiNG OiN HDC SINH DOC HIEO DAI THO m i i H m ThS PHAN N G O C THANH'''' 1 Phong each nghe ihuatirong sang tac la mpt khai mem chi nhflng net chung,tuong[.]
Trang 1VAN DONG PHDNG GACH NGHE THOAT COA HAN MAC Tt
HE HOfiNG OiN HDC SINH DOC HIEO DAI THO m i i H m
ThS P H A N N G O C T H A N H '
1 Phong each nghe ihuatirong sang tac la mpt
khai mem chi nhflng net chung,tuong doi ben vflng
cua he thong hinh tupng, cua cac phuong tiiuC bieu
hien nghe tiiuat, tieu bieu cho ban sac sang tao cua
mptnhavan Phong each sang tae lampttrong nhung
thudc do tai nang cua nha van Doi vdi tho ea, phong
each sang tac thudng dupc tiie hien dcac binh dien
sau day: net rieng frong su lua chpn, xu li de tai, xay
dung chude, ddi tupn^ mieu ta xuli de tai; cainhinve
con ngudi va cudc sdng; he thong hinh tupng, hinh
anh va cac md tip nghe friuat dac tarng; he thong
phuong tiiuc bleu hien nhflng thu phap, bien phap
quen dung cdhieu qua, delaidau an rieng, in dam ca
tinh sang tao cua nha van nhu he tiidng thu phap,
bien phap, each to'chde ket eau tae pham; ngdn ngfl
va giong dieu cua tac pham
Thong tiiudng, ngudi ta dpc tac pham de tim ra
nhflng dae diem phong each cila tac pia Tuy nhien,
cd nhflng frudng hpp, tflnhflng dac diem phong each
tae gia, ngt/cfi dpc lai "quay ngupe" ve "giai ma" nhung
tin hieu tham mTcua tac pham Trudng hppbaitiio
£»ayf/;i5nlTDa(Nguvan11)lamptvi dutieu bieu
2 VdiHan MacTd, phong each sang tac thehien
dam net nhat la trong Tho dien (TD} va td TD frd ve
sau,phong each ay da lam nen mpt loaihinh tho ki la
Cuthe:
2.1 Ngudn cam xuc dac thii cua TD: dau
thuong Budcyao TD la budc vao eai the gidi quan
quai cua tinh tiian Ndlabieu hien eija nhung giang xe
quyet liet giua Hi vpng va Tuyet vpng Tin tudng va
Hoainghi,B6ngtd'icuaBenhtat,Chetchde,Maquy
vert anh sanp etja Tinh Yeu, St/sdng Than tiianh
giua Cdchap,Thu han Hep hdi vdi Khoan dung Op
lupng, Cao ca , gifla Dja Ngue h§c am vdi Thien
dudng quang minh Tat canhung phan trai nghjch li
cua nddeu la ngon ngflctja dau thuang Trong dau
thuong,tae6thecamnghedupccampttiiegidiben
trong vo hinh dang lam vao tuyet vpng qua nhflng
tieng ren ri rdm mau cua tiian xac ben ngoai S y bi
tham Cham y thuc ndi loan dabien hien tupng frio Han
MacTunhUlamptngdisaochollaki.HanMacTt/ia
34 Tqp chi Gido due so 359
ke vupt khung tiidi dai minh bang nhflng giac mo
dam mau sieu thuc Nhjp dieu ttio la "quay cudng
mau vot Cudng dp cam xuc 1^ ''hon traoradaungm but\"me man cheidieng ca lan d^
2.2.ChutheTB:caiTdiH-hqpbatdmh.'\KiT\%
thotnitinh, viec chuthephan tfian, hoa than vao cac dd'i tupng het stj"c khac nhau de eait len nhiing tieng noi tri/tinh phong phu khac la khong eon la dieu xa la
nfla 6 TD, dieu nay cd khac hon St/phan lictja chu the d day khong ttieo loi tuyen tinh ma theo loi dong
hien: mpt xac than nhieu nhan each Thegidi "nhan
vaf frong TD chinh vi the cd iuc rat ki di: Xa mgt
mieng ta trang la (rang/Caking ta vo sdgaihSng nhan/
Ta nha ra day mot nang/Cho may ling Idcho nudc ngatngay p[idng nhu chinh dau thUOng da tao ra
mpt eude no vd nao dd cua tinh than ma pha vdtinh nhatttieeuaeai''nguyenT6i",phanlindtiianhmu6n manh Moimanh vua ia mptphan tiian cua calToikia
lai vfla la mpt eai Tdi khac tu lap: "Kia aiganh maudi
tren tuyet/Vdi lai ai ngoi khit canh toi/Ma sao ngam Cling ho day mieng/Khong noi khong rang nin ca hor Xac than la mpt Tdi, Hon lai tach ra tiianh mpt
Tdi khac, diia cot, rapt dudi, treu ti-dng nhau, tiiam ctii tiidn tin h lln n ha u:" f a ^/jac/;OT/a ngoa/'cija/nffifjp.V
Ao toila mgtffidngcphon vang/Hdn dacaudicao
nhai ngau nghien Dan hon dlivng ra mqt dim na^
Hon met la con toi thi chet giac, Oidien cuonglOifo daiiro dai/Ta cam ffiuyen chinh giua vung hon ta
Dau sao do ehl la susinh hoa trong mpt thue tai ao Khong thesay me vdi til t/c tai aodd mai dupe, muon manh ay tat yeu s e ^ t t i o n g nhat trong mptbantucBig,
ban tiie duy nhat b4ng chinh Dau ttiuong"- Thua toi
khong dam say me ^qt mai toi chet ben khe nggc tuyen/Baygidtdidaitdidien/Chiptayidllaycamm khong gian"
2.3 Kenh hinh anh tin kicua TD: nhung veki
c(/ Neu khdng ed kenh hinh anh nay, ehua ehae dau
thuong da dupc gpj la TD Cung vi the, ai da dpc tap
tiio nay, khong ttie khdng ttiay ve ki di, kinh di t r ^
* TnrdngTning boc pho thong Ngo Van Nhac, Tien Giang
Trang 2toang"cuaxacttianvdinhflng roi oing.tanri/a Ngudi
khae thay Tuthudng chuyen vd sdcam nhan thudc
cac ^iac quan khac ve mot khi quan ta cai mieng, ia
"khau cam" vdi nhflng dpng tiiai an, nuot, ddp, nha,
mua, khac vd'n rat kj gio vdl thica tnjyen thdng Va
nhatlaaicungdatflngbj''s6e"trudcnhungvekinhd!
liai hung cua Trang - Hon- IVlau Khong it ngucrt gpi
do lave dep ki dj:" Toi toan hdp ca vang trdl/Toi
toan ddp ci mieng cudi trong khd","Ta cin kii tha de
mau trad', "Ta ha mieng cho hdn tho trao vof, "Cudi
no ne sic sua ca mui tran^," Ta khac hon ra ngoai
ah mienp', "Hon vol mdm cho toi muon anh san^,
'G'^ rittang cao trang nga ngua/Vd tan thanh vung
dgng vang kho / Ta nam trong vung trang dem ay /
Sang day dien cuong mih mau ra "C6\hen6]k\)6ng
ngoa rang do la ea mdt eupe noi loan trong cam giac
cua ttii ca.Vdinhflngve kinh di nay, rOmudnxerao
detim kiem cho ttio nhwig mi^ncam giae mdi-cam
giacmanh,day cai kinh djde'ntdtcLing(dundcd phan
xaia vdi ngucri)
2.4 Mach lien kit cua TD: ddng tam tu bit
dfnh Khdng it ngudrt khi dpc TD da cam nhan duoc
mptve''kicue"dddibaila mach tiio "cdc nhay", "dau
Ngo, minh Sd" Mdi bai tho cua Ti) thudng hien ra
nhu mptddng tam tubatd!nh:tinh dieu lien tuc chuyen
van, hinh tupng lien tuechuyen "kenh" Tatca cfl nhu
mfitttieldngtroichayvodinh hinh, nhumptmach lien
tudng tijy tien, dut doan, "cdc nhay" Va can cfl vao
dau hieu nay ma nhieu ngudi vdi xep ttio Han Mac T u
han vao d sieu ttiuc Tht/c ra, nhflng cam nhan ay da
votinh eham den mdt net dac trung eua thi phap TD
mac/?/en/re/s/lJufog'fl^.Cd nghia la su lien ket frong
cacttiipham cfl nhumudntuptra khoi tam kiem soat
cua li tri, cac mang tiio dinh vdi nhau khong phai do
apluc ciiajinhhpp li ttiude mdt logic tiiong tiiudng,
song nd v i n gan ket theo mpt kieu rieng Neu duoc
tach baeh mdtcaeh giadjnh tiii cdthethay trong mdi
ttii pham cua Han Mac Tu: "van ban hinh tupng" ed
vehontoan,tiiongkhidd"vanbancamxue"lainguyen
phien, lien mach Nhu tiie lien ket T D c d the vi nhu
khoi hinh Ruble: cac d mau thi hdn loan fren be mat,
nhtmg tatca lai chau tuan xung quanh eai tnjcbl mat
nau trong Idng Ruble: dau thuang
2.5 Ldp ngon tu ndi bit cua TB: ldp ngon tu
arc ta Lam nen dien mao mot loai hinh khdng ttie
khong cd vai trd cua ldp ngdn tfl rieng Vdi TD, dd la
k^ ngon tflci/e ta - hieu theo nghia la Idp tfl cd ttiien
huong bieu ta d muc cue diem Vi du, ta s^c tting
khdng ttioi diJ thay khia canh nay La ngudi say d i m
chove dep ttianh khietmattiisThIng ton tiidtii udng gan lien vdi s i c tring Han Mac Turat hay nqi tdi sac tring la lung - khdng chi phd mau ma cdn h i t len ca
anh: "Dqc bdsdng trang ning chang chan^', "Chet
roi xiem ao trang nhuHntf' va "Da thit, trdioi! Tring ran minh',
3 Hudng d i n hpc sinh (HS) cam thu bai t h a
"Day thdn Vi Da" dt/atren c a s d v a n diing phong each nghe thuat Han hAacTtj(ioai hinh TD)
Bai ttio Day thdn WDa n i m trong tap tho Oau
t h u a n g (TD) Day la mdt bai ttio gay nhieu tranh cai ti'ong gidi nghien ctJru, phe binh van hpc, ngudi day, ngudihpc eung nhubaottiehedpcgiayeu van Mdi tan dpc iai bai tiio, ngudi ta tai day dflt vdi hang loat
cau hdi: Ngudi eon gai ao "trang qua nhin khong ra"
ay la ai? Khudn mat "chudien'la cua ai? Sao laila
Gid theo ldi gio, may ducmg may"? Nha tho dang
nhin tfl goc dp nao ma lai thd'i len la "ben song trang
dd'i Sao lai la "chdkip'? De "giai ma" dupe nhflng
tin hieu tiiam ml, nhflng hinh tupng nghe thuat ay thiet nghi can dua tren ca sdvan dung phong each nghettiuatHanMacTt/(loaihinhTb)
Cau mddau "Saoan/7/f/?dnfifrec/7Cf/iy?D/il/>?"la mptcauhdinhieusactiiai:vLrah6i,vtJra nhic nhd, vua trach m^oc, vfla mdi moc Ay la Idi cua thi s i t u phan tiian dehoichinh minh Vfla hdivfla khdng biettflgid
cd cdn CO hdi trd lai noi aiynfla khdng Niem khat khao
da thanh Idi tuvan Ba cau sau ve ra canh vudn ttidn
Vy: "Nhin ning hang cau nang mdi len/ Vudn aim udt
qua xanh nhu ngqc/La tnic che ngang matchddien"
Cau tho thfl tu da va dang gay nhieu tranh tuan:
latnJcchengangmatchudien''.C6ngudicho66\a
khudn matngudicon gai; CO ngudi thicho ring ddla khudn mat dan qng va ehinh la eua ttii si Han Cdn quan niem eho rang dd la guong mat ngudi con gai Hue lai li giai: Han dang m a tudng ve co gai Vy Da, chunhan cua khu vudn nam nao Han dattjfng ttiuong trom nhdtiiam Cd gai ay e E^, duyen dang qua, nhung eung kin dao, khd hieu qua vdi hinh anh la tnjc che
ngang mat Cdn tai sao la guong mat "chddieif, do
cdphai la khudn mat cua Hoang CiJc khdng ttii dieu
dd khdng quan trpng, bdi vi cd the mat chfl dien cd mdt sflc am gpi trong tam tudng Han ma tiidil Cdn y kien cho ring dd la khudn mat cua ngudi trd ve ttion Vy-la Han MacTi}ttiiligiai:daylal6'itao hinh rat phd' bienvattiudnglabuc'1i/hpa"cuathisT.HanMaeTt/ hay ve khudn mat an sau canh le, khdm lau, rao thua,
bd \\hi, D d cd ttie la khuon hinh ttii s i yeu ttiich Nhung cd le sau xa hon la san pham cua mac cam
Tqp chi Giao due so 359 35
Trang 3ttio nhu mgtke dung ngoai, di ngang qua cugc ddi,
mdt ke da chia Iia vdi dcri, ke ve lai ttidn Vy mdt each
tiiam len, vung trom mattidi Han hinh dung minh trd
ve ttidn Vy (hay tai hien mot lan tiii s i da ve, nhung
khdngvaomachidtjfng nep ngoaicd'ng nhin vao) Vjn
mpt eanh tmc masay ngam vedep than tien cua khu
vudn Vay nen cai cau ttio kia la san pham cua mpt
tinhyeu manh lietmacunglasan pham cua mpt tam
hon day mac cam ve ttian phan minh
Nhung lai ed each hieu ttiflba Nhung ngudi nghien
cijruve van hda Huedeu biet, Vy Da frudc kia ia ttidn
ma nhung quan chuc, vien chuc thdi phong kien, Phap
ttiudc ve huu sinh song Nha nao cung cd vudn, nhflng
khu vudn xinh x i n , dupe cham tia ttiudng xuyen
Tardc mdi cong nha ttiudng d i p noi ehfl "dien" Phai
chang "La tnk che ngang mat chd died' la chu dien
nayda^j?
Khd'thfl hai chuyen sang mpt canh khac: canh
ddng sdng dem ttang Canh dang cdvettiuc, chuyen
sang ao,dptngpt "nhay cdc": "GK5 tfieo/5/5'/q, may
dudng may/Dong nudc buon thiu, hoa bap lay/
Thuyen ai dau ben song trang do/Co chd trang ve
kip tdi nay?" Canh qua hoi flc hay la mdt huyen
canh dang hien ra frudc m i t nha ttio ? Cd le la ca
hai Tat ca dudng nhu dang bd di: gid bay di, may
ttdi di, ddng nudc chuoi di Thien nhien dflt ndi,
chia Iia Chia Iia ngay ca nhflng tiifl vd'n khong the
chia Iia, "gioffieo Idlgio, maydut^gma/ Hlnh anh
giomayddinganay nhudm mau sae kidj, la til udng,
do chinh la mpt tam frang budn hay noi buon li tan,
ehia phdi, tuyet vpng Hinh anh ddng sdng trang,
ttiuygn CO chd trang ve kjp la canh mo, la tam eanh,
ehat chua bao am anh ehia Iia, nhd nhang, mpt d u
cam cupc ddi ngan ngui, mdt su ho nghi day dau
ddn bdicachtrdyekhdng gian.vibenh tat Vahan
hetlampttam hdn khat khao cudc sdng
Hinh anh 'song ^n^f la mdt hinh anh HS de
dangcam thu,bdivitixjngttiP,tflcdehikim,hinh anh
nay khdng phai la khdng gap, nhung hinh anh tiiuyen
cd"chdkip"frang khdng lampthlnh anh macdtiiese
gaykhd tiieu cho HS trung hpc.Giao vien khihudng
d i n HS dpc hieu den day, cdthe gidi tiiieu cho cac em
hettidng ttii lieu ttieo cai nhin chtj quan cua nha ttia,
trong dd cd tiii lieu tring Chua cd ai viet ve trang
nhieu va phong phu nhu Han Mac Tu, cd den 45 bai
ttio cd hinh anh frang, frang xuat hien 163 lan vdi
nhung bdmatkhac nhau: binh di, hien lanh; khat khao,
rao n/c;mdi tidn day ttiolt da vd tan tanh, khilacd gai
gd ma ddhudm, luc xanh xao mdng manh khdng COI
36 Tqp chi Gido due so 359
trong ttio Han Mac T f l da dupc ngutii hda, vat hoa, bie'n cai tinh, lanh, xa la cua trang trd nen nwig nan, rao rue, gan gui, quai d j hoae ttie hien sudau ddn, tan
vd, nhu: "Bong nguyitleq song rdram gdi, '6 kia
bong nguyettmn truaigtamAo cai khuon vang dudi day khd', "Gio rit tang cao tring ngi ngdaJVd tan fianh vung dgng vang khd"; roi "Horn naycomgtnua ting thoi/Mqtnua kia aicin vorofva "Ca mieng ta la trang, la tring/Cahon ta vo sdgaihSngnhan/Ta nha
ratfay/no/na/i^f Khi da biet nhung hinh anh ve
trang nhuUienay roi ttii hinh anhtiiuyen "cochdtmng
vekip tdina/ frong bai tha Diy thdn VIDase dupe
HS cam ttiu td't
Kh6cu6\:"Mokhachdudngxa,khachdudngxa/
Ao em tting qui nhin khong ra/O day suong khoi mdnhan anh/Aibiettinh aico dam da?' thi ro rang la
ttii s i dang mo ve mpt "khach ma hong" nao dd roi Nhung xa vdi i l m ve khoang each khdng gian va
khoang each tinh cam Nhieu ngudi cho ring, 'ao
tring qui' nen "nhin khong ra" bdi vi lin vao suang
khdi m d nhan anh Ngudi da nhin khdng ro, ttii lam sao hieu dupe Idng da Hinh anh ngudi con gai trong
tiio Han la bieu tuqng sdng dqng cho ve dep trinh
khiet ma thisWn thd Gan lam mptvdi hinh dang ay
ta s i c ao tring tiianh khiet, tinh khdi Cym t)"n/im /f/jong/a" chl la mpt each ndi dect/c ta s i c trang (^iJ khdng phai la ttiu nhan nhin khdng ra
4 Nghien cflu ve loai hinh mdt frao tuu tiio la de hifflj sau s i c hon vempthieri tupng sang tac van hpc
va nhflng tac gia, tac pham n i m trong ti^o luu dd.Tuy nhien, sang tao nghethuat ludn edsudpe dao,cablet eho nen phong each nghettiuat dupc xem nhu ia mpt
Heubaihinh Tatnhien la du phong each nay mang
tinh ca nhan, khdng lap lai nhung v i n anh hudng nhflng dac diem chung cua loai hinh trao luu Trong
phong frao Thomdi, hda frong am hudng chung ctJa ttidi dai, ttiO nay van cd nhflng "nghich am" ma TB
cua Han Mac Tfl la mot minh ehflng De hieu dupe nhflng sang tac nay, doi khi phai lan tim ve dac diem baihinh cua ndcung nhuphong each nghe ttiuat eua nha ttio •
Tai li€u tham khao
1 Phan Huy DOng Kit cdu tha tra linh (nhln tu gdc
d0 loai hinh) Luan an ti^n sT Ng& vSn, Truiyng Dgi
h g c s i r p h ^ i m m N O i 1999
2 NguySn D3ng Di^p Giong di^u trong thff trd tinb
NXB Vdn hpc, H 2002 '
(Xem tiep trang 21)