Nguyin Thi Tan Tiln Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 126(12) 189 194 THir NGHIEM PHlTOfNG P H A P DAY HQC PHAT H I | N V A G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E V A O G I A N G DAY MON TIN HOC DAI CU*0NG THEO C H U[.]
Trang 1THir NGHIEM PHlTOfNG P H A P DAY HQC
PHAT H I | : N V A G I A I Q U Y E T V A N D E V A O G I A N G DAY
MON TIN HOC DAI CU*0NG THEO C H U A N QUOC TEIC^
Nguyin Thi TSn T i l n '
Trudng DQI hgc Y Dupc - DH Thai Nguyen
TOM TAT
Muc tieu: Nhim chuin hoa trinh dp cong nghf thong tin ciia sinh vien, dap iing nhifm vu i;huyen
Ip trinh dp chuin diu ra mon tin hpc dgi cuang cho sinh vien dat chuin quIc tl IC^ Mft trong nhihig phucmg phap giang day dap ung dupc nhffng yeu ciu trln la phuang phdp dgy hpc phat
hifn vd giai quyet van de; Phucmg phdp: Phuong phap nghien cuu ly thuylt, phuong phdp thuc
nghiem su phgm;
Kit qud Vi^c ap dung phuong phap dgy hpc phdt hien va giai quylt vdn de vdo mon Tin hoc dai
cuong sg giup sinh viSn co nhieu chuyin biin tich cyc, dem lai kit qua hoc tap tit
Tfr kh6a: Phuong phdp day hgc phdt hiin vd gidi quyit vdn di, phuang phdp dgy hgc lich cicc, chung chi lin hgc IC
DAT VAN DE
Trong nhffng nam gin day nen Giao due Vift
Nam da vd dang tap trung ddi mdi, hudng tdi
nen gido due hifn dai Dai hgc Thdi Nguyen
phdn dau trd thdnh mdt dai hgc difn tu; cdng
nghe thdng tin va truyln thdng dugc ung
dung sdu rgng trong qudn Iy, dilu hanh, gidng
dgy, hgc tap, nghien cuu khoa bgc va cac ITnh
vuc khac Chinh vi vay, Dgi hgc Thai Nguyen
phe duyft de an Chuan hda nang lyc ngoai
ngir, tin hgc cho can bd, gidng vifn va sinh
vien Dai hgc Thai Nguyen (giai doan
2013-2015) Yeu cau trinh do tin hoc cua sinh vifn
trudc khi ra trudng phai dgt chudn qudc te
Day hoc phdt hifn vd gidi quyet vin df Id mgt
trong nhffng phuang phdp dgy hgc tich cyc,
nham ren luyfn nang lyc phat hifn, ndng lyc
giai quyet van df cCia sinh vifn Trong
phuang phdp day hgc nay, gido vien tgo ra
nhung tinh hudng cd vin df, dilu khifn sinh
vien phat hien vin de, boat dgng ty giac, tich
cue, chii dgng, sang tao df giai quylt vin df va
thdng qua dd chiim ITnh fri thffc, ren luyen kT
nang va dat dugc nhiing myc dich hgc tdp khac
Phugng phdp dgy hgc phdt hien vd giai quyft
vin dl cd rit nhieu difm mgnh va Tin hgc dgi
cuong la mdn hgc cd nhilu dilu kifn thuan Igi de thyc hien phuang phdp day hgc mdi nay Bdi vay budc diu dp dung phuong phap dgy hgc phdt hifn va gidi quylt vin dl vao mdn Tin hgc dai cuong theo chudn qudc tl
IC nham ren luyen nang lyc phat hifn, ndng lyc gidi quylt van de cua sinh vien vd gdp phan xdy dyng phuong phdp day hgc mdn Tin hoc dai cuong d cac trudng Dai hpc ndi chung va trudng Dai hgc Y Dugc - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen ndi rieng
Muc dfch nghien cu'u
Nghien cffu ca sd li thuyet ciia phuang phap day hgc phdt hien va giai quylt van de dl xay dyng each td chuc bai hgc nham gdp phdn ndng cao chat lugng dgy hgc mdn Tin hgc tai trudng Dgi hgc Y Dugc Thai Nguyen
Nhiem vu nghien ciru ciia de tai
Tim hieu co sd li thuyft vd thyc tien cua phuong phap day hgc phat hien vd giai quylt vin de
- Thilt ke va td chffc bai hgc tin hgc theo phuong phap day hgc phat hifn vd giai quyet van de
- Tien hanh thuc nghiem su phgm de kiem tra tinh khd thi
Trang 2DOI TUONG VA PHUONG PHAP
NGHIEN c u l l
Do! tutfng va khach the nghien ciru
- Ddi tugng nghien ctiu: Tdi lifu ve phuong
phap dgy hgc phdt hien va giai quyet van 6k,
Sinh vifn dgi hgc chinh quy trudng Dai hgc Y
Dugc Thai Nguyen gdm nhdm thyc nghifm:
sinh vien Idp tin chi 2,4, nhdm ddi chung:
sinh vien ldp tin chi 3, 6
- Khach the nghien cffu: Qua frinh day hgc tin
hgc cho ddi tugng sinh vien dai hgc chfnh quy
trudng Dgi hgc Y Dugc Thai Nguyfn
Phirong phap nghien cuu
- Phuang phdp nghien cffu li thuyet: Sff dyng
cdc phuong phap phan tich tdng hgp, hf
thdng hod, khai qudt hod ngudn tai lieu li luin
va thuc tifn cd lifn quan de xay dyng ca sd li
thuylt cho qua trinh nghien cffu
- Phuang phdp thyc nghiem su phgm: T6
chffc thyc nghiem su pham tgi mdt sd ldp tin
chi df kiem tra tinh khd thi cffa phuong dn da
df xuat
Su dung phdn mem Excel xff li cac sd lifu
trudc va sau thyc nghiem
KET QUA NGHIEN CUU
Co- sd ly thuyet cua phuong phap day hoc
phat hifn va giai quyet van de ap dung
phuong phap day hoc phat hien va giai
quyet van de vao day hgc tin hgc dai cuong
Tinh huong cd vdn di
Ddc trung co ban ciia day hgc PH & GQVD
Id "tinh hudng ggi van de" vi "Tu duy chi bit
ddu khi xuat hifn tinh hudng cd vdn d l "
(Rubinstein)
Tinh hudng cd van df (tinh huong ggi vin dl)
Id mdt tinh hudng ggi ra cho sinh vifn nhung
khd khdn vl ly thuyft hay thyc tifn ma hg
thiy cin cd kha nang vugt qua, nhung khdng
phai ngay tffc khic bdng mgt thyc,giai, ma
phai traj qua qua frinh tich cyc suy nghT, hoat
dgng de bien ddi doi tugng hoat dgng hoac
dieu khifn kiln thffc sin cd
Tinh hiidng cd van dk Id tinh huong thda man
3 dieu kifn sau:
- Tdn tai mdt van de
- Ggi nhu cau nhgn thffc
- Khoi day nilm tin d khd nang huy ddng fri thffc vd kT nang sdn cd
Dac diim cua dgy hpc phdt hien vd gidi quyit vdn di
+ Sinh vien dugc dgt vao mgt tinh huong ggi
vin de chff khdng phai dugc thdng bao tri thffc dudi dang cd san
+ Sinh vien boat dgng tu giac, tich cyc, chii ddng, sang tao, huy dgng tri thffc va khd nang cffa minh df phat hien va giai quyet vin dl chu khdng phai nghe gido vien gidng mpt each thy ddng
+ Muc dich day hgc khdng chi lam cho sinh vifn ITnh hgi dugc kit qua ciia qud trinh phat hifn va giai quyet vin de ma cdn lam cho hg phat triln khd nang tiln hanh nhffng qua trinh Ndi each khac, sinh vifn dugc hgc bdn than vifc hgc
Cdc cdch xdy dung tinh huong cd vdn di
Cdch 1: Dy doan nhd nhgn xet true quan, nhd thyc hanh hoac hogt ddng thyc tien Cach 2: Lat ngugc van df Cach 3: Xem xet tuang ty Cach 4: Khai quat hod Cach 5: Khai thac kiln thffc cu dat van de dan den kien thffc mdi
Cdch 6: Tim sai lam trong ldi giai
Cdc cap dp dgy hpc phdt hien vd gidi quyet van de
Ngu&i hgc dgc lap phdt hiin vd glai quyet vdn de
Day la mgt hinh thuc day hgc ma tinh ddc lap Clia sinh vien dugc phat huy cao Giao vien chi tao ra tinh hudng ggi vin df, sinh vifn dgc lap phdt hien vd giai quyet vin dl do trong qua trinh nay sinh vien dgc lap nghifn cyu vin de va thyc hifn tdt ca cac khau co ban ciia qua trinh nghifn cffu ndy '
Ngu&i hgc hgp tdc phdt hiin vd gidi quyet vdn de
Trang 3Hinh thffc ndy khde hinh thffc fren d chd qua
trinh phat hien va gidi quylt vin df khdng
difn ra mgt cdch don If d mdt sinh vien ma cd
sy hgp tdc giffa cac sinh vien vdi nhau Thdng
qua thao luin, franh ludn trong tip thi, y kien
mdi ca nhin duoc bd Id, khing djnh hay bdc bd
Bdm thogi phdt hien vd gidi quyet vdn de
Day la hinh thffc md sinh vifn khdng ldm vifc
hoan toan ddc lap ma thyc hifn tung budc
dudi sy hudng ddn cua gido vien Gido vifn
dua ra he thdng cdc ciu hdi, chi dan de sinh
vifn thyc hien theo, sinh vien phdt hien va
giai quyet dugc van de nay sinh Phuang
phdp nay khde vdi phuang phdp dam thoai
thdng thudng d chd ciu hdi cCia gido vien sS
dgt sinh vien vac tinh huong cd van de
Thuyet trinh phdt hien vd gidl quyet vdn de
Toan bd quy frinh: dua ra tinh hudng, phat
hifn ra vdn dl, giai quylt vin df la hodn todn
do gido vien Trong quy trinh dd cd viec tim
kiem, du dodn, cd liic thanh cdng, cd khi that
bgi, gido vien phdi difu chinh phuang hudng
mdi di din kit qua
Viec day hgc theo phuong phap nay khac vdi
cdc phuang phap thuyft trinh truyfn thdng d
chd thdng qua thuylt trinh, gido vifn giiip
sinh vien phat hifn ra van de rdi cimg sinh
vifn giai quyet van de Nhu vay, tri thffc dugc
trinh bay khdng phai dudi dang cd sdn md
xuit hifn trong qud trinh sinh vien kham pha
Thiet ke mpt gi& hpc dugc dp dung phuang
phdp dgy hgc phdi hien vd gidi quyit van de
Hat nhan cffa phuong phdp day hgc phat hifn
va giai quyet van df la gido vien dieu khien
sinh vien tich cue vao qua trinh nghien cffu
Qua trinh thuc hifn day hgc cd the dugc chia
thanh nhieu budc dudi day, trong dd budc
nao, khdu ndo do sinh vifn ty lam hoac cd sy
ggi y cua gido vifn hogc chi theo doi sy trinh
bdy Clia gido vien la tiiy thugc vdo lya chgn
cip do
Bu&c I: Phdt hiin hodc thdm nhgp vdn de
- Phat hifn vin dl tff mgt tinh hudng ggi vin dl
- Gidi thich va chfnh xdc hod tinh hudng (khi
cdn thilt) dl hilu dffng vin dk ddt ra
- Phdt bifu van de va ddt myc tifu gidi quyft van df dd
Buoc 2: Tim gidi phdp: Tim each giai quyet vin
df thudng dugc thuc hifn theo cac budc sau:
+ Phdn tich vdn de: lam rd mdi quan he giffa
cdi da biet vd cdi can tim (dya vao nhffng tri thffc toan hgc da hgc, lien tudng tdi nhffng dinh nghTa, dinh li thich hgp)
+ Hudng dan SV tim chien luge GQVD thong
qua de xudt vd thuc hien hir&ng gidl quyit vdn
de Cin thu nhdp, td chffc dff lieu, huy ddng
tri thffc; sff dyng nhung phuong phdp , ky ndng nhdn thffc, tim doan suy luin nhu hudng dich, qui la ve quen, ddc biet hoa, chuyen qua nhimg trudng hgp suy bien, tuong ty hod, khdi quat hoa, xem xet nhffng moi lien hf va phu thudc, suy xudi, suy ngugc tifn, suy ngugc liii, Phuong hudng df xuat cd thf dugc dieu chinh khi cin thiet ket qud ciia vifc df xuit vd thyc hifn hudng giai quyet vdn de la hinh thanh dugc mdt giai phap
+ Kiem tra tinh dung ddn cua gidi phdp: nfu
giai phap diing thi ket thiic ngay, neu khdng dung thi lap Igi tu khdu phan tich van de cho dfn khi tim dugc giai phap dting Sau khi da tim ra mgt giai phap, cd thf tifp tyc tim them nhung gidi phdp khac, so sanh chung vdi nhau
de tim ra giai phdp hgp Ii nhat
Bu&c 3: Trinh bdy gidl phdp: SV trinh bdy Igi
toan bg tff viec phat bieu van df cho tdi gidi phap Nfu van de la mdt df bdi cho sdn thi cd the khdng can phdi phat bieu Igi van de
Budc 4: Nghien ciru sdu gidl phdp
- Tim hieu nhffng kha nang iing dung kit qua
- Qk xuit nhung vin dl mdi cd lien quan nhd
xet tuong ty, khai quat hoa, lit ngugc van de, va giai quyft neu cd thf
Mpt so vi du ve cdc cdch tgo tinh huong cd van de
Cdch 1: Dy doan nhd nhan xet true quan,
nhd thuc hanh hoac hoat dong thuc tien
Vi dy : GV dua ra mdt van ban trudc vd sau dinh dang, yfu cdu sinh vien quan sdt, phat hien ra cac logi djnh dang va thuc hifn thao tdc de djnh dgng vdn ban
Trang 4Cdch 2: Lat nguoc van de
Vi dy : Tff thao tac gdp d trong bang chuyin
sang thao tdc tach d trong bang Thyc hien hai
thao tac nay d trong Microsoft Word va
Microsoft Excel co giong nhau khdng
Cdch 3: Xem xet tuong t u
Tu mdt tinh hudng da giai quyft dugc, GV
cho SV xet cdc tinh hudng tuong ty df kich
thich hogt ddng tich cyc cua SV
Vi du : Sau khi day chuc nang trdn van ban
trong word, GV cd the yeu cau sinh vien thuc
hien trdn 1 van ban vdi 1 file dff lieu trong
bang tinh excel
Day Id mdt tinh hudng cd vin de vi
- Nd la nhiem vu ma SV can hodn thanh Tuy
nhien SV cin phai xdc djnh cac budc thuc hien
- Khoi day nilm tin d kha nang huy dgng tri
thuc va kT ndng sdn cd vi SV da thyc hifn trgn
dugc 2 van ban d trong Microsoft Word nfn
SV tin tudng rang minh se Iam dugc khi trdn
I vdn ban vdi 1 file bang tinh
Vi dy , Tff thao tdc sao chep khdi van ban,
chuyfn sang thao tac di chuyen mdt khdi
van bdn
Cdch 4: Khai quat hod
GV dua ra mdt vdi trudng hgp cy thf nhung
dii de bdc Id cac thudc tinh lam co sd cho SV
Sau do yeu cau SV xem xet, kiem dinh xem
nhffng dy doan ciia minh cd dung trong
trudng hgp tdng quat hay khdng hodc yeu cau
SV khai quat hda each giai quyet vdn de ma
SV thuc hien dugc bien phdp giai quyet trong
trudng hgp tdng quat
Cdch 5: Khai thac kien thffc cii dat van d l
dan den kien thirc mdi
Vi du: Giao vien dua ra bai toan yfu cdu can
dlln vao vien phi vdi 5 dieu kien Sinh vien
sff dung ham If de dang thyc hifn dugc yeu
cau Tuy nhien khi dl bai dua ra 10 dilu kifn
thi cd su dung ham If dugc khdng? Cd khd
khan gi? Phai sff dung den ham ndo?
Day la mgt tinh hudng cd van dl, khiin cho
hgc sinh kich thich, tich cue, chii dpng trong
hoc tap
Cach 6: Tim sai lam trong Idi giai Gido vien dua ra each giai quyft van de ma trong qua trinh ndy giao vifn da ddo thff ty cdc budc Clia qua trinh giai quylt hodc dua ra Ifnh/ham/thuat toan khdng diing Giao vifn yfu ciu sinh vien chi ra dugc ldi sai va each khac phyc
Khi phdt hien dugc mdt sai lam nao dd, sinh vifn bj dgt vao tinh hudng cd van de, tff do nay sinh ddng co tim each sffa chffa nhffng sai lim dd
Vi du: Bai toan xep thff hgng diem trung binh, Gido vien cd the dua ra cdng thffc ham Rank vdi n Id dja chi tuong ddi Ket qua se bao loi, giao vien yfu cau sinh vifn phat hifn ra ldi sai, ddng thdi dua ra cdch khac phyc Ket qua thirc nghiem
Trong qua trinh tien hanh thyc nghiem, toi da tien hanh giang day d cac ldp tin chi bang hai phuang phap giang day khac nhau: phuang phap ddi mdi trong day hgc vdi hinh thuc day bgc phdt hien va gidi quyet van de tren cac ldp thyc nghiem va phuong phap giang day truyfn thdng vdi hinh thuc day hgc thuyft trinh truyfn thdng tren cac Idp ddi chting Viec dp dung phuong phap dgy hgc phat hifn
vd giai quyet van df vdo mdn Tin hgc dgi cuang se giiip sinh vien cd nhieu chuyen bifn tich cyc, dem lai ket qua hgc tap tdt Ngoai y kien ddnh gid chu quan cua minh, tdi tien hdnh khao sat qua phieu dieu tra Ket qua cho thiy 88% sinh vien rit yeu thich, hffng thii vdi phuong phap day hgc hgc tap nay 12% khdng dua ra ly do
- Tinh tich cyc hogt ddng, khdng khi sdi ndi cCia sinh vien cac Idp thuc nghifm cao hon cac ldp ddi chffng
- Nang cao trinh do nhan thffc, kha nang tu duy cho sinh vien trung binh va mdt sd sinh vien yfu d ldp thyc nghifm, tao hffng thu va niem tin cho cdc em, trong khi dieu nay chua
cd d ldp ddi chung
- Sinh vifn cdc Idp thyc nghiem ndm dugc kiln thffc chic chan hon, van dung sdng tgo df giai cac bdi tgp nhanh nhay hon cac Idp ddt chffng
Trang 5Ngoai ra, ket q u a hSt hoc phan Tin hgc dai
c u a n g Clia cac l a p ddi chijmg, thirc nghiem a
bang sau:
B^ng so s&nlt ket quil hQC p h a n ciia c^c 16p
dSi chirng va thyc nghiem
KQh^c
Nhom thu-c Nhdm d6i
nghidm chihig
( L6p 2, 4) (Lop 3 6)
So
luffne % Sd
%
Di^m A
DiemB
DiemC
Diem D
Diem F
23
60
12
0
14
43
36
7
0
15
58
75
5
9
35
45
8
3 Nhan xet ket qua: Kft qua cho thay khi dp
dyng p h u a n g phdp phdt hien va giai quyet
vdn df vdo cac Idp tin chi tren da dat d u g c ket
qud khd quan C y thf:
Diem A, B ciia Idp t h y c nghiem cao ban so
vdi ldp ddi chffng lan lugt Id 5 % vd 8%;
Diem C, D ciia Idp t h y c nghiem it hon so vdi
Idp ddi chffng lan lugt Id 9 % va 1% L d p thyc
nghiem khdng cd sinh vien nao bj diem F,
ngugc lai Idp ddi chffng v i n cd 3 % sinh vien
bi diem F N h u vgy sff d u n g p h u o n g phdp dgy
hpc nay da lam gia tang d i l m khd, gidi
Tff ket qua thu d u o c tdi t h i y dp d u n g p h u o n g
phap dgy hgc phdt hien vd giai q u y l t v i n dk
vao mdn Tin hgc dgi c u a n g t h e o chuan qudc
te IC"* cd nhffng uu d i f m va hgn chf sau;
l/u diem
- P h u o n g phap nay g d p phan tich c y c vao
vifc ren luyen t u d u y phe p h a n , t u duy sang
tgo cho SV Tren cd s d sff d u n g vdn k i l n thuc
vd kinh nghifm d a cd SV se xem xet, danh
gia, t h i y d u g c v i n d l c i n giai quyet
- Day la p h u o n g phdp phat trien d u g c kiha
nang tim tdi, xem xet vdn de dudi nhifu gdc
do khde nhau T r o n g PH & G Q V D , SV se
huy d d n g d u g c tri t h u c va khd nang cac n h i n ,
kha n a n g h g p tdc, trao ddi, thdo lugn vdi ban
be d l tim ra each giai quyft tdt nhdt
- T h d n g q u a v i f c gidi q u y l t van df, SV d u g c
ITnh hgi tri thffc, kT nang yd p h u o n g phap
nhdn tluic ("giai q u y l t v i n d l " khdng cdn chi
thuoc pligm tril p h u a n g p h a p md da t r d thanh
mgt muc dich dgy h g c , d u g c cy the hoa thdnh
m p t m y c tieu Id phdt trifn n a n g lyc giai
q u y f t vdn df, m d t n a n g luc cd vi tri h a n g
d i u de con n g u d i thi'ch ffng d u g c vdi sy phdt trifn cu xa h g i )
Hgn che:
- P h u a n g phap nay ddi hdi ngudi G V phai ddu t u nhieu thdi gian va c d n g sffc; GV phdi
cd n a n g lyc s u pham tdt mdi suy nghT de tao
ra d u g c nhieu tinh hudng ggi v i n dap va
h u d n g ddn SV tim tdi d l PH & G Q V D
- Viec td chuc tift hgc hodc mgt phan ciia tiet hgc theo p h u o n g phdp PH & G Q V D ddi hdi phdi cd nhifu thdi gian hon so vdi binh thuong
T d m lai, viec dp d y n g p h u a n g phap dgy hpc phat hien vd gidi quyet van de vao gidng dgy mdn Tin hgc dai c u o n g da gdp phdn khdng nhd vao vifc phat huy tinh ti'ch c y c hogt dgng hgc tap, kft qua hgc t i p ciia sinh vien.Tuy nhien khdng co mgt p h u o n g phap giang day ndo Id van nang, bdi vgy giao vien can phdi kft hgp hdi hda cdc yfu td tich c u e trong
p h u o n g phap dgy hgc truyen thdng vdi phuang phdp day hgc phat hifn va gidi quyet van df nham ndng cao chat lugng giang day va tich cyc hda hoat ddng hgc tap ciia sinh vifn
K E T L U A N
1 Cd thf dp d u n g p h u o n g phap dgy hoc phdt hien va giai quyft v i n de vao giang day mdn Tin hgc dai c u o n g theo chuan qudc te 1C3
2 P h u o n g phdp day hgc phdt hifn va giai quyft van de cd hifu qua tdt hon so vdi
p h u o n g phdp giang day truyfn thdng
T A I LIEU T H A M K H A O
1 Le Khic Thanh (2008), Phuang phdp day hoc chuyen ngdnh mon Tin hgc, Nxb Dai hoc Su phgm
Ha Ngi
2 Dy an Viet - Bi (2010) Day va hpc tich cyc, Nhd xuit bdn Dgi hpc Su pham
3 Microsof^,"Mgl vai y tuong day hoc cho mo hinh day va hoc thi ky 2 1 " , Availbale at website: http://www,dt.ussh.edu.vn
4 Alfieri, L., Brooks, P J , Aldrich, N J , & Tenenbaum, H R (2011), Does discovery-based instruction enhance leaming, Joumal Of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 1-18
Trang 6SUMMARY
INITIAL APPLICATION OF THE METHOD DISCOVERY LEARNING AND PROBLEM -BASED LEARNING IN TEACHING THE INFORMATIC BY THE INTERNET AND COMPUTING CORE CERTIFICATION
Nguyen Thi Tan Tien*
College of Medicine and Pharmacy - T\l
To standardize the level of informatic for students to respese the study as well as the job search, Thai Nguyen University was proposed solutions, roadmap for outcomes standardizing of informatics the student's school One of the teaching methods to meet the requirements on teaching methods Discovery
learning and Problem-based learning; [Vlethod: theory research, pedagogical experiments; Result: The
application of teaching methods to Discovery learning and Problem-based learning informatic will help students have more posidve changes, results in better leaming
Keyword: Discovery learning and Problem-based learning, Internet and Computing Core
Certification
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 15/9/2014: Ngdy phdn bien:08/10/20l4; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/10/2014
Phdn bien klioa hoc: TS Nguyin Minh Tudn - Truong Cao ddng Y ti Thdi Nguyen
Tel 0988 905105