QIAO P y t NtfOC WCOAI CAU TRUC SACH GIAO KHOA LICH SU TRUNG HOC PHO THONG CONG HOA PHAP GS TS NGUYEN THI C O I ThS BUI P I J C D U N G '''' SaucaicachcuaJeanBerthoinnam 1959, Cpng hda Phap thtfc hien ch[.]
Trang 1CAU TRUC SACH GIAO KHOA LICH SU TRUNG HOC PHO THONG CONG HOA PHAP
G S TS N G U Y E N THI C O I - ThS BUI P I J C D U N G '
hda Phap thtfc hien chinh sach giao due (GD)
hk budc eho Ida tuoi tu 6-16 qua he tliong
tmdng hge do Bg Qud'egia GD quan II, gom: GDpho
thong va GD dai hgc Trong do, GD phothong ed:
nha tre, tmdng tieu hge, tmdng tmng hpe eo sd va
tmdngtmng hge phothong (THPT) Bgmdn Z./c/7S(/
(LS) dugc day trong tatca cac tmdng thude hethong
GD phg thdng, bi\ dau tu ldp 3 va dugc chpn la mdn
thi b^t budc trong cae ki thi het cap; luon dugc giao
vien, hge sinh (HS), gia dinh, nha trudng va xa hpi
quan tam Vi vay, trong bai vie't nay, ehung tdi de cap
den eau tmc sach giao khoa (SGK) bd mdn LS d
tmdng THPT Cong hda Phap
I C h u o m g t r i n h S G K v a y e u c a u h g c t a p m d n
L S d t r u d n g THPT Cgng hda Phap
SGK LS Phapduge chia thanh ba phan: LS
thegidi, LS chau Au va LS Phap va duge phan bo
nhusau:
- Ldp W: LS the gidi va LS chau Au tu the ki V
(tmdc cdng nguyen) den nda dau thekiXIX (npidung
chii yeu xoay quanh LS chau Au), LS Phap tutmde
each mang 1789-1851
• i ( ^ / / ; L S thegidi thcrt can dai, gom eae chude
nhu: KT-XH the giditugiua the kl XIX; eac eupe chien
tranh trong the kiXX;the'ki ctia su cue quyen, thupc
dja va phong trao giai phong dan tdc tren the gidi;
LS Phap va eae nen Cpng hoa tu nua sau the ki XIX
den nay
- Ldp 12: LS the gidi td nam 1945 den nay; LS
chau Au tunam 1945 den nay; LS Phap tunam 1945
den nay
SGK LS d t m d n g phothong Phap cd sdlugng
khoang tren dudi 400 trang A4/cudn, in mau dep,
vdi nhieu bg SGK khac nhau da va dang dugc su
dgng rgng rai tren toan nude Phap Trong khao sat
nay, ehung tdi sudung eac SGK ciia nhung tac gia
chu bien sau: G Le Quintree, S Cote, JP Lauby
-M Promerat-E Sirel,G.Bourel- -M Chevailier, L
Bourquin (LS 10); David Colon, J Marseille, S Cote,
G Bourel - M Chevailier, G Le Quintree (LS 11); J-M.Gaillard,T.Gasnier, G Bourel-M Chevailier,
J twiarseille, B Falaize, J-M Lambin, L Bourquin (LS12)
Hau het cae SGK LS dCgng hda Phap duge viet theo ehu de, xuyen suot LS nhan loai td nguon goc eho den nay M6i ehii de hoae bai hgc trong SGK LS Phap dugc cau tnic theo y tudng rieng ctia tap the cac tae gia, sudung nguon tu lieu LS, ban do, bieu do, tranh anh minh hga khae nhau Tuy nhien, taitca cac npi dung nay deu phai thong nhat va xoay quanh mdt tmc theo khung ehuong trinh LS do Bp Qude gia
GD Phap quy djnh Vi vay, chuong trinh LS dtmiing phothong Phap giup HS hinh thanh kien thdc ve si/ phat trien eua loai ngudi td nguon gde den ngay nay; dong thdi lam tang hieu biet ve cac nen van hda, van minh trong LS nhan loai Ben canh do, HS duge tim hieu va nghien ei/u tieu su ciia cae nhan vat eung nhu
vi tri ctia hg trong tien trinh LS td trudc tdi nay Viec hpe tap bg mdn qua nghien cdu tai li^u, tht/c te xa h ^ eung nhu tham gia eae tinh huong gia djnh trong Idp hpc gdp phan GD thehe tre Icng tu hao dan tpc, bao
ve nen dan chu va che dp Cpng hda Phap; dong thdi
dap tao cdng dan Phap theo li tudng "ti/do, binh
ding, bae at (1) Bd Qud'c gia GD Phap eung quy
dinh ve nhung kT nang (KN) can dat cho HS trong tung mon hpc ddi vdi tat ea eae cap hpe, ldp hpe 0
TH PT, eae KN bd mon LS can dat duge ey the nhu sau (2): (xem bang trang bin)
2 Cau true SGK LS d t r u d n g THPT Cong hda Phap
Oe hinh thanh eac KN can dat cho HS trong day hpc bp mdn, ben canh phuong phap day hpc gldvai trd ehii dao, SGK LS Phap duge trinh bay khoa hpc, cong phu, sinh dpng cung cc vi tri nha't dinh giiip HS yeu thich bpmdn, ehu dgng tim hieu ndi dung bai hpc
* KIKH Ikb St - TnrODS Dai fioc sir pb^n Ha NOi
56 Tap chi Gido dye so 310
-(ki2-5/2013)
Trang 2Cdc KN can dai 10 I n 112
1 KN Mac tJinh sir ki^n LS trona boi canh khona Qian thaiaian
- N.6n dai cac su ki6n LS nuan Irpnq
• Ngjy ihang diin ra cSc SU ki^n quan Ifong
trona mdl n\6n dai
• Xdc dinh vai iro vt iri cua su k-Sn LS
- Ph^n biSi Ihoi oian d^i, ihai gian nqan
- xac dinh su liSn luc vd qian doan LS
- Thdi ki LS
-BtficanhLS
t
^
+
t
,
^
+
4-+
*
^
+ + +
2 KNtrmhbAv
- Trinh b^v )(hai g u i i su kign LS
• Trinh bSv va mfl ta cu the" su kign LS
- Ui6u til nhdn vSt LS \i& ho^t dgng, vai Ir6 cua
ho
•
^
+ + + +
3 KN khai Ihic ta lieu
• Phfln bi$l dutjc niSn dgi diSn ra su kiSn v i
nfSn dsi cua lu ll$u LS
- Xdc dmh, phSn loa^ tu lieu, lai Ii6u LS
- Khai thdc cdc thong tin trong tap h<?p cac tu
ll$u, tdi li$u
- Xdc d|nh nhCTng uu difi'm vd han chS cua tdi
lldu
• T6m idt dupc nQi dung cc ban ciia tai Ii6u
*
+
*
t
*
+
*
*
+
*
+ +
*
t
4.KNb^mdn
- B\6\ si} dgng vd trinh bdy bing alias, ban do
SGK
- Trinh bdy mi^ng ho^c viSl gpn gang, cd cSu
inJc (cd nhdn vd nh6m)
• Ghi chdp d^c l9p Irong gldf giang cua giao
viSn hodc trong phan thuvfi'l trinh cua ban
+
*
*
*
*
+
*
eiing nhutich cue phat bieu, dua ra y kien, quan diem
canhan cho mdi chu de Tddd, dan hinh thanh kien
thde va phat trien nhung KN can thiet trong gid hge
LS.CautmcSGKLSdtmdngTHPTCgng hda Phap
g6m eae npi dung sau:
1) Phan md dau trong moi bai hge, chuang
hoae khoa trinh LS Npi dung nay gidi thieu khai
quat, sijc tieh nhdng van de LS can tim hieu; dugc viet
ngan ggn, d l hieu, thuan Igi eho giao vien va HS ehtj
dpng trong viee tim hieu ngi dung bai hoc Phan md
dau mang tinh chat gidi thieu so luge nen ngudi viet
lan lugt lam noi bat cac khia canh nho sau:
• Ten bai hge, chuong hoae khda trinh LS, ben
canh do la ban do, bieu dd, tranh anh minh hoa phu
hgp vdi ngi dung Vi du: Bai "Doan ketciia thegidihal
ctJC (1975-1991)' (LS 12) dUdc lam nd'i bat vdi hai
hinh anh: quSn (5gi Viet Nam tien vao giai phdng Sai
Gon nam 1975 va bdc tugng Lenin bi keo dd'd Vilnius
(nude Cgng hda Lit-va) nam 1991 Ben canh dd la
tdm luge phan kiLS tunam 1971-1991 vtiri nhung su
kien noi bat da d i l n ra tren the gidi (3)
-Vain de can tim hie'u S.\iqG gidi thieu ngay sau ten
bai hpe dudi dang nhdng eau hoi Trong Bax^Thegidi
nam 1945' (LS 12), HS can tra Idi duoc hai eau hdi:
thue giai quyet chien tranh dexay dung mdt thegidi mdi? {A)
- Nien dai LS quan trpng dugc s§p xep theo thuti/
thdi gian, CO lien quan den npi dung bai hpe
^ - Muc lue ngin gpn de giao vien va HS sudung sach thuan Igi han trong day - hge
2) Cac tai lieu bo tra trong bai hgc duoc vie't
ngan gpn hoae trich dan td nhung nguon tu lieu, tai lieu khae nhau (nhu tai lieu tham khao hd trg bai hpc) Trong mgt cht] de LS cd nhieu bai hgc khae nhau, mdi bai hgc lai gom nhieu tai lieu LS n g i n gon,
CO lien quan Trong SGK LS 12 ciia tae gia J-M
Gaillard (ehu biSn), trong Phan mqV'LS the gidi tu
nam 1945 den naf, ngoai Phan md dau 'Thegm nam 1945', cae tac gia viet 6 chu de: / KT-XH tu
nam 1945; 2 Cau la xu hudng cua xa hdi mdi?; 3
Tuehien tranh lanh den xu hudng hda hoan
(1947-1975); 4 T u phong trao giai phdng dan toe den su
ra ddi cua the gidi thd ba; 5 Doan ket ctia ehien
tranh lanh; 6, Trat tu the gidi mdi (4)
Trong mdi chu de tren, tae gia chia thanh nhieu bai hpc nho: ngan nhat la Phan mddau gom 2 bai
hpc, dai nhat la chu de 3 vdi 7 bai hge Trong mpt bai hpc eu the co nhieu bai viet hoae doan trich ngan dugc danh sdthdtu, kem theo cac ban do, bleu do, bang sd lieu, tranh anh LS, tranh biem hpa LS de
minh hpa Vi du, trong chti de 4 "Tdphong trao giai
phdng dan tgc den sura ddi cua thegldlthdb^ gom
6 bai hpe, Bai hgc thdhai vdi npidung "Caccon dudng
giai phong din tgc a chau A" duge trich d i n 4 tai lieu
tlieothdtunhusau:-Hai quan niem cho dpe lap eiia
An Dp (trich d i n eac tuyen bd ciia All Jinnah thuoc Lien doan Hoi giao (1946) va tuyen bdetja Nehm, Gandhi eua Oang Quoc Dai (1947));-Tranh ve:f/dc
muon dgc lap cua ngudi Indonesia (Djakarta 1945);
-Sutrdlaicua ngudi Phap tai Ddng Duong (trich Holki eiia tudng Eisenhower (1951)); -Tuyen ngdn doe lap khai sinh nude Viet Nam dan ehii cdng hda (trich Tuyen ngon doe lap eua Ho Chi Minh (1945)) Vdi nhung tai lieu nay, eac tae gia dat ra 4 cau hdi cho HS: - Ngudi Anh da xem xet sudgc lap eho An
Do nhu thenao?; - Ngudi Indonesia da bay to mong muon dpe lap nhuthe nao? Thai do eiia hg the hien trong bdc tranh nay l a g i ? ; - N h d n g quan niem ciia eae lanh ty dan tpc? Nhung vain dehghUOTig tdi la gi?;-Phan dng cua Phap nhu the nao tmdc phong trao giai phdng dan toe? So sanh thai dp, hanh dgng eua Anh va Phap? (4)
Trong khi SGK LS 12 viet ve LS chau Au va LS
Trang 3L S I O v a L S I I lai viet ehung LS the gidi vdi LS chau
Au theo quan niem "Chau Au la trung tam ctia the
gldf Ndi dung eac bai hoc trong ehuang trinh LS 10
va 11 duge viet theo ehii de nhu- su ra ddi va tnjyen
ba cua dao Thien ChiJa Dia Trung Hai the'kiXll" Noi
giao thoa eua eac nen van minh, chu nghla nhan dao
va phong trao van hda Phue Hung (LS 10) ; eac
eupe ehien tranh trong the ki XX, thuoc dia va phong
trao giai phong dan toe tren thegidi, LS Phap va eae
nen Cdng hda tu nua sau the ki XIX den nay (LS
11) Oe lam phong phu npi dung bai hpc, cae tae gia
cung dan nhieu tai lieu tham khao ngin tdnhieu nguon
khae nhau
3) Ngi dung bai hgc duae dien dat rd rang,
trinh bay song dgng, thuan tien cho HS Day la
npi dung ehinh trong moi cudn SGK LS hien nay
cua Phap, tdm luge nhung npi dung co ban eiia LS
the gidi LS chau Au va LS Phap sue tieh nhat Trong
cac npi dung LS dugc trinh bay d day, do diing true
quan dong vai trd rat quan trgng, do la eac bang
bieu, ban do tranh anh ro net, khoa hpe, dugc ghi
chu rd rang, d l hieu vdi nguon dan dang tin cay Vi
du, khi viet ve cugc chien tranh Dong Duong
(1945-1954), ben canh he thdng "kenh chW, "kenh hinh"
luon dugc cae tae gia nhan manh va trich dan rd
rang Chang han ban do "Chien tranh DongDuan^'
trong cudn De I'empire franais a la decolonisation
(1993) ctia Guy Perville, hoae anh ehup trang nha't
bao France-Soirngay 8/5/1954 dua tin suthat bai
ctia quan vien chinh Phap tai Dien Bien Phu, danh
dau eham het eho eupe ehien tranh Ddng Duong;
hay cae tranh biem hga vesi/gue nga eiia linh Phap
tmdc quan Viet Minh (1946) va suthat bai ctia Phap
taiOien Bien Phti (1954).,
Mpt sd kenh hinh trong SGK LS 12 cua Cpng
hoa Phap
0 LS 10 va LS 1 1 , kenh hinh chiem so lugng
dang ke, vdi nhung ban do LS ed Idn duoc ve ro net,
cac bang bieu so sanh vdi sdlieu eu the, tranh anh LS,
tranh ve LS, tranh biem hga dugc dau tu ki ludng ve
mat npi dung va&i am mi Viec minh hga sinh dgng va
Phap da gop phan khong nho nang cao chait lugng day-hoc bd mdn Insng nhieu thap ki qua Ngoai ra, viec dua thuatngULSduocvietdudi dang cac tdkhda giup HS d i d a n g tra cuu la rait quan trgng Nhieu thuat ngu LS ducte viet n g i n ggn, tien canh npi dung bai
hpc nhu: chien tranh lanh, vu khi hat nhan, triet hgc
anh sang, phuc htmg
4) He thd'ng cau hoi va bai tap sau mdi bai hgc, chuang hoae chu diLS nhSm lam ro cae
npi dung can tim iiieu da neu d Phan md dau He thdng cau hoi, bai tap duge yeu eau dudi dang eac eau hdl tu luan, phan tieh bang sd lieu, trinh bay mptvan de LS thdng qua ban do hoae tranh anh
Vi diJ sau khi hoc xong Chuong "Nin van minh va
de che Roma (tu the ki l-the killlf, (LS 10) co dUa
ra cau hdi, bai tap sau: - Tham khao trang Web ciia Bp Van hda nude Cgng hda Phap theo dia chi http://www.eulture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/vienne/tr/ hay liet ke cac cdng trinh kien true, LS ehinh eua ngudi Roma tai Vienne va chi ro chuc nang eua cae cong trinh do?; - C a e eong trinh kien true, LS nay da gdp phan nhu the nao vao su La Ma hoa cae VLing ngoai Roma? (5)
Vdi ehuong trinh LS 12, cac eau hdi, bai tap dugc
gpi la "sujet bae"t\hat^ dmh hudng ndi dung dn tap
phuc VU ki thipuoc gia eudi cap,
5) Tdm tat tieu su eac nhan i^afdugc trinh bay
ben canh eac bai hgc hoae cuoi SG K Trong SG K LS cua Phap da tieh hgp dugc td dien eac nhan vat LS dudi dang so luge, thuan tien cho HS tim hie'u trong gtd hoe Vdi quan niem: eon ngudi la ehu the lam nen
LS cae nha viet sach da xay dt/ng hinh tugng cae nhan vat trong mdi cud'n SGK rait nd'i bat; duge trinh bay n g i n ggn vasinh dgng kem theo anh, tugng hoae tranh ve ehan dung
3 Nhan xet
- Cgng hda Phap ra't ehii y va day manh phat then nen GD bang nhieu each thue khae nhau, trong
dd phuang phap day hpc cung nhu cac cdng cu, phuang tien day hpe ludn duge dau tuthda dang
SGK ndi ehung, SGK bp nndn LS ndi rieng td Idp
CE2 (tuong duong Idp 3) den ldp Terminals (tuong
duong ldp 12) ludn cap nhat nhung thanh tuu md\ ciia khoa hpe LS, duqc trinh bay khoa hgc, cdng
phu vdi tinh tha'm mlcao, tao dugc hiing thti cho HS trong eac gid hgc
- Nen GD Phap thuc thi ehinh sach da dang hda ngudi vie't SGK eung nhu cae nha xuait ban phat hanh gid'ng nhieu nude phuong Tay khac Trong bg
58 Tap chi Gido due so 310
-(ki2-5/2013)
Trang 4va cae tieu chi nhat dmh Bd Qud'c gia GD Phap
thaim dinh cae bo SGK phij hop vdi yeu cau va eho
phep sudung rgng rai trong nha tmdng d tait ea eac
cap hgc kip hgc do Holddng GD cua trudng/vung
lua ehgn Nhuvay, trong mgt viing cothe luu hanh
va St/ dung nhieu bd SG K LS khac nhau ctia cung
mgt tap the tae gia hoae nhieu tap the tac gia, Viec
lam nay tao su canh tranh binh dang trong viec viet
sach, dong thdi thue day suphat tnen cua nen GD
noi ehung
- So vd^ SGK i S n u d c ta chuong trinh bg mon LS
dtmdng THPT Cdng hda Phap duge danh gia la kha
nang vdi nhieu ngi dung, ehii de LS, he thdng eau
hdi, bai tap khac nhau Tuy nhien, each viet SGK cua
cac tae gia rat sinh dgng eu the tu su kien den con
ngudi vdi nhi?ng d i n ehtJmg tieu bieu, kem theo khd'i
lugng "kenh hintf phong phti va da dang, nen tao
(3ugc hung thu eho HS dd'i vdi bg mdn
- SGK t S c i i a Cong hda Phap duge bien soan
theo tien trinh tht^ gian, nien dai LS lan lugt tu cd' dai
dS'n hipn dai, eau tmc thanh bai hgc dudi dang cae chti
de LS Mdi chu de ed the la mgt su kien LS, mgt giai
do^n LS, vai nen van minh hay cudc each mang dien
hinh nao dd
-Mpt so SGK LS cua Cpng hda Phap edn kem
theomgtCD-ROM gom: hudng d i n sudt/ng SGK,
ban do LS, cac hinh anh minh hga va phim t u lieu
phyc vu eho ngi dung hgc tap M a e d i j trong SGK
LS kenh hinh gdm tranh anh, luge do, ban do nien
bieu kha nhieu, nhung CD-ROM nay v i n duge eoi
nhu mgt kenh thong tin dpng lam phong phu cho
ki&'n thdc LS duge hgc tren ldp Dieu nay cho thay,
van de d6 diing true quan trong day hge bp mdn rat
dugc chii trgng va mang lai hieu qua trong cac gid
hpcLS
Hethong G D T H P T d C g n g hda Phap cd suphan
caip rd rang theo nhieu djnh hudng khac nhau, nen
hp thong SGK ndi ehung, SGK LS ndi rieng kha
ptiong phu; do nhieu ngudi viet va nhieu nha xua't
ban phat hanh Qua viec tim hieu eau true SGK L 5
Irong tmcffig THPT Cgng hda Phap, chtJng tdi xem
dSy nhu mgt ngudn tham khao phuc vu cho qua
trinh cai each SGK LS a nude ta, gop phan nang
cao ehatlugngday-hpebdmdn dtmdng THPT Viet
Nam theo tiudng: ehuong trinh, SGK bg mdn can to
chuc bien soan khoa hgc, cong phu, co tinh tmc
quan eao vdi he thd'ng kenh hinh va do dting tmc
quan phong phu, rd rang; bai hgc trong SGK viet
tdi suchu dpng cho HS.Q
(DP Lciiris l^ts programmes d'histoire en France:
la ironstruclion progressive d*une "citoyennete
plurielIe"(iyK()-2010) Hi.sioireJi'fi'ducalion.imO
{2) "Ministcri.' dc rcducaiion naiionalt; bulletin
i.mcicl special N p du 19 fcvncr 2()()9" voir hup:// wwA cdiicalinn i-ouv ir
(l)T.Crasnici.HistmreL-ES-S HreaLRnsny 2()08
14) J-M Gaillard, Histoire Tie L-ES Brcai Ro.snx
2004
(S) D Colon Histiiire L-ES-S Belin 2010
SUMMARY
This article focuses on studying, searching the struclure of history lexlbook in France high-school, which IS Ihe reference lo reform and innovate Ihe conlenl of history lexlbook in Vietnam in near fu-ture This will help lo impove the quality of teaching and learning this subject, so thai, history textbook and histoiy syllabus must be edited scientiffcaily and Inlullively: structure brief and sensible, which help the pupils improve their initiative
THE LE UIET UAGI^I BOI
1 NOi dung beii vie't thuOc cac ITnh vuc:
- Quan l[ giao dgc;
- Tam li hpc - sinh II hpc li?a tuO'i, -Liluangi^oduc;
-Liluandayhpc;
- Gido due nude ngoai; v.v
2,Bdivlg't:
- Mfli bai vie't khflng qua 6 trang, khO A4; phOng chit Times New Roman (Unicode), cd ehU 14
- T6n bai bao va torn tat ndi dung bai beio trinh bay bang 2 thd tie'ng: tie'ng Vifet va ti6ng Anh
- Tac gia gui ban in bai viS't va t$p tin bai viet den Toa soan (theo dia chi Ban bien tap ghi tren trang
myc/yc cua T?pchi)
• Chii thich trong bai danh sd theo thd tu xuS't hien - Tai lieu Iham khao va chu thich ghi d eudi bai
(trinh tu: ten [Ac gia - ten sach/bai bao/vgn ban
phap quy - nha xua't b^n - noi va nam xua't bin),
• Toa soan khflng tra lai bai vie't nS'u khOng duoc ding
3 De ti$n Ii6n hfi tdcgia can ghi ro dia chi cdng lac, sfi dien thoai, email vao cu&i bai
TAPCHiGlAODUC
Tap chi Giao dye so 310 | 59