VAN DUNG PHiniNG PHAP MONTESSORI TRONG DAY HOC m zRt mum ZAZ d via JVJ jw ThS H O A N G TH! N H O " TS, C A O XUAN M Y " 1 Vai net ve phuang phap (PP) Montessori Maria Montessori (1870 1952) cha de cu[.]
Trang 1VAN DUNG PHiniNG PHAP MONTESSORI TRONG DAY HOC
ThS H O A N G TH! N H O " - TS, C A O X U A N M Y "
1 Vai net ve p h u a n g phap (PP) Montessori
Maria Montessori (1870-1952) - cha de cua PP
Montesson - duae gpi la ngudi di trudc thdi dai bis
quan diem tien bd cua ba ve tam li giao due (TL-GD)
LaniJ'bacsTykhoadautiendY,nam 1904,ljadahpc
them bang TL-GD d Oai hpc Rome (Y) va tu dd chii
trpng den nghien edu TL-GD tre em, Phuang phap
day hpc (PPDH) cua Maria da dat nhieu thanh cdng
trong giao due (GD) va dupc coi la mot trong n h i ^ g
ngudi tien phong trong phong trao GD Tan GD d
ChauAuvachauMTcud'ithekiXIX,TLfnhung nghien
cdu eho tre eham phat trien tri tue, ba da phat trien
thanh he thd'ng GD chii trpng den nhu eau eua timg
tre khuyen khich tu duy sang tao ddc lap cua Ire em
Ba la ngudiquan lam den suphat then tunhien va chu
trpng den cac giai doan nhay cam cua tre nhd Oac
biet, ba da phat then dupe he thd'ng eac bai tap va do
diing day hpe (DH) theo eac linh vuc hoat dpng khac
nhau cho tre nho
2 Triet li GD cua Montessori
Triet li eua Montessori xay dung tren nen tang tre
phat trien va suy nghi khac vdi ngucri Idn, do dd, ba
dau tranh eho quyen Ipi cua tre va ton trpng tre, cd
phuongphap (PP) hudng dan su phattrien cua tre
Ba tin r§ng, tait ca mpi tre sinh ra deu cd nhCmg kha
nang khac nhau, do dd, giao vien (GV) can giup tre
phat trien the chat, linh cam tri tue Triet li ciia
Montessori la: - Tre em can nhan dupe su Iran trpng
cua ngudi Icffi nhu nhung ca the rieng biet;-Tre em cd
mpt si/nhay cam dae biet kem theo kha nang tri tue
de tiep thu va hpc hdi tir mdi tn/dng ben ngoai ma
khdng gid'ng ngudi Idn ca ve nang luc va cap dp; - Sau
nSm dau ddi cua tre la khoang thai gian quan trpng
nhat lao tien de eho s u phat trien sau nay; - Thdng
qua vipc hpc ma chai, choi ma hpe tre se dan hinh
thanh thdiquen hpe tap nghiem tiic; -Tre em cd nhieu
dam me mud'n kham pha ngay nen chiing can ngudi
kin hadng d^n nhiing hoat ddng ed ehu dich Tuy
nhien ehung hoat dpng khdng nhu each ngudi \an
hoan thanh cdng viec eua minh ma don gian chi la
thich hoat ddng ma thdi, tuy nhien, thdng qua nhimg
hoat ddng dd se giiip tre dat duoc m uc lieu quan trpng
nhat: dd la lu minh phat tnen ban than day du ve the chat cung nhu linh than
3 Van dung PP Montessori trong DH cho tre
k h u y e t t a t ( f K T ) d V i e t N a m
1) Phat trien he thong eac Idp hgc, gde hgc tap tai eae ea sa day TKT: Ldp hpc theo PP
Montessoriddihdimdtmditnidnghpctapcdsuchuan
bi tot vdi he thd'ng do dung DH de giup TKT ed chait lupng hpe tap tdt han, de dang thich nghi va hda nhap tot hon trong cupc sd'ng, Ldp hpc Montessori cd cau tnJc, ca ve mat s i p xep ea hpc va cac quy trinh su dung do diing mang linh trinh tucao trong trudng Ic^ Tre em se hpc tap kem hieu qua trong cac mdi trudng Idn xdn, nhat la vdi TKT, viec to' chuc mdi tn/dng hpc tap ed cau true theo quan diem Montessori se hd tra tre rat nhieu trong hpe tap
GV cd the hpc each s§p xep mdi tardng Idp hpe nhu: ehuan bi thd'ng nhat ve gia ca, ke, quy dmh cac mau sac khac nhau eho gdc va rd'dung do trong mpt gde thi thd'ng nhat nhau ve mau sac, hinh dang Cac hinh thuc ap dyng linh hoat la: Idp hpe chuyen biet cho ca trudng, gdc do diing rieng bietlheotiJmg linh vuc khac nhau trong Idp hoc, eac phdng hpc ed do dung theo eac Unh vuc khac nhau Irong In/dng
2) Su dung nguyen vat lieu phu hop vdi dieu kien dia phuang: Xuait phat tir quan die'm tre hpc
thdng qua hoat dpng vdi cac do dung, do vat Montessorikhuyen khich GVsudung nhung vat lieu mang tinh ddi sd'ng eao (nhu len, gd, giay ).06dung hpc tap tai Idp hpe Montessrori ddi hoi tinh GD va dp ehinh xac trong quy trinh thuc hien, kiem Ira, danh gia rat cao Vi vay, viec thich nghi cac do dung va tan dung Inet de vai trd cua ehung la dieu rat can thiet Hau het cac dd diing deu dupc dieu ehinh sao eho nhd, gpn, ph ii hpp vdi tay cam va sdc lUe cua hpc sinh
• Khoa Giao due dae biet - Tn/ong DHSP Ha Noi
" Khoa Giao due dae biet - Tn/ong DHSP TP Ho Chi Minh
Tap chi Gido dye so 309 37
Trang 2em d i dang khi su dung, Ngoai ra, cae do dung deu
dupe ehe tao tu nhiing vat lieu ben nhu gd, nhua su
dung dupe lau dai Mat khac, cd the su'dung nhiing
vat lieu cd san, d e l i m d dia phuong de thiet ke cae do
dung cho cac hoat ddng ca nhan hay can thiep ea
nhan tre tai gia dinh hoae cac tmng tam Vi du, cac do
diJng phat trien giae quan- ed the diing vd sd, vd oe,
eae vien sdi de tre phan loai ve nhi/ng dae diem cam
nhan khac nhau 0 finh vue phat trien ngdn ngi/, G V
ed the tan dung bia tranh, anh eac loai nhan hieu tao
thanh do dung khac nhau nhu: tranh ghep hinh ve
nhan hieu, cap the hinh venhan hieu va td 6 linh vuc
ddi sdng, ed the su'dung cae hoat ddng gan gui trong
cupc song nhu: xue gac, donudc tuam chia deu cho
eae chen, van va md khda
3) Xay dung muc tieu hoc tap ed st/ thdng
nhat va hd tra lan nhau giua cae mdn hoc: Ldp
hpe Montessori tap trung vao 5 linh vue: thi/c hanh
cupc sdng, phat trien giae quan, ngdn ngi?, loan hpc,
van hda Tat ea mue lieu hpc tap eua cac finh vuc nay
g i n bd chat che vdi nhau theo each bo sung, hd Ira
eho nhau Cae dung cu hpc tap va each sudung dung
eu hpc tap cung dupc thiet ke de dat cac muc tieu cua
linh vuc
Mye tieu trong cae hoat ddng day theo PP
Monlessoridcac npidung phattrien giac quan va cac
hoat dpng thuc tien ve true tiep la giup thoa man nhu
eau npi tam eiJa ehinh tre, ddc lap, tU nhan biet van
dpng thd - van dpng tinh, tap trung, kha nang hanh
ddng, phan ung, phd'i hpp tay - mk, nhung muc tieu
gian tiep cua hanh ddng nay la chuan bi ren kl nang
(KN) doe, Viet, toan ngdn ngii, qua dd, giup tre kham
pha cac van de ve van hda, lich su, ttr nhien xa hdi
VD:Trong viee ehuan bi KN dpc vie't: khi eac hoat
ddng hudng dan tre thue hien eac bai tap ve KNS,
nguyen lac eua PP nay la hudng dan tii"trai sang phai,
10*tren xud'ng dudi gid'ng nhu nguyen t§e dpc va viet
Can linh hoat trong thiet ke bai tap de dap dng nhu
eau ea nhan cua tre thdng qua chuan bj cac KN ve
phat trien giac quan, thuc lien cupc song, chuan biKN
cho hpe toan, doc va vie't,.,
4) Lua chon eae bai tap, boat dpng phu hop
vdi mue tieu DHva kha nang etJa tre: Monlesson
eho ring, cae hoat dpng GD dupc xay dung dua tren
nhu cau duy nhat va rieng biet cua tung HS M di ng Uffl
!amdtcatheddc lap,ednhu eau, tinh each khac nhau
nen viec GD eung khdng the ap dung mot PP ehung
nhat cho tat campiddi tupng Khi DH eho TKT, GVed
thedieu ehinh nhu sau:
hudng dan tre thuc hanh vdi cae v|t lieu hpc tap, can dam bao theo dung cae budc, ki thu$t va quy lac cua
PP nay.Tuy nhien do dae diem ca nhan cua tung tre, cdlhedieu ehinh mot vai ndi dung vacach hudng din
de phii hc^ vdi kha nang eua tung tre
- Dieu ehinh trong each danh gia:Q\e\j chinh cac
muc dp khac nhau theo tung dd tud'i, VD: vdi hoat ddng rdl gao tre 3 luoi khi thuc hien cd the cam bang
ca ban tay thuan, khdng can dd tay cdn lai dudi binh
va rdt gao mdt each thanh thue (theo dung chieu tir trai sang phai, khdng do' gao ra ngoai) Chung tdi danh gia tre da thuc hien tot ho?t ddng nay va da sin sang de thuc hien hoat ddng khd hon Nhung vdi dp tud'i kjn hon, vdi hoatdpng nay, tre phai thue hien theo diing quy trinh, thao tac va tieu ehi danh gia se dupe giii"nguyen nhuirong bai hpe, Dd la tre cam ca bing
ba ngdn tay thuan, ddtay eon lai d binh, rdt gao khdng
bj do ra ngoai
5) Dieu chinh each hudng dan bai tap phu hop vdi dae diem loai khuyet tat khi van dung PPDH theo Montessori: a) Doi vol TKT - Cho phep
tre cd thdi gian de luyen tap va hoan thanh nhiem vu; -Khuyen khich, khen ngpi kip thdi tre khiem thi thuc hien hoat ddng; - Cho phep tre cd thdi gian de luyen tap va hoan thanh nhiem vy; -Tang giao tiep, trao dd'i giiia G V va H S ; -G V chia nhd cae hoat ddng hpe tap khien tre tieh cue tham gia; - Khi tre the hien sd thich dd'i vdi mdt dieu gidd mdi ddi theo sd thieh nay eua tre
b i n g each thiet ke cae do dung va hoatdpng phu hap vdi Ire va hudng dan cho tre each sudyng ehung; -De eac dodung dvi tri de thaiy va de tiep can, ngay ca vdi nhimg do dung tre da thanh thao, vi ddi khi tre ed the
se quay lai thuc hien cac hoat ddng d i han khi tre da
budc sang giai doan phat trien khac; b) Dd'i vdi tre
khiem //jrHudng d i n cua GV: Cac budc hudng din
voi tre mil can sddung each thu'c GV dung phia sau, siJ dyng kT thuat tay tren tay giiip tre dd dang cam nhan dupc cac budc Ihao lac, Sau dd, GV cdlhehi/dng dan ket hop b i n g giai thich b i n g Idi cho tre; 0 6 diing: Tre khiem thi hau hel cd the sd dyng do diing dupc dung trong cac khay, cdgdde tre xac dinh vi tri; Chuan
bj tn/dc khi sudyng: Cho phep tre lam quen ydi toan
bd dd dung, tap rieng cae thao tae neu can thiet; c) Doi
vdl tre nang ddng: - Khdng nen ap dat tre, thu hilt su
chijyeualre ;-Kethppxenke cac PPDH khac nhau vao npi dung bai hpc nham tang tinh tieh cue, phat trien kha nang va hung thii cua HS ; -Tim hieu ehi tiet v i dae diem, kha nang eua tung tre, tudd lua ehpn cae nhiem vy phu hpp eho Ire Cac nhiem vy xay
38 Tap chi Gido due so 309
Trang 3cho tre thuc hien rd rang Quan sat va danh gia ket
qua hoat ddng cua tre khach quan, khoa hpe; - Cho
phep tre lua chpn nhdng boat ddng phii hop vdi sd
thich cua m inh; • Neu tre id ra qua khd chiu khi thao
tac vdl mdt do dung nao dd, dd la dau hieu ehung to
rang tre chua s i n sang cho hoat ddng nay Hay tam
de hoat ddng dd lai sau (vai ngay, vai tuan) va gidi
thieu nd lai vao giai doan khac
J u t u d n g vaquan diem GD cua Maria Montessori
the'hien la mdt trong nhiing nha giao ed tu tudng tien
bp ve G D tre em ndi ehung, TKT ndi rieng Ba da ehu
trpng den suphat trien tunhien trong tam li, hung thu
ca nhan, tdn trpng sd thieh ciia tre, ehii trpng den
tUPng tac vdi ban be va ngudi Idn Viee van dung tu
tudngvaPPDHMontessorichoTKTdVN la can thiet
va coy nghTa quan trpng, cd the giup cae easd, tmng
tam eung nhu cha me, giao vien, ngudi eham sdc
dap img tot hon nhu eau eua TKT
Thi/c te cho thay, he thd'ng do diing cua PP
Montessori ed the thiet ke, dieu ehinh de su dyng
trong dieu kien va van hda d Viet Nam, HS khuyet tat
the hien sutien bd khi duoc thuc hanh vdi cac bai tap
giup giaiquyet nhi/ng vain de thach thue trong DH eho TKT nhat la day nhung khai niem bieu tuang: nhu mdn toan, ngdn ngi/ Nhiing thanh tuu cua Mana Montesson ve DH cho Ire nhd cd the giup ehung ta hpc hdl d ba ve quan mem tiep can, each thiet ke bai tap, do dung, each hudng din • Tai lieu tham khao
1 Nguyen H6ng Phucrng "Y nghla ciia nh&ng hai i^p
trong dai s6'ng ihco quan tl'icm giao due ciia Maria Montessori'" Tap chi Gidn due mdm non sfl' 1 /2()07
2 Kislin Le Bosicimann and Vivien Heller, Hoat dftn^
t y do, lir thich n^hi va tir cjuyet djnh viSc hoc NXB
Dat hoc Hue' 2005
SUMMARY
Maria Montesori - father of Monteson approach was ahead of its time by the educational progress of her views on psychology, education, especially re-dation, characteristicparticuiar she has developed a areas for chlldren.The paper analyzes a number of measures to apply the Montessori method of teach-ing for children with disabilities in Viet Nam
Giao due y thirc nang lirgng
(Tiep theo trang 28)
v l n dam bao su phat tnen eua san xuait va xa hdi;
giam cac chat thai d nhiem mdi Irudng
- Cac phuang thue tieh hdpglao due mdi trudng
va NL trong cae mdn hgc /CTcd 3 m uc dp: + M uc dp
toan phan: Trong bai hpc hoae tung chuang, tung
phan mue tieu va ngi dung phu hop hoan toan vPi
mye tieu, ndi dung eua giao due y thdc ve NL va mdi
tn/dng; + Mdc dp tifng bp phan: Trong bai hpc ed mdt
phan mye tieu va ndi dung giao due ve NL va mdi
tn/dng; + Mii'c dp lien he: Trong bai hpc cd mpt so ndi
dung cd the lien he vdi NL, mdi trudng, bao ve mdi
tn/dng ehung hoae cy the d dia phuang
Thdng thudng cac ndi dung giao dye nay da dupc
long ghep vao trong sach giao khoa hay giao trinh
nhung thudng la sa luac Do vay, giao vien day KT
phai tu xac djnh eae npi dung giao due mdi tn;dng va
NL de'long ghep mdt cac sang tao vao cac ndi dung
chuyen mdn KT •
T ^ i lieu tham khiio
I DutTngPhucTs Phinmgphiip da> ki Ihuat cOng
nghiep, NXB Klwa ligc vd kilhudl, H 2007
2 HobngDuc t^hufln(chubien) Molsophumtgphdp
tiep can giao due mfii Irurmg NXB Gido due H, 20(X),
.1 Nguyen Van Tua'n Phurnig phap day hoc chuyen
nganh ki thuat, NXB Dgi hgc qud'c ^iu TP Hd Clu
Minh, 20]2
4 PeEer Kolodzioj, Em Henulliingsmodell zur
Fordcriing von Uiu» ellhewtisslseiii im Technikiinlerrichr tn Fasi/ Seiferl: Technisihe Bilduiig.'Wanhiiim 1997
5 Ropohl, Einc Syslemtheorie der Technik Carl Hanser Vcrlag Muenchen Wien 1979
6 Wolfgang IVtausolf- Guntcr Patzold Planung und durch fuehriing beruflichen Unterrichts Verlag W.Girardel Essen, 1982
The article focuses on analysing the basic of tech -nlques and the relationship between of them with Uie emionmental education and energal content when teaching about theory of technique and practising trasmit ting and moving energy, using energy and the form of Ihe integration, envionmental and energical education in the technique subjects
Tap chi Gido due so 309 | 39