s i l DUNG VAN HOC DAN GIAN TDDNG DAY HOC IjCH SH VIET NAM 6 TRirdNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG ThS B O A N N G U Y E T L I N H D A N G H O A N G S A N G " Do dae 3iitr\ ljch si)(LS} cua dan tgc, van hoc noi[.]
Trang 1sil DUNG VAN HOC DAN GIAN TDDNG DAY HOC IjCH SH VIET NAM
6 TRirdNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
ThS B O A N N G U Y E T L I N H - D A N G H O A N G S A N G "
Do dae 3iitr\ ljch si)(LS} cua dan tgc, van hoc
noi Chung va van hoc dan gian (VHDG) noi
rieng dViet Nam co kha nang tnjyen tai noi
dung LS rat sau s^c; khong chi co gia tri nhu nhiing
tai lieu LS, ma con phan anh ducfc ban chat cua tiJmg
Sli ki&n LS cu the Bal viet nay trinh bay van de su
dung tai lieu VHDG trong giang d^y va hpc tap chuang
trinh LS VietNam dkJp 10, nh§m gop phan nang cao
ctiat IU(;mg giang day va hpc tap mon LS a trucfng
trung hpc phplhpng (THPT) hien nay
1 S u can thiet cua VHDG t r o n g giang day va
hoc tap LSVN d t r u d n g THPT
Khi nghien cijfu tac dung cua VHDG doi vdi cac
mon khoa hpc xa hpi khac, conha van Vu Nggc Phan
(1902-1987) cho r i n g : TWDGp/7ucvura(nA/euc/io
sihgc" Co the ndi, giiJa tri thiJc LS va tri thdc VHDG
cdmdiquan he vdl nhau rat chdt che.Oebal giang LS
khong phal rol vao tinh Irang "vda kho vda khd day",
giao vien (GV) bp mon phal iinh hoat su dung nhieu
phuong phap day hpc nh^m nang cao chat lu(;fng tiet
hpc-trong ddcd phuong phap sddung tai lieu VHDG
VHDG la mpt phan cua sang tac dan gian, phat
triln trong ddi sd'ng nhan dan thep phuang thdc
truyen mieng" va tap the n h j m phan anh ddi sdng
vSt cha'tva thegidi linhthan cua ngudidan.Ddia cugc
sdng lao dgng: nhung sukien, van decua ddi sd'ng xa
hpi; cugc dau Iranh cua quan ehung chdng ap bdc,
bdc tpt va giac ngoai xam,, Hien thut LS phan anh
trong tac pham VHDG dupc col nhu bp "bach khoa
toan thu" ve ddi sd'ng nhan dan, vi vgy chinh la nhung
hon nggc quy, la vu khi tinh t h i n cua t i n g Idp nhan
d i n lao dpng Viec sddung nhdng cau ca dao, tmyen
Ihuyft, tuc ngd, trong bai giang LS se giup cho HS
'cam thg LS'them phan tinh leva sSu s j c hon
TdcJ^c diem nay, V H D G c o ban phan anh duoc
•cai t h i n " cua sukien, cua mdl thdiki LS cuthe Vidu,
d mgc Vuiic gia Vin Lang - Au t a c ' l i o n g fla/14
•Cacqu6cgiac6daMna^lnudcVlelNam'C\),<f.'!\\
day ve su phan hda xa hdl trd neii phd' bie'n d thdi
Bdng Son, sau khi cung cap cac sd lieu khao cd hpc
de chdng minh, GV cd the mmh hpa tdm lupc phan
dau cua tnjyen Dua hau va tmyen ChiBong Tiiie giup HS tha'y su "giau co, chang thieu thOgi trong nha"zud Mai An Tiem cung nhu than phan cua mpt
anh dan chai ngheo khd da lay con gai mdt ke quyen the; hieu ro hon suphan hda giau ngheo dang dan xual hien trong xa hgi thdi Hung Vuang (luy chua that sau sac) Ngoai ra, de chdng minh cdng cu san xuat thdiOong Son da cd nhdng dudng net tinh te, mang
tinh sang tao, GV cothe gic* thieu tdm t i t tmyen Banh Chung banh dayie H S thay duoc vao thdi ki nay, nhd
nhdng cdng cu san xuait nhu vay, cu dan thdi c6' da nghi de'n viec cai thien sinh hoat, thi nhau tam cac mdn an, xem ai tai al kheo de chpn lay thdc ngon va don gian hon
Nhuvay, khivlec giang day, phan tich mang nang
l i n h II luan" khong dd de HS nhan thuc day du mdt van de, sukien LS thi viec sddung VHDG se phathuy dupc tac dgng tich cue - bdi nhan thdc LS khdng chi
cd mpt hudng, mpt chieu ma la su ket h<?p, bd' sung sau s i c gida cam thu va tu duy li tri, gida nhan thdc cam tinh va nhan thdc li linh
2 Mot s d blen phap s u dung VHDG trong giang day va hoc tap LSVN
1)Sudijng VHDG kethgp vol neu can hoi va bai lip nhan thiic Viec xac dinh nhiem vu nhan
thdc cd y nghia rat quan trpng mang tinh quyet dinh ddi vdl hieu qua bal hpc, giup HS ythdc dupc nhung van de co ban nhat can phal hieu va n i m c h i c dU(3c trong bal hgc Dieu nay cd nghia la dat ra ngay td d i u nhiem vg de HS hinh dung tmdc nhdng su kien va hien tupng LS CO ban, then chdt c i n n i m dugic Thdng thudng, nhiem vg nhan thdc duoc GV neu len b i n g mgl hoae val cau hpl tn/dc khi vao day bal mdi de kich Ihich tu duy cua HS, giup eac em suy nghT, tap tmng vao nhdng nhiem vu ed't Idi va Ira Idl duoc nhdng cau hdi dd vao eudi tiet hoc Viec ket hop sudung tai iieu VHDG vdl neu cau hdl, bai tap nhan
(ki
2-4/2013)-* Trwngllai IIQC Giao due - Dai lioc quoc gia Ra NOI
Tap chi Gido due so 308 | 49
Trang 2giang dat hi^u qua cao
C h i n g han, khi cung cap cho HS noi dung: cong
cu san xuat bang dong thau da trd nen pho bien va
bi/oc dau lam ra duoc cong cu b§ng sdt, trong muc 1
cua Bai 14: 'Cac quoc gia codai tren da't nudc Viet
/Vam"(2).GVt6mt§tngan gon npidung truyen Thinh
Gwn^va StJ'dung chi tiet Thanh Giong yeu cau: 'Su
gia hay mau ve Hu vdi nha vua dtic cho ta mqt con
ngua sit, mdt cii roi sit, mdtio giip sit va mdt cai
ndn sat Ta sedanh tan quin giac" G V neu cau hoi:
Tai sao Thinh Gidng khdng yeu cau sdgia due eho
cac toai vu khi bing cdng cu khic mi phai bing sit?'
Sau khi HS tra ldi, G V bosung: vao thoi Hiing Vucng
(tuang ung vcfi giai doan van hoa Dong Son), nhan
d^n Uidi CO da budc dau biet si} dgng di/oc cong cu
b4ng s^t, qua do giup HS nhan thi>c duoc r^ng: nhd
biet su'dung cong cu mdi nen ngudi Viet co cd duac
mot nen kinh te phat trien manh de td day tao nen
nhung chuyen blen to ldn vemat xa hpi Ho^c khiday
m y c l ixonq Bai 26 Tinh hinh xa hold nda dau theki
XIX vi phong trio dau tranh ctia nhan din"(5), G V
cd the dpc cho HS nghe cau ca dao: "Von ai, nhdli'y
ciu nayA^udp dim la giic, cudp ngay ti quan'ya
neu bai t?p nhan thuc: Viu ca dao trin phan inh
thi/c tegi cua xa hqi duang thc^?''.HSse(ie dang ira
ldi dupc: cau ca dao la kM cha (hoae m e) dan con hay
nhdlaiytpjac cudp bdcdaman cua bpn quan lai phong
kien - nhung ke ducFc xem la "cong bpc" cua dan Cau
ca dao phan anh bp may quan lai ngay cang sa dpa,
tham nhung tren budc dudng suy tan cua che dp
phong kien Viet Nam vao thdi Nguyen
2) Sudung tii lieu VHDG deneu quy iuat, rut
ra bii hqc LS "Nghien cdu khoa hqc cung nhu hix
tip LSphai dat den tn'nh dq nim quy luat va y nghia
thtJC tiin ciSa viec hqc LS ii biet v$n dung nhimg bii
hqc cua qua khd trong cudc sd'ng hien tai Cdng viec
niy cung H mqt bd phin quan trqng cua viec phat
tri&nhf duy vi ning luc ^uc hanh cua HS'{A).IS^W
cd rat nhieu bai hpc sau s^c, quy bau, dup'c trinh bay
trong sach giao khoa (SGK) LS Tuy nhien, nhiem vu
cua G V khong phai la thong bao cho HS nhung quy
luat,baihpcLS,ma^/ia7dayc/jo/ys/7A9t/i)ffif/;/ji^p
sukien LS, nhung quy luit LS qua cac thdi dai chd
khdng thenixba hoa vechinh tridday\S) Mat khac,
SGK hien nay dupc viet theo hudng "giam nhieu phan
ketluan khai quar Vi vay, viec tochiic, hudng dan HS
nil ra quy lu^t, bai hpc LS la mot yeu cau khong the
thieu Song, khong phai tac pham VHDG nao cung
50 Tap chi Giao due so 308
GV can phai dau tu nhieu cong siJfc trong viec lya chpn tac pham VHDG phu hdp
Vi du, muon giup HS d l dang nJt ra dUdc bai hpc
ve sudoan ket, thong nhat trong cupc dau tranh gian kho, quyet liet de gil} nudc va dung nudc, GV khong
the khong dan truyen Thinh Gidng Hay vdi nhung cau cadao nhu:'NhiSu dieu phu lay gii guang/Ngudi trong mdt nudc phai thuang nhau edng", 'Bau ai thuang ^ybiciing/Tuyringkhic gid'ng nhung Chung mdtgian', 'Mgtciylim chang nen non/Ba ciy chqm lai nen hdn ntJicao' , cac em se nhan thdc them s&u s^c rkng: muon ton tai, cac thanh vien trong d^l gia
dinh dan tpc Viet Nam phai dum bpc, thuc suthuong yeu, doan ket vdi nhau; nhung tinh cam tot d^p do dupc vun dap td trong gia dinh, hp hang den lang gieng,th6nxdmva mo rpng racadltnudcitifdd, tich luy them duoc nhung bai hoc bo ich trong each doi nhan xuthetrong cac moi quan h? xahoi, Hoaic, d l ngudi hpc hieu them ve truyen thmg yeu nudc va tinh than dau tranh anh dung cua ngucri phg nQ VietNam,
G V cdtheneu cau hoi: TuengdVi^Nam cdciu:°G^ den nhi din bi cung danh" Bing tmyen Uimg LS din tqc, hiy neu vi chdng minh qua nhdng suki$n
i L S m i e m f i e / ? " Vdi bai tap nhan thdc nay.GVco t h i kiem tra kien th lie HS mpt each hfthongva khoa hpc Cau tgcngDtren rat d i n h d doi vdiHS boi sued dpng
va hinh anh het sue cg the Sau khi HS cd cau tra ldi,
GV giup cac em hieu rd them y nghla sau s i c cua cau tgc ngih the hien tinh than, y chi va quylt tSm chdng xam luoc gid nha gid nudc cua nhan dSn ta; dong thdi cung la kinh nghiem, tong kit LS may nghin nam gii/ nudc cua dan tpc Viet Nam Trai qua LS lau
dai, nhan dan ta da bao phen "Giac den nhi din ba cungdanh'va danh thing quan xam luoc manh hdn
minh gap bpi Cac ndanh hung dan tdc nhu: Hai Ba Tnrng, Ba Trieu, n u tudng Tay Son Bui Thj XuSn,
da lam rang ngdi chan li do Dan ba, phg ndtrong xa hpi phong kien xua van thudng dupc coi la phai y l u Viec danh giac thudng xem la nghTa vu chinh cua ngudi dan ong, nam gidi nhung khi gap phai hoan canh "giac den nha", quan xam lupc keo vao bdcdi, thi dan ba, phu nucung san sang ra tran, giap mdt vdi
ke thu de bao ve non sdng, dat nudc, 'Nghien cdu
xa hdi Vift Nam ta si ngac nhiin vi mqt dieu trii nguac ve vai tro cua ngudi phq nu: sti bieu h'lqn md nhat hay ving bong trong xa hdi vi vi tri Wuc sucua
hq di duac LS xac nh$n va duqc khing dinh bing nhdng tnjyen thuyethaybieu tuqnsf (6)
-(ki2-412023)
Trang 3gii kit qui hgc Itp cua HS OSy la mpt bien phap
cin thiet, la 'khaucuScOng, dong thdi khdi dau cho
mgt chu tn'nh khep kin tiip theo vdi mgt chat li/t?ng
cao han cila qua trinh giao duc'{7) Cliu tmong ddi
mdl ki^m tra, danh gia ca ve npi dung lan hinh thdc
hien nay cho phep GV linh ho?t, sang tao hon trong
h o l d d n g nay
Vidg, sau khld?y Bai 18: "Cdng cugc xiy dung va
phallriSi kinh te trgng cac IhS'kiX -XV',6e kie'm Ira
kien thuc HS, GV dpc cau ca dao: VcHyua Thai Tg,
Thai Tdng; Thgc Itja diy d6ng trau ching buon an'
va ndu cSu hdi: Vau ca dao tren noi len dieugi?' HS
se d i d a n g tra Idl: cau ca dao phan anh duoc nen kinh
t i ndng n g h l ^ Vidt Nam thdi phong kien trong cac
theklX-XV phit tiiin Nha nudc phong kien ludn quan
tSm d i n c i c cdng trinh trj thuy, thuy Ipl n h i m bao ve
san xudt, m d rpng m^ng ddng, gia tdng cae lo^l cay
t i ^ g , phgc vg cudc sd'ng ngudi dan ngay cang nang
cao D i i u dd cho thiy chinh sach "tn?ng ndng' cda
nha nudc phong kid'n gial doan nay thuc s u dat k i t
qua Idt
Hojc, sau khid?y Bai28: Tnjy&t thAtgyiunudc
cuadin ( ^ VielNam fhdlphongkien", GV cdthe cho
HS la d l kllm tra bJng c i u hdl: 'Qua tnjygn Thanh
Tart van va tniyen Thanh Giong , emnjtra dugc
bil hgc gi cho LS din 0c ta?' HS se nhd lai hai
tmy^n trdn va tra ldi: nhin td gdc dp LS va van hda,
hinh i n h Son Tinh (Idc Thanh TanVlen) phan anh
n i n g lgc t r j thuy' cua c u ddn Vl$t cd' B e cd the'quin
cu va l i p n g h i ^ dpc theo luu vuc nhdng con sdng cd
mgc niidc ldn, d d ddi (nhu sdng Hdng va sdng Ma),
y i u c i u d i u Hen ddi vdi ngudi dan la phal biet trj thuy'
nhim chinh phgc thidn nhien v i t?o lap cgpc sdng
Smno-bA'nhi$mvi/chuy6uvaquantigrig nhatcua
qui trinh chmh pht/c thUn nhien se ching bag gid
iianh cdng neiukhcSdgin kit cua ca xihgi rgng kin
khdngdugc thudng xuyin chim k> vun dip'iB) Cdn
l i u y ^ T h i n h Gidng lai cd gia trj nhu mpt'khuc trang
ca' v i LS chdng ngoai xam, mud'n ndi vdi m udn ddi
l i n g : khi vdn nudc l i m nguy, chien thing chl thupc
v l nhung ai biet tdp hpp, huy dpng sue m^nh cung
nhutri tu$ cCia loan dan Qua b i l kiem tra, neu da s d
HS h i l u dupc nhu v i y thi vipc k i t hpp bipn p h i p tren
d?t dupc hipu qua nhu mong mudn,
3, Be x u i t b i f n p h i p n h i m nang cao hipu qua
d f y hpc LS Vidt Nam dphd'thdng qua v l ^ sddgng t i i
idu VHDG nhusau:
1) G Vtt/tim kiim tai Iiu ndiehung vi msiu VHDG
cdng tac giang day n h i m mang lai cho H S nhung gid hpc bd ich, Idi cudn, hap dan; tranh tam li "y lar vao ngudn tu lieu eo s i n tai thuvien nha tmdng
2) Khdng 'lam dung'tai lieu VHDG trgng DHLS
ma c i n ap dgng cung vdi eac phuong phap day hpe khac mdt each nhjp nhang, phu hpp n h i m tranh s u nham chan cho HS va "vd tinh'GV bie'n gidhpc mon
LS thanh gid hpc mdn Ngu van Day la mpt van de
dang luu y khi sd dgng Ioal tai lieu nay
3) Khai Ihac Iriel de nhiJng gia tri LS dugc phan anh trcng cac tac pham VHDG Bjen phap nay lam
cho "chat LS" trong VHDG tach h i n ra, giup GV d l dang van dung vao bai giang.Tuy nhien,tai fieu VHDG
disqc lua ehgn phai mang tinh dIe'n hinh, eg t h i va
khoa hgc; xem xet ki nguon gde xuat xdva ndl dung phan anh eua tai iieu
4) Stidung tailleu VHDG can dam bag muc dich,
yeu cau cua baigiang Tai lieu VHDG ch? mang tinh
chat minh hpa, chdng minh eho nhung npidung LS
n h i m giiJp eho tiet hgc dat hieu qua cac nhat Vi vay,
GV c i n siidung t i l iieu VHDG mdt each phu hpp vdi ndl dung bal hpe, tranh sa da, 'lam dgng" d i n den tinh trang "chay giap an' anh hudng de'n chat iupng gidday •
(kl2-4/2013)-(I), (2) (3) L|ch si 10 NXB Gido due H 2007
(4) Phan NgQC Lien (ctiii bien) Phinmg pliiip day hpc
l|ch Sli, Up 2 NXB Bdi Ape suphgrn H.2002
(5) Pham van Ddng Diko tao thlh$ tr£ cua dan t^c
thdnh nhirng ngudi chi^n si each mang ddng ckm
thengminh,sdngt^o NXBCao<(|ic,H.1989 (6) NguySn van K^ "Phy no- Vi$t Nam qua ljch sir vi
truydn thuytfl" Tgp chi Xua & Nay, sd 61, thang 03/
1999
(7) Phan Ngpc Lien (chu bien) Phuimg phdp day hpc
l|ch Slir (ISp I) NXB £)(ii Ape supham, H.2002
(8) Nguyfin Khic Thudn Dai cinmg lich sir vdn hda
Vift Nam (ISp I) NXB Gido due TP H6 Chi Minh
2004
SUMMAKT
Due to the nation's history, both literature and folktoie have ability to trasmit history content very good, n Is not only a valuable as history documents, but also reflect the nature of each specific hictory events In this article, we would like to present uslrlg folklore for teachingand learning Vietnamese history
in high schooL We applied research in the history programat lOcIassln order to contribute to Improv-ing die quality of teachImprov-ing and leamImprov-ing history In high school
Tap chi Giao due so 308 | 51