MOT SO BIEN PHAP REN Ki lUAlUG HE THONG HOA KIEN THÛ C CHO NGlTdl HOC TS N G U Y I N T H E HUNG'''' Mac du hpc dbac dai hpc, nhi/ng nhieu sinh vien (SV)v§ngidth6i quen ghi chep nhieu, hpc thuoc ldng, ch[.]
Trang 1MOT SO BIEN PHAP REN Ki lUAlUG
HE THONG HOA KIEN THU^C CHO NGlTdl HOC
TS N G U Y I N T H E H U N G '
Mac du hpc dbac dai hpc, nhi/ng nhieu sinh
vien (SV)v§ngidth6i quen ghi chep nhieu,
hpc thuoc ldng, chi hpc nhdng kien thdc
du'crc giang vien (GV) cung cap tren ldp, Nguyen
nhan quan trgng nhat cua phuang phap hpc kem
hieu qua dd, la SV thiaj kT nang (KN) he thdng hoa
kien thdc (HTHKT) Cang len cac bae hpc cao, thdi
quen nay cang anh hudng nghiem trpng tdi chat
luong day hpc, bdi khdi luang kien thdc ngay cang
Idn va yeu cau cua viec hpc tap cung co suthay do'i
ve chait Mat khac, dbat kitrucftig dai hpc nao, chuong
trinh dao tao ciing chi cung cap nhdng kien thdc co
ban, cdt Idi nhat cho SV ddi vdi mpt nganh, nghe
nhat dinh Vi vay, de dap dng dUOc cupc sdng trong
thcri dai "bung no'thdng tin", ngudi hpc phai biet tu
hpc sud't ddi Tuy nhien, ngudi hpc kho cd thetu hpc
mpt each hieu qua, neu bi han che v e K N HTHKT
Duoi day, ehung tdi xin gidi thieu mpt sobien phap
giiip ngucri hpc ren KN HTHKT
1 Khai niem va vai tro cua HTHKT trong day hoc
Trong day hpc, khi tiep can vdi mdt nguon thdng
tin nao dd, ngucn ta thudng phan tich de s§p xep ehung
theo nhCmg quan he nha't djnh tao thanh mot td hap
he thdng togicgpi la HrH/C7.Nhuvay,HTHKT lampt
qua trinh thuc hien cac thao tac tu duy logic de sip
xep cac kien thdc vao mot he thd'ng nhat djnh, giiip
ngudi hpc hieu bietsau s§c ve ban chat cua dditi;ang
nghien cuu Viec he thdng hda kien thuc khdng chi
ren luyen cho ngudi hpc KN tuduy logic de Ifnh hpi va
cung cdkien thuc maron ren luy?n cho ngudi hpc KN
diln dat y tudng b i n g nhung hinh thdc phong phii
hieu qua Viec HTHKT cdtac dung ren luyen cho ngudi
hpc phattrien nang luc tiep nhan va gial quyetvan de,
nSng luc sang tao va thdiquen tuhpc, deco theti/hpc
sudt ddi, Ngoai ra, qua viec HTHKT, ngudi hpc biet
each d a chieu, so sanh su vat hien tuong de tim ra
cac quy luat, nghla la ren luyen cho ngudi hoc kha
nang khai quat hda nit ra ket luan
30 Tap chi Giao due so 308
2 Quy trinh ren luyen KN HTHKT
Budc I: Xic dinh nhiem VLI hqc tip Tnjoc tien,
GV phai xac djnh cho ngudi hpc nhung nhiem vu can thuc hien trong qua trinh hpc tap vadupc eg the hda bang hanh ddng de giai quyet nhung yeu cau maGV dua ra Dengudi hpc thuc hien dupc nhirng nhiem vu nay, GV can tao ra ddng co nhu cau hpc tap vanhu cau mudn giaiquyet cacvan decho ngudi
hpc; Budc 2: Phin tich xae dinh ndi dung kien thOc can he thd'ng hoi Sau khi G V hinh thanh cho ngudi
hpc dpng ccf, nhu cau, nhiem vu hpc tap, GV dinh hudng cho ngudi hpc xac dinh nhung kien thdc trpng tam dua tren nhdng tieu chi cu the GV can hudng eho ngudi hpc cae cau hdi djnh hudng khi giao cho ngucri hpc dpc giao trinh, tai lieu tham khao hoae quan sat kenh hinh Qua do, ngudi hpc se xac djnh duoc nhung noi dung kien thdc trong tam can he
thdng hoa; Budc 3: Xic dinh duqe md'i lien he gii/a cic ndi dung kien thuc.Tdcic ndidung kien thucco
ban, ngudihpc can xac lap dupc moilien he giiia cac
nq\tiungk\enl\\\ic; Budc4:Diindatnqidungcanh$ thdng hoi Sau khi xac dinh duoc mdi quan he giiJa
cac npi dung kien thdc, ngudi hpc phai trinh bay duoc mdi lien he eac npi dung kien thdc thdng qua vi?c thiet k e s o do, bang bieu, hinh anh theo mpt trat tl/ logic xac djnh
3 Cac bien phap dien dat npi dung he ttidng hoa
1) Bien phap sudung Graph S d dung Graph
trong day hpc rat cd y nghTa trong viec phat trien tu duy eho ngudi hpc Bdi vi, G raph co tae dung mo hinh hoacacdditucftig nghien Cliu vamahoa cac ddi tupng
dd b i n g mpt toai ngdn ngdvdatri/c quan, vda cy thi Ngoai ra, Graph se giup ngucri hpc ghinhdmptcach khoa hpc va van dung kien thdc mot each linh hoat Thong qua hoat dpng hpc tap b i n g Graph, ngudU
hpc se hinh thanh duoc each tu duy he thdng Cac
/jt/cfcxaydwi^Grap/j:-Chpn nhung kien thdc CO ban
" Traaag fiai hoc Tai npyen va Moi tritlH
Trang 2chat cua cae khai niem Nhdng kien thdc nay cdn can
phai tiep tyc phan tich cho viec xac lap cac mdi quan
he vdinhOng npidung khac;- Phan chia khainiem Idn
thanh eac khai niem nhdhon Moi mptcap phan chia,
lai phai lua chpn lai cac tieu chi phan chia khac nhau;
- Lua chpn ngdn ngu ki hieu de bieu thj mdi lien he
gida cac kien thdc da duae phan tich dd Thuc chat la
tn/c quan cua cac moiquan he ban chatgiua cac yeu
td,cac bpphan b i n g so do V i d u : Lap Graph veT/V)/?
ehat vat Ti, thanh phan hda hoc va phin loai nudc
trong dat (hinh 1)
luc tu duy Vi du: So sinh cau tao he tuan hoan a dqng vat (xem bang 1)
Bang 1 So sanh cau tao he tuan hoan ddong val
H a i u S n h o i n h o
Hf man
hoAntfjn
ne ruin hoAnMa
Tim M91 ngan (cho pTiinh
c Ja mach mdu)
Ha, ngan
Ba ngSn Bon ngan 04ng m^ch TirJi m^ch;
S f , ™ " ' " " " " ' * •
M ^ - E » c h m D Mdu hUu
N l / a c TRONC DAT
y ^ y V V y V v
I ^: I z VfVf\z\\ T' 11"' I p^°^
Hinh 1 Tinh chat vat li thanh phan hoa hoc va phan loai nua^ trong dat
2) Bien phap dien dat bing bang Cd nhieu
dang bang nhung cd hai dang pho bien la dang bang
so sanh va dang bang dien dat mdi quan he Bang la
dang ngon nguco kha nang k h i c phuc nhdng khd
khan ma ngdn ngd ki hieu khac khdng lam duoc
Nhung uu the vuol trpi cua bang la: - Cho phep trinh
bay ro, gpn mot ndi dung cd mdi quan he phdc tap;
- Cho phep lien ket kien thde, he thdng hoa npi dung
3) Bien phap sudung sadotuduy (Mind map)
Su dung so do tu duy trong day hpc khdng chi phat trien duae nang luc ve tri tue, ma con phat trien duoc kha nang hpi hpa va suvan dung kien thiic dUOC hpc
qua sach vd vao cupc sdng Sa do tu duy mdt cdng cu cd tinh khathicao
vi cd the van dung dupc fDi^.^q^ vdi bat ki dieu kien co sd H3'1°"~ vat chat nao cua cac nha tnidng hien nay Co the thiet keso do tuduy tren giay, bia, bang phu, hoae eung ed the thiet ke tren phan mem tin hpc
Quytrinh tao nen mdtsadotuduy: -Tdtnjng tam cua
mpt td giay (bang), chpn mot khai niem, hinh anh hay bue tranh cho y tudng tnjng tam; - Td hinh anh tmng tam ndi cac nhanh ehinh va nhanh phu Cac nhanh cd lien quan vdi nhau va deu lien quan tdi ndi dung cua hinh anh taing tam; - Sudyng mpttd khda trong mfi
ddng Vi dy: Sa do ve cic dang d nhiem mdi tnfdng (xem hinh 2}
(ki2-4/2023)-Hinh 2 Cac dang 6 nhiem moi tn/dng
Tap chi Gido due so 308 I 31
Trang 3niem (BDKN) - Concept
Afap BDKN dupc xay dung
tren mdt he thdng khainiem
da biet Nd vda la mpt cdng
cy CO the giiip dd ngudi hpc
hpc tap hieu qua vda la bien
phap tdt trong viec ren luyen
nang luc tu duy eho ngudi
hpc Giua cac khai niem
trong BBKN deu cd mdi
quan hp nhatdinh Moiquan
he nay duoc the hien bang
cac tu, cac cym tu(menh de
hay lien tu) Viec s u dyng
BDKN trong day hpc ed vai tro dae biet quan trpng
Trudc het, nd giiip ngudi hpe xac dinh duae mdi lien
he giua cac khai niem, giua cac ndi dung kien thuc
BOKN vda giiip cho ngudi hpc luu tru thdng tin mpt
each hi§u qua (vi BDKN HTHKT theo mot logic nhat
dinh), vda giiip cho ngudi hpc phat trien tu duy De
tSng cudng tinh hap tac, GV cdtheto chuc cho nguffl
hpc xay dung cac BBKN b i n g cac hoat dpng nhom
Cac budc xay dung BOKN: -Xac dinh eau hoi trong
tim: Cau hdi trpng tam la mdt cau hoi mang tinh
chat khai quat eho mdt van de nao do Mpi khai niem
trong BDKN deu phai lien quan tdi eau hoi trong
tam Khi xac dinh dugc cau hdi trpng tam, nghTa la
ngudi hpc datra ldi duoc cau hdi: Sudung BDKN dd
delam g\?',-Xic dinh cic khii niem chinh:Sau khi
xae djnh duoc eau hdi trpng tam, phai dua ra dugc
eae khai niem chinh se duge the hien trong BDKN
Thudng, mpt BDKN chua tu 15- 20 khai niem Cf
budc tiep theo, nhutig khai niem nay se duoc sap
xep vao cac vj tri sao eho the hien 6uqc tinh logic,
tinh tham mTva dap ung duge yeu cau cua cau hdi
trpng tam ;-A'a>'dim5md/5£)/CWso'do; Ngudi xay
dung BDKN can phai hieu rd ban chat cua cac khai
mem de t u d d xae dmh lien ket gida cac khai mem
Cac khai niem trpng BDKN cd the duoc lien ket theo
cac each khac nhau Tuy nhien, phai lua ehpn cac
lien ket sao cho phan anh va dap ung dugc cau hdi
trpng tam Can nhd r i n g , khdng phai lien ket giua
bat ki khai niem nao cung can phai thie't lap; - Duyet
vi sip xep lai BDKN: Sau khi da thiet lap dugc eac
mpnh de trong BDKN, thi kiem tra va s i p xep lai vj
tri cac khai niem, chmh sua cae chi tiet khac sao cho
Hinh 3* Mdi tn/ang va cac nhin tdsinh thai
BDKN cd mpt cau tnic khoa hpe, ro rang, d l sudung
Vi dy: Lap BDKN ve Mditrudng va eae nhan tdsinh thii{htnh3)
Trong quatrinhdayhpc.viec ren luyen KN HTHKT cho ngudi hpc cd y nghla dae biet quan trpng Thi/c chaitcua viec hethong hda kien thdc la van dyng thanh thao cae thao tae tu duy de sap xep kien thuc da hpc vao nhimg trat tu logic chat che khac nhau tiiy theo myc dich he thdng hoa Ren luyen KN HTHKT cho ngudihpc khdng phai la mot quy trinh cdng nhic, ma tiiy theo myc dich, ddi tugng ngudi hoc, muc tieu, npi dung day hpc ma van dyng quy trinh mpt each linh hoat tren ca sdlua chpn cac bien phap mdt each hop lin hat a
Tai lieu tham khao
1 A.M Machiuskin Nhihig tinh hutfng c6 vin At trong tu duy va trong day hpc NXB Cido difC
H 1972
2 Nguygn T h ^ Hung "MOt sd bi§n phip nang cao chat luoTig day hoc bO mOn Phucmg phip day hpc Sinh hoc 6 khoa Supham - Dai hpc qudc gia Ha
NOi"-Tgp chi Gido due sd 202, ki 2-11/ 2008
SUMMARY
Despite studying at universities many students still keep the habit of leaming by heart all the
knowl-edge provided by teachers in the classroom The
most important cause of maintaining Inefficient method of learning, the learners lack of systematized knowledge skills
This paper offers a number of measures to help learners train knowledge systematiztion skills: Using thinking maps (Mind map) and using concept map
32 Tap chi Giao due so 308