MOI SO BIEN PHAP SJ^ OpNG TRD CHOI HOC TAP NHAM PHAT TRIEN KHA NANG KHAI QUAT HDA CHD THE 5 6 TDOJ THDNG HDAT DONG LAIVI QUEN V a i TOAN ThS P H A M THI O A N H * Khai quat hoa (KQH) la qua trinh tu d[.]
Trang 1MOI SO BIEN PHAP SJ^ OpNG TRD CHOI HOC TAP NHAM PHAT TRIEN KHA NANG KHAI QUAT HDA CHD THE 5-6 TDOJ THDNG HDAT DONG
LAIVI Q U E N V a i TOAN
ThS P H A M THI O A N H *
Khai quat hoa (KQH) la qua trinh tu duy hpp
nhait nhieu ddi tupng khae nhau thanh mdt
nhdm, mpt toai theo nhung thupc tinh, lien
h?, quan he ehung nhat djnh Nhdng thupc tinh
ehung nay bao gdm hai loai: nhdng thude tinh ehung
gidng nhau vanhung thupc tinh ehung ban chat, Su
dyng trd choi hpc tap (TCHT) la mdt trong nhung
phuong tien huu hieu nh&m phattrien kha nang KQH
eho tre, Trong TCHT, nhiem vu nhan thue khdng
dat ra ta/c tiep va cdng khai trudc tre, ma niim trong
nhiem vy chol, trong ndi dung, hanh ddng choi va
trong luat choi Oieu dd gitip tre d i dang vupt qua
mpi khd khSn de tim kiem each gial quyet ehung,
hoan thanh nhiem vu dupc giao Trong TCHT, tre
Fnh hpi nhipm vy tri tue nhu mot nhiem vu thuc tien,
nhiem vu choi, dieu do lam tang tinh tich cue tu duy
cua tre, hinh thanh va phat trien cae nang tuc tri tue,
trong dd cd nang luc KQ H Bai viet nay de cap mdt
sd'bien phap s t i d u n g TCHT n h i m phattrien kha
nang KQH cho tre 5-6 tuol trong hoat ddng Lam
quen vdi toan (LQ VT) nh u sau:
1.Xay d u n g h e t h o n g cac TCHT nham phat
trien kha nang KQH c h o tre 5-6 tuoi trong hoat
dpng LQVT
Chiing tdi da suu tam va lua chpn cac TCHT tii
nhieu nguon khac nhau (trong dan gian, trong cac tai
lieu Giao dye mam non, ) He thdng trd choi dupc
s ^ p x e p t d d l d e n k h d t h e o m d c d d p h a t trien thao tac
khai quat hoa tiithap den cao Cu the:
- Cae tro ehai eho tre tao nhdm theo dau hieu
cho trude C h i n g han, trong trd choi "Nhung hinh
nao?', moi tre cd 8-10 hinh gom cac hinh: vudng
tnin tam giac, chu nhat cd mau s§c va kich cd khac
nhau Khi ngui^ cam trd neu dau hieu: "Hay ehpn tat
ca cae hinh trdn" thi tre se chpn va xep cae hinh trdn
thanh mot nhom Khi tre da thanh thgo, cd cd the
tSng dan mue dp khd bSng each cho tre tao nhdm
theo hai dau hieu nhu: "Hay chon tat ca nhung hinh trdn mau do",
^ - Trd chai yeu cau tre phii ti/tim ra dau hieu cu^e detao nhdm dua tren sudmh hudng dau hieu ehung
do ngudi cam trd neu ra trong trd choi, Ching han, trong trd chol "Tim nhiing hinh cd cting hinh dang", mdi tre cd 8-10 hinh gdm eac hinh: vudng, trdn, tam giac, ehu nhat Khi ngudi cam trd ndi: 'Tim nhdng hinh cd cting hinh dang" thi tre chpn va xep nhung thanh tting nhdm hoae toan hinh vudng, hoae toan hinh tam g i a c
- Tro chai yeu cau tre tutim ra dau hieu ehung cua mdtnhdm vaggidung ten nhdm C h i n g han, trong trd ehPl "Vat nao thda", ngudi cam trd dat ten ban 4
hinh vudng va 1 hinh trdn, cho tre quan sat phat hien xem hinh nao khdng cting nhdm, khac vol nhung hinh cdn lai, Khi ngudi cam trd hd: "Vat nao thda" thi tre nao ndi dung ten vat thda trudc dupc len chpn, bd vat dd ra va gpi ten nhdm cdn lai
- Trd choi yeu cau tre phii tutim ra dau hieu di' xep thanh cac nhdm Chang han, trong trd chol "Hay xq) nhanh thanh cac nhom", cho tre de cac hinh vudng,
trdn,tamglac,chdnhattrudcmat Khi ngudi cam trd hd: "Hay xep nhanh thanh cac nhdm" tre bat (Jau chpn vaxep moi loai hinh thanh ttJng nhdm
- f r o chai eho tresudting td ngi/khai quat va eu f/jft Ching han, trong trd choi Vay doan xem tdi la ai?', ngudi cam trd neu dau hieu dae tamg eua hinh,
tre phal ndi dupc ten cila hinh do la gi
2 L a p k e h o a c h s u d u n g cacTCHTtrong hoai dpng cho tre LQVT nham phat trien kha nang KQH cho tre
Cae budc tien hanh lap ke hoach trien khai tting TCHT n h i m phattrien kha nang KQH cho tre:
Budc / - - X a c dinh mye dich (muc tieu) va yeu
cau eija trd choi: day la phan quan trpng nhat (dua ' Khoa Giao due m^m non, Tnrting Cao dang Hal Dirong
(kll-412013)- Tap (hi Gido due so 307 33
Trang 2choi (trd choi hpe tap) va hinh thdc choi tinh hoat phu
hpp vdi mye dich, yeu cau da dat ra
Budc2:Xac dinh sdlupng tre, hinh thiic tien hanh
trdchoi vdi tre (trd chpi nao hay tan choi nao tien hanh
vdi ca Idp, vdi tung nhdm tre va vdi tung tre) du tinh
khoang thdi gian thuan Ipi de to'chtic cho tre trd choi
(trong tiet hpc, trong bud'i choi tudo, trong cac khoang
thdi gian tu do khac trong ngay), du tinh su phan bd
thdi gian eho tijng trd choi sao cho phtj hpp
Budc 3:Du(inh va ehuan bj cac phuong tien de to'
ehuc trd ehcri nhu dia die'm, do dung va do choi cho
phu hpp vdi trd choi
Budc 4,'Xac djnh vi tri cua minh trong trd choi va
eac phuong phap, bien phap td'chdc, hudng d i n tre
choi trd choi,
3 Chuan bi cac phuong tien vat chat de to
chuc cac TCHT nhim phat trien kha nang KQH
cho tre trong hoat dpng LQVT
GV la ngucri tao cac phuong tien vat chat cho tre:
tnidc het, tao khong gian cho tre choi (dia diem choi)
Khdng gian choi phai rdng rai, thuan tien, dam bao an
toan, ve sinh vaedtheehiara tam cac gdc Choi nhd cd
ranh gidi de tre cd the choi mdt minh hay choi theo
nhdm nhd theo hung thu va nhu eau rieng cua tre
G V cung cap cho tre nguyen vat ti?u chol, do choi,
do dung, tai lieu hpc tap, phUPng tien may mdc can
thiet phue vu tni choi
G V ed the Cling vdl tre hoae cho tre t u s l p xep do
dung (BD), dochoi hpc tapDCHT), vat lieu choi (VLC)
vao noi quy dinh choi cua Idp Cach s i p xep, bd tri
DD,DCHT, VLC trang phdng, gdc chol phal thuc hien
theo mptso yeu cau sau: - Sap xep, bdtri DD,OCHT,
VLC vao noi quy djnh; - S i p xep bdtri DD, DCHT,
VLCPtrangthaimd;-Sipxe'p.bdtriDD,OCHT,VLC
vua tam vdi cua tre; - s i p xep, bdtri DD, DCHT, VLC
cd kem theo ki hieu (ki hieu ed theta hinh vachii); - Cd
t h e s i p x ^ , b d t r i O D , O C H T , V L C da dang sinh dpng
nhung khdng bay qua nhieu de gay cam giac hdn
ddn va lam tre de phan tan suchu ykhichoi Dae biet
luu y den viec thay dd'i, bd' sung cho phii hpp vdi yeu
eau eua npi dung choi va se eat bdi dl neu nhan thay
thda; - Cd the bdtri, sap xep DD, DCHT tren eac gia
dd hoae trong cac hop, cae rd'tren mat cua gia, trong
cac ngan ctia gia (co ki hieu b i n g hinh hoae ehu^
theo bd, theo nhdm, tfieo tdng chu de (chu diem)
4 Tao cam xuc tich cue cho tre trong qua
trinh tham gia cac TCHT
giua tre vditre.Qe\ao duoc mcS quan hp ttian thien,
mang tinh phattriwi, GV can luu y mptso diem sau:
- Xac dinh rd vai trd cua GV trong qua trinh to ehuc, hudngdincac TCHT nhim phatU^n kha nang KQH eho tre trong hoat ddng hge toan ed chu dich
Cy the: xac djnh rniic dp, thdi diem can thiet phai cd sy hpp tac cua ed vdi tre tren c p s d xac dinh muc dpphat trien kha nang KQH cuatre C h i n g ban: Vdi nhdng
trd choi cho tre tao nhdm theo dau hi$u ehung da duae ehira cu tf?ethi GV can dua ra dau hieu cy the
(chpn nhung bdng hoa mau dd), tre setao nhdm eac ddi tuong theo daiu hieu ehung da dupc chi ra cy the dd(tresechpnchinhdng bdng hoa mau dd trong cae bdng hoa cd mau sac khac nhau) Cdn vdi nhdng trd
choi cho tre tutim ra dau hieu ehung cua mot nhom
thi GV khdng can dua ra dau hieu ehung nua ma tre phal tu tim ra dau hieu ehung cua mdt nhdm va gpi diing ten nhdm
Co the tha'y r i n g , G V khdng nen can thiep vao tat
ca cac trd choi cua tre, nen de tre dupe ehu ddng trong quatrinh thuc hi?n cac nhiem vu choi cua minh
- Tao moi quan he edimd, hgp tac, binh dang gida
cd va tre, giua tre vdi tre nhdm dap dng dum nhu cau giao tiep eua tre B i n g thai dp than thien, gipng ndi
nhe nhang, GV tao bau khdng khi tutin, pha'n khdi eho tre khuyen khieh, ddng vien tre mdi khi thanh edng eung nhu that bai; giup tre manh dan, ehij dpng hon khi thuc hien nhiem vu choi, hanh dpng chol G V can gpi mode tre gan gui vdi cac ban ddng thdJ ghJp dd ban trong qua trinh choi, khdng chi biet quan tam den ketquaehoictJa minh macdn bletquan tam den ket qua choi cua ban biet chia se, vui ehung vdl ket qua cua ban Md'i quan he choi nhu vay giiip tre cd dieu kien bpc Id het kha nang eua minh
2) Tao hung thu cua tre khi chai bing phan
nhdm tre linh hoat
- Chai ca nhan: Vdl hinh thuc nay, khi to' chiic
hudng d i n tdng tre choi GV d l dang nhan ra "vung phat trien gan nha't "cua tre, td dd cd su lua chpn ndi dung, phupng phap dehudng dan mpt each p h u h i ^ nha't (giao due ca biet) Tuy nhien, nhupc die'm kJn nha't cua hinh thiic nay la khdng that su phu hdp vdl dieu kien giao dye hien nay Do sd lupng tre trong Idp ddng nen choi canhan mat nhieu cdng Stic, thdi gian cua GV; mat khac, hinh thdc choi nay cdn lam ban che kha nang ht/p tac gida tre vdi nhau nen tinh tich cue thi dua trang choi - hpc bj han che
34 Tap chi Gido due so 307
Trang 3bien nhit) GV ed the td'chuc clio ca top cung tham
gia vao mpt ird choi va eiing thuc hien mpt nhiem vu
nhan thdc nao do Hinh thdc nay cd uu diem la gida
cac tre trong nhdm, kjp cd su hpc hdi, gitip do lan
nhau lam tang tinh thi dua, doan ket, hpp tac vdi
nhau trong quatrinh thuc hien nhiem vu nhan thdc 6
mdt gdc dd khac, hinh thirc nay cdn mang laihieu qua
kinh tecao Han eheldn nhat cua hinh thuc nay la GV
khd cothe thuc duoc nguyen tac giao dye ca biet khd
n i m dupc dae diem tam sinh ii rieng biet cua tung
tre Cho nen, viec phattrien kha nang KQH cho tiing
tre la khd
5 Phoi hpp six dung linh hoat cac bien phap
day hpc de hudng d i n tre choi
Khi td'chdc cho tre choi vdi cac TCHT, GV ed the
sti dyng ket hpp cac bipn phap true quan, IcN ndi vdi
bipn phap thuc tiln giiip cho tre cd hiing thu vdi trd
choi va phat trien a tre kha nang KQ H
Cho tre quan sat cac tranh anh, lam quen vdi cac
loai do choi, vgt lipu chol phuc vy cho TCHT, GV cd
the dung cac blen phap b i n g Idi ndi (dam thoai cung
tre thao luan vert tre, dat cau hdi, tdi gpi y, Idi de nghj,
ngin gpn, d l hieu va giau hinh anh,.,) giao eho tre
nhiem vy (tre phai tam gi?) quan sat cy the, rd rang
nhim tao ra dpng co quan sat cho tre, hudng tre chu
y den ddi tupng quan sat, cudn hut ehung vao hoat
dpng tim ki§'m ma trd choi yeu cau n h i m phat trien
khan3ngKQHchotre
G V cung tham gia vao trd choi vol tre, dua ra cae
yeu cau ve nhipm vy, luat choi vdi tre Ldi ndi cua G V
phai chinh xac ey the, rd rang, co sue Idi cudn tre chu
yquansatddltupngvalfnhhpldupcnhipmvy edgiao
(cd the GV giao tdng phan nhiem vy cho tre hoae
giao toan bd nhiem vu nhSn thiie cho tre) Song, du
giao nhiem vy theo each nao, GV cung nen tao dieu
klpnchotretutim kiem phuong thdc giaiquyet nhiem
vy nhan thdc do trd choi dat ra
6 To chuc danh gia ket qua chai cac TCHT
cua tre
De danh gia viec choi cua tre, taidc het, GV phai
xae djnh rd ydu c i u vdi tiing tre (su tien bd cua tre
phai duqc hieu nhu la si/nang eao tti mdc dp hieu
biet, kl nSng nay sang mdc dp khae) Vi the, khi
danh gia ket qua choi eua tre can phai thuc hien mdt
sd'budc nhu sau: -Thu thap thdng tin xac dinh nhung
hieu biet, klnSng choi cija tre; • So sanh kien thde va
kT nSng hien tgi cua tre vdi miic do ta/dc dd; - So
tieu, yeu cau can dat d tre
Cd 2 each thu thap thdng tin ve kha nang biet va tam cua tre trong TCHT: 1) Quan sat theo doi thudng xuyen hanh vi va hoat dpng cua tre trong khi chcn hoae la xem xet san pham, ket qua chol etja tre xem tre hoan thanh nhiem vy va luat choi d mue dp nao Tat ca nhdng gi quan sat va ghi chep, nhan xet deu dupc luu gid trong tul ho so cua tting ca nhan; 2) G V
cd the dua ra nhimg tinh hudng, bai tap trac nghiem dudi hinh thuc choi trong dd tre phai glai quyet mdt van de nhan thue nao dd
Ca hai each lam tren deu cd diem manh va nhiing han che nhat djnh, vi thetrong kiem tra danh gia ket qua choi cua tre dtrudng mam non can k e t h c ^ c a hai each thu th^p thdng tin tren deed dupc nhung thdng tin ehinh xac va khach quan hon ve ket qua Choi cua tre
Phat trien kha nang KQH cho tre thdng qua TCHT la vl?c tam can thiet, KQH giiip tre tach dupc cai Chung, cai ban chait, nhimg mdi lien he ben trong mang tinh quy luat cua suvat, hien tupng Do vay,
G V can biet phd'i hop cae bien phap su dyng TCHT
n h i m phat trien kha n§ng KQH eua tre trong hoat ddng LQVT.Q
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Pham Thi Due "MOl sd suy nghf vg nang li;c khii
quSt h6a" Tap chi Nghiin cuu gido dfic s6 5/1995,
U- 22 28
2 D6 Thj Minh Lien Surdung tro choi hoc tSp nhjlni hioh thdnh cac bieu tugng toan hoc sad^ngcho tr&
m^u gido NXB Gido di^c, H 2007
3 Tr^n Thi Ngpc Tram Thiit ke vd sA dung trd choi
hgc tdp nhdm phdt tri^n tchd ndng Ichdi qudi hod ctia ire mSu gido Idn (5-6 tudi) Luan an titfn si Giao due
hpc, Vien khoa hgc gido due, 2003
SUMMARY
Establishing and developing generalization abil-ity Is an tnportant task of Early Childhood Educa-Uon so as to develop thinking abilily for preschoolers Educational games are one of the most effective for children
In kindergarden the development of generaliza-tion ability through educageneraliza-tional games hasn't been paid enough attention Therefore, it's necessary to study and coordinate math-acquasinting games to develop this ability for children
Tap chi Giao due so 307 | 3S