NHUNG VAM DE CAN BAN CUA QUY TRiNH CHUAN Bl VA TIEN HANH BAI HflC OlfA THEN GIAI QUYET VAN BE NGUYEN THI H A N I '''' Hoe tap dua tren giai quyet vin rfe (GQVD) (Problem Based Leaming, viet t§t la PBL) l[.]
Trang 1NHUNG VAM DE CAN BAN CUA QUY TRiNH
CHUAN Bl VA TIEN HANH BAI HflC OlfA THEN GIAI QUYET VAN BE
N G U Y E N THI H A N I '
Hoe tap dua tren giai quyet vin rfe (GQVD)
(Problem - Based Leaming, viet t§t la PBL) la
mdl md hinh hgc tap lay ngudi hpc lam trung
lam, trong dd, hoc smh (HS) hgc lap thdng qua trai
nghiem GQ VD Oday, HS dugc hpc ca phuong phap
tuduy va kien thue cua mdn hpe Muc dieh cua hoc
lap dt/a tren GQVD la nham giup ngudi hpc phattrien
kien thdc linh hoat, cae kT nang GQVD hieu qua, lu
djnh hudng viec hpe, cac kTnang hop tac hieu qua va
ddng CO ben trong Cd the ndi, viec nam bat nhQng y
tudng can ban lien quan den md hinh nay luong dd'i
d l dang, nhung de md hinh hoat ddng hieu qua lai la
viec khd, ddi hoi su thuan thiJC, kha nang ra quyel
dmh cutfie cua ngucrt day trong quatrinh lap kehoach
(LKH) va dieu hanh hoat ddng day hpe (DH)
1 LKH cho bai hgc dua tren GQVD
Hgc tap dua tren GQVD cd dae diem la ngudi hgc
lam viee theo cap hoae ttieo nhdm nho de nghien cuU
cac van de mang tinh tht)thach, cd IhUc Kieu DH nay
cd linh luong tac cao nen cijng cd y kien cho rang LKH
ehi tiet la khdng can thiet, tham ehi la khdng kha thi
Dieu nay khdng dijig LKH trong hgc tap dua tren GQVD,
nhu quan diem lay ngudi hpc lam tnjng lam, quan
diem su pham^ tuong lae, ddi hei rat nhieu no luc trong
cdng tae chuan bj cua giao vien (GV) de tao thuan Igi
xuyen suot eac giai doan eija bai hpc dua tren GQVO
nham daldutJc muc lieu DH nhumong mud'n
1} Xac dinh mijc tieu Chung vamuc tieu cuthe
Day la mdt trong ba diem quan trgng can luu y trong
khau LKH Trudc het, can md ta hpc tap dua tren GQVD
dugc thiet ke nhu the nao de dat duge cac muc dich
nhu nang cao lu duy, suhieu biet cija HS, giup HS trd
thanh nhung ngudi hpc chtj dpng Du bai hpc tap tnjng
vao mpt hay nhieu muc tieu nhung viee xae dinh muc
tieu cho tuong lai ludn quan trpng, vi the can pho blen
mue tieu eho ngudi hgc mdl each rd rang
2) Thietke cac tinh huong cd van defTHC VD)
phu hgp Mdt THCVO lot phal dap ting it nhat 5 lieu
chi quan tn?ng: ^) Phai cdtinh thuc ^en.£i\iu nayed
nghTa la, vain decan bam sat kinh nghiem thue tien eua
ngudi hpc hon la theo nguyen tac cila cac mdn hgc cy
the Lam thenao de ung pho vdi d nhiem dbien Quang
34 Tap chi Gido due so 305
Ngai la mpt vidu vevan dethuc tiin Tim hieu tac ddng cua anh sang mat trdi len cac dudng chait va nsng blen trong nudc am la mdt vi dii ve van de hpc thuat (khoa
hpc) mdn Sinh hpe; 2) Van de it nhieu phai khd giai
thich va tao ra cam giac mudn khim phi hoae cdphan
^uthich Cac van de khd glal thich khdng tuan theo
nhi/ng cau tra Idi gian don ma ddi hoi nhieu gial phap khae nhau, mdi giai phap deu ed uu va nhugc diem rieng DT nhien, day la nhiing caied Ich cho dol thoaiva
tranh luan; 3) Van de phai cdy nghia davdingu^hqc
vaphu hgp vca trinh do phit trien tri tue eua hg, 4} Cac vin decan durdng decho phep G V dat duge cic muc tieuDHnh\/ng dugc gidi han vtja phal de bai hpe khathi
trong gidi han thdi gian, khdng gian vaphuong tien sin
cd; 5) Phai huy dgng dugc ndluc tip the, chd khong
phaibjcantrdbdinhdm
Phan \bn caciinh hud'ng mang tinh thuthach nhim
kham pha mdi quan he nguyen nhan • he qua trong pham vi mot chu de hoae dat ra cau hdl "vl sao" hay
"&m gi xay ra neu " Cd vd sd cae tinh hud'ng mang
tinh thd thach trong mpi finh vuc GV nen luu y nhiing diem sau: - NghTve tinh hud'ng chiJa dung mptvan de hay mdt ehij de cd tinh thach do dd'i vdi minh Tinh hud'ng nay phaidat ra mdt cau hdl hay mptvan deyeu cau giai thich bang each phan tich nguyen nhan - he quava/hoac cho ngudi hoc CO ha datgia thuyet va suy luan; - Xac dinh xem tinh hud'ng cd gay hung thu cho ngudi hpe vaedphuhgp vdl trinh dp phattrien tri tuecua
ho khdng; -Can nhac xem cdthetrinh bay THCVO do bang each thuc de hieu dd'i vcfl ngudi hpc ya lam noi bat linh "Ihach do" cua nd khdng; • Can nhac tinh kha &ii eua viec GQVD Lieu ngudi hpc cdthetien hanh nghi§n cuu dat kel qua theo thdi gian quy djnh vdi cac nguon tham khao tiep can dugc khdng?
2 Tien hanh bai hoc dua tren GQVD
Giaidoan 1: Binh hudng ngudihoc vao van
de: Khi bat dau bai hgc dua tren GQVO, cung nhu
dd'i vdi cac Ioal bal hgc khae, G V thdng bao mdt each
rd rang mue tieu cua bai hpc, tao mpt thai dp tich cUc hudng vao bai hgc va md ta nhimg viec ngudi hpc
* He sail dai hoc - Hoc vien Chmh tri
Trang 2trudc dd chua tham gia vao bai hpc dua tren GQVD,
G V cung phal giai thich cu the quy trinh cua md hinh
hgc tap nay Luu y nhQng diem sau: - Nhi/ng muc
tieu Chung eiia bai khdrig nham linh hgi mdt lugng
ldn thdng tin ma\manhim tim hieu cic van dequan
trgng vi detra thanh nhung ngudi hgc doe lip Od'i
vdl HS nhd, quan diem nay cd the duoe giai thieh
mpteach don gian la: l u minh kham pha, GQVD";
• Van de hoae eau hoi dang dugc lim hieu khdng cd
cau tra Idi luyel dd'i "dung", va hau het cac van de
phuc t^p ed nhieu gial phap, ddi khi cd nhung giai
phap dd'i lap nhau; - Trong gial doan tim hieu van
de, HS se dugckhuyen khich dat cau hoi va tim eau
tra Idi GV se hd trg, nhung HS can co siJc lam viec
ddc lap hoae vdi nhdm ban; - Trong qua Irinh phan
tich va giai thieh, ngudi hpc se dugc khuyen khich
the hien cac y ludng mdt each tu do va edi md Se
khdng ed y kien nao bj GV hay bein eung ldp che
cudi MgiHS se cdcohgiddng gdp vao qua trinh tim
hieu va bdc Id ytudng eua minh
Dieu quan trgng trong gial doan nay la viec dinh
hudng vao THCVD setao CO sQfchoqua trinh llm hieu
lien luc, do dd phan trinh bay cuaGV phai ldi euon dugc
ngudi hgc va kich thich sutd md, pha'n khcfi
Giaidoan 2: To cht/c cho ngudihoc nghien
cdu: Hgc tap d t ^ tren GQVD ddi hoi GV phat trien
cac kTnang hgp tae giiia cac HS de cijng nhau tim
hiS'u va'n de va LKH Ihuc hien nhiem vu d i l u tra, bao
cao Cac nhdm nghien euu cd the dugc hinh thanh
mpt each tu nguyen theo md'i quan he ban be hay
theo mpt sd' cacti sap xep can cd vao ye'u to xa hdi
hoae nhan Ihiie
Giaidoan 3: Hdtrgedng vfSc dieu tra cua ca
nhan vacae nhdm:Q\eu tra, bat luan la dieu tra ddc
lap, theo ddi, hay theo nhdm nho, la phan cot ldi cua
mdhinh hgctapdi/atren GQVD Macdu moi THCVO
ddi hoi nhiing kT thuat dieu tra khac biet nhat dinh,
song phan ldn deu bao gom quatrinh thu th?p dulieu
vathu'nghiem,dat gia thuyet vaglai Ihich,dexuat cac
giai phap
- Thu thap ditlieu va thunghlem: Day la cdng viee
rat quan trgng GV khuye'n khich HS thu thap d i i ligu
vatien hanh cac thi} nghiem cho de'n khi nao hieu day
ducac chieu kich eua THCVO Muc dich eua viec nay
la de HS thu thap du thdng tin va thiel lap cac ytudng
cija rieng minh Glai_doan nay khdng chi don gian la
dpc sach G V can hd trg HS trong viec tap hgp thdng
tin hJcac nguon da dang, va can dat cau hoi khien HS
suy nghTve van de cung nhu ve cac Ioal thdng tin can
thietdetiendS'n cac giai phap cdthebaovedugc.HS
ddng y a each si/dung cac phuong phap phu hcrp ddi vdi van de hpdang nghien euu nhu: phdng van, quan sat, danh gia, xin y kien chuyen gia, hay each ghi chep HS cung can dugc day ca phep giao tiep lich su trong dieu tra
-Bit gia thuyet, giai thieh vide xua't giai phip:Sau
khi da thu thap du dii lieu va tien hanh cac thu nghiem tren hien tugng dang dieu tra, HS se dua ra cac gia thuyet, each luan glai va eac giai phap Can luu y rang,
su hd trg cua G V ddi vdi viec trao ddi y tudng va chap nh^an cac ytudng la cdtinh bat budc trong gial doan tim hieu ciia md hinh hgc lap dya tren GQVD Trong giai doan nay, GVnen trg giLipchdkhdng xam nhap vao cdng viec cua HS Ddi vdi mdl sd duan va mdt so HS, GVse can phai sat canh giup dddjnhvi cae ndi dung va nhac nhdnhlemvu phai hoan thanh.Tuy nhien,ddi vdi mdt sd'duan khac vanhung HS khac, GVed thedung sang mot ben va eho phep HS di theo eac phudng hudng va quyen chu dpng cOa rieng ho
Giaidoan 4: Phattrien vi bao cao, trinh bay, cdng bd'cac san pham Ke'tlep glal doan dieu tra la
viee^tao lap cac sin phih (artHacls) va eong bdsan
pham (exhibits) Cac san pham la dang cao hon van
ban bao eao Chung gom nhi/ng thd nhu bang ghi hinh thehien THCVD hay glai phap eho THCVO,eac chuong trinh vitinh va cac dang Irinh bay da phuong lien Dt nhien, muc dp linh vi cda eac san pham cu ^ e phij, thupc chat che vao dp tuol va kha nang ci/a HS Chan^ han, mdt ap phieh cOaHS 10 tuol trinh bay ve
d nhiem nudc se lihac biet Idn so vdl ban thiet kempt phuong tien do mu'c dp d nhiem nudc cija mpt HS 16 ludi hay mdl sinh vien
Sau khi cac san pham dugc phattrien, GV thucffig td'chuc tn/ng bay cdng khai thanh qua cua HS Viec edng bo nay can ed su tham gia cua eae khari gia (nhu: HS,GV, cha me, va nhung ngucrt khac) de moi ngudi quan sat va danh gia; hoae edng bo d dang thuyet trinh, tn/c quan qua dd trao ddi y tudng va t i ^ nhan y kien phan hoi Cae trang w^eb eung eho phep
HS tn/ng bay kel qua cdng viec cua minh tn/e tuyen
va tham gia thi dau vdl nhiing HS khae neu eac em tht/c sumong mud'n Qua trinh cdng bd'dugc dua len trang thai cao hdn neu nhueha me, HS vacae thanh vien trong cdng dong cung tham gia cung nhu neu phan cdng bo ehiing to su am hieu sau sac cua HS dd'i vdi cac chu de eu the
Giai doan 5: Phin tich va danh gia qua trinh
GO I'f?; Budc cudi cung trong hgc tap dua tren GQVD bao gom cac hoatdgng nham mue dieh giiip HS phan tieh va danh giaqua trinh tuduy cua chinh minh ciJng
Tap chi Gido due so 305 35
Trang 3hp da su dyng Trong sudt giai doan nay,
GV de nghj HS dung lai hoat ddng cac em
da lam 6 eae giai doan khac nhau cua bai
hpc Khi nao cac em bat dau hieu biel ro
rang ve THCVD ay? Khi nao cac em bat
dau cam thay tu tin vao nhirng gial phap cu
the? Vi sao cac em chap nhan mpt socach
luan glal mdt each san sang hon nhiing
ngudi khac? Vi sao cac em phij nhgn mdl
socach luan giai? Vi sao cae em thdng nha't
duge glai phap cudi cting? Cac em ed thay
dol each suy nghT ciJa minh vetinh hudng
ddkhiquatrinh dieu tra dang dien ra khdng?
Dieu gi gay nen su thay ddi nay? Lan sau
eae em se lam gikhacdi?
Tdm lai, quy trinh ehuan bi va tien hanh
bai hgc dua tren GQVD can sunghien ciiu ki
luwig, cdng phu ctia GV Tat ca cac cdng
vipc ma GV lam deu phai the hien duge vai
trd ngutji hudng dan, ngudi cd'va'n cho hgc
trd Thuc hien lot quy trinh tren GV ed the
thu dugc nhiing ket qua kha quan khi van
dung md hinh day va hpc tieh cue nay.Q
Tai li^u tham khao
I NguySn Lang Binh Day vA hoc ti'ch circ
D i / a n V i ^ l - B i , H a N 6 i 2 0 ] 0
2 Doroihy H E v e n s e n Cindy E
Hmelo Cindy E Hmelo-Silvcr
Problem-based Learning: \ Research Perspective on
l e a r n i n g I n t e r a c t i o n s Taylor - Francis
Publishing Company, 2000
.1 Kenneth T.Henson Ben F Etler Education
P s y c h o l o g y f o r E f f e c t i v e T e a c h i n g
Wadsworlh Publishing Company, 1999
4 M p t sO' trang w e b : I h t t p : / /
www.acs.edu.au/enrol-ment/prohlem-based-learn ing/de Fault, asp X h u p : / /
e n w i k i p e d i a o r g / w i k i / P r o h I p
based learning
SUMMARY
Problem - Based Leaming fPBL) Is
astu-dent-centered pedagogy in which students
learn about a subject through the experience
of problem solving The constructs for
teach-ing PBL are very different from traditional
classroom/lecture teaching This article
describes problem-based lesson planning and
conducUon It focuses on the tive phases of
behaviors for each phase
36 Tap chi Gido due so 305
Thirc trang va mot so giai ptiap
(Tiep theo trang 8)
dong, TTGDTX va eac co sdday nghe, vdl cac eo sdsan xuat, cae doanh nghiep tao "dau ra" cho hgc vien khi dao tao xong Viee dao tao tai cae co sd san xuat, cae nha may xl nghiep la glaiphap hiiu hieu eho bal loan PLHS sau THCS va THPT
PLHS pho thdng vao he thdng day nghe la van de can duge quan tam giai quyet, tuy khdng the mot sdm mdt chieu hgp cua ta't ca eac co quan, ban, nganh lien quan, dae bi|t nganh Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi la rat quan trpng, nhani dubao nhu eau xa hdi vedao tao nghe, tang quy md vdi
CO cau hgp 11 trong phat trien dao lao nghe, lay dd lam can cti
de PLHS pho thdng (sau THCS va THPT) vao he thd'ng day nghe.thuchien lot Chien lugcphal trien Day nghethcriki 2011-2020; dao lao nguon nhan luc lao dpng cd tay nghe phuc vu phattrien KT-XH caciinh Bae Trung bd ndi rieng vaca nudc ndi ehung, tao nen tang quan trong trong cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qude le •
(1) v a n kien Dai h^i B a n g U n thu- IX NXB Chinh trj qud'c
gia H 200], XT.\09
Tai lieu (ham k h a o
1 Thli luong Chinh phii Quyit dinh s/f 630/QD-7Tg, ngdy
29/5/2012 Phe duyet Chiin liwc phdl Iriin Day nghi ih&i ki 2011-2020
2 Bao cao H6i ihao Cdc phuong phdp phdn ludng hpc sinh •!au trung hpc ca.savd Irung hoc phd'thdng ngay 11/9/2009
cua Bo Giao due & Dao Tao
3 UBND ifnh Ha T^nh D^ dn Ndng cao chdl lupng ngudn
nhdn luc tinh Hd Tinh giai doan 2011-2020
4 NguySn Van Le - Ha The' Truyfin - Biii Van QuSn, MOt stf
supham, H 2004
5 Phiing Dinh M5n - Phan Minh Ti^n - Trircmg Thanh Thiiy
Mdt s^ vSn de ca b i n v^ boat d d n g gido due hvi6ng n ^ ^ p d'
t r u v n g trung hoc phfi thdng NXB Gido due, H 2005
SUMMARY
Over the past few years, ramification of secondary and high school graduates in vocaUonal training system In
North-em Centra! provinces in particular and nationwide in general has noi gained good results There are several causes of this situation, but mam reasons are that students themselves and their parents prefer university and college educaUon to voca-tional training: provincal vocavoca-tional training network has not met the scale and quality requirements; treatment policy for VocaUonal training and post - graduate employment has not received proper consideration In order to improve the qual-inces to take measures: to raise the awareness of community and society, to provide useful guidence for students at the last form of secondary and high school, as well as to develop appropriate policies and mechanisms