ul UUtM ClAO BIjC BAY H^C XAY DITNG VAN HOA HOC DlTdNG GAN VOl HINH THANH HE T H O N G GIA TRI VA NIEM TIN 1 Van hda hoc dudng {VHHD) nhung van de datra De''''n nay, VHHOdakhong edn lampt thuat ngi/xa la[.]
Trang 1XAY DITNG VAN HOA HOC DlTdNG
GAN VOl HINH THANH HE THONG GIA TRI VA NIEM TIN
1.Van hda hoc dudng {VHHD)-nhung van de
datra
De'n nay, VHHOdakhong edn lampt thuat ngi/xa
la Caccdng trinh nghien Cliu, hpi thao eiJng nhunhiing
bai viel Iren eac phuong lien thdng tin dai ehiing gan
day da lao nen bii'e tranh nhieu mang ve ndi dung
nay Ve mat hpc thuat, VHHD dugc tnjy de'n nguon
gd'c tli cac hpc gia nude ngoai (E.B.Tylor) lin trong
nude(Pham Minh Hac), tiiphamvi nhatn/dng den xa
hdi,Idea nhan de'n lap the Ve Ihue 16', dudng nhu day
dang la mdt de tai "ndng" Ihu hiil su quan tam cua
nhieu ngucri, nhieu gicri; nhin ehung khuynh hudng
canh bao lieu cue dang chiem uu the
Theo nghia rpng nhat VH HO la suket linh cac gia
tri tich cue nay sinh Irong qua trinh day va hpc d mdi
tn/dng giao di/c, bao ham tat cacac md'i quan he tuong
hd ben Irong va ben ngoai giua cac chu the: hpc sinh
(HS),giapvien(GV)cung nhumdi tn/dng Mpt each cu
the, "VHHD baogom hethong gii trj, bieu tugng, ni&n
tin va cac gii tri ehung gida phu huynh, HS, GVva
nhung thinh pha'n khac tao thinh mqt nhom mgt cong
ddng VHHD chiphdi tinh gia tri cung nhu cich thuc
thanh vien can phai suy nghl cam nhan vacuxu Ngoai
d^n cua khai niem niybaogdm tic phong vi tnjyen
thaig tn/dng kJp, gia tri lich su, heu chuin dao dit, quy
tic thdiquen thinh vin haybatihinh vin, heg^a tri va
M?n nghiem ehung VHHBcang duoc thong hieu, tuin
thuOiinha tn/dng cing didang hoa hgp cac phia co
iien quan hudng deh nhung chf tieu va dat duqc cic gia
trf phin dill.'(^)
VH HO la suhda hgp cae gia tri taiyen thd'ng va hien
dai Tuy raddichua lau nhung thuatngt/nay lai b i t gap
truyen thd'ng lot dep ct/a dan tdc ta Ton sutrqng dao,
kinh ^ay yeu ban, nhat ti/visuban tuvisu, da va
dang tao nen nguon stic manh gitip nen giao due
Viet Nam datnhieu thanh qua dang ghi nhan Hpc dudng
v l n la ngdi den thieng ctitia dung hon dan tde Phat
huythanhquadd,n5m 2008, BpGD-DTda phat dpng
phong trao "Xay dung tardng hgc than thien, hoc sinh
tich ciJC", nhim "xay dung mdi In/dng giao due an loan,
ThS N G U Y E N T H A N H T R U N G '
than thien, hieu qua, phii hpp vdi dieu kien cua dja phuong va dap iing nhu cau cua xa hpr (2)
Tuy vay, thdi gian gan day, du luan xa hdi lien tue ghi nhan nhung thue trang phi van hda nhuxam pham linh dye Ire em, bao luc hgc dudng, day them tieu cue; eudc song be Iha, xtic pham hanh hung Ihay CO giao ngay trong hgc dudng Ngudi lac quan cho ring day chiia mdt bp phan • "nhung con sau lam rau noi canh", ngudi bi quan thi gidng len hoi chudng canh bao linh Irang xudng cap dao dtic tardng iipc Nhieu nguyen nhan va glai phap dugc neu ra da bit dau phat huy hieu qua tren nhieu cap dp nhat dinh Thenhung, VHHD khdng phai la mdt diem ket ma la mpt qua trinh da va dang ggi cho ehiing ta nhieu suy nghT
/^ Viec suy giam VHHO dugc quy cho thie'u thd'n
v e c o sdvat chat Khdng the phu nhan CO sdvat chat
la dieu kien can thiet de xay dung mdl nen VHHD viing manh, nhung cung khdng cd nghla la khdng the dat mpt nen VHHD neu thieu thd'n co sdvat chat Thdi xa xua, Khong Td vdl may tram hpc Ird lang thang cac nudc,Dtic Thieh Ca Mau Nicung nhu Jesus Christ deu giang day hang ngan hpc trd trong ning, tren mil; nhung nam 1980, nudeta trong hoan canh khd khan nhung nen giao due vol phong trao "day lot hpc Id'r do Ho Chti tich phat ddng van hoan thanh xuat s i c nhiem vu dao tao nhan tai cho dat nudc
2) Mdi tn/dng giao diic cung dugc can nhac trong
thuc trang dai ra cho VHHD Dieu kien hpc lap khd khan doi vol sinh vien (SV) ngoai tai, tac dpng xa hdi lieu cue anh hudng khdng nho dfe'n qua trinh dao tao mpt con ngudi "vtia hong viia ehuyen"^ Day van la nguyen nhan khach quan, cd nghTa la van phai che^ nhan nhu mplgiai doan phattrien ta't yeu cua xa ha ma giao due cung nam trong pham vi do TUdng lai cho
p h ^ chiing tahivongmptmoitn/dngglao due ehuyen nghiep va hoan thien hon nhung chua han hiia hen mdt nen VHHD chuan muc hon.Day la bai hpc edducc tti nhung song chieu giao due phUdng Tay
' Khoa Ngn'vanJnriiiRBDai hoc sirpham TP Ho Chi Minh
Tap chi Gido due so 305 21
Trang 2nhim Ihiet lap laj moi tn/dng supham vdi sau die
trung la trat tu kicuang tmng thue, khich quan, cong
bing, tinh thucmg va khuyen khich sing tao, hieu qua'
dang dugc khuyen khieh nhung van khdng khdi ggi
ban khoan Cac tieu chi nay hudng den G V, cdn vai trd
ciia HS -thanh phan uu thevevaitrdva sdluong ti'ong
cac cosddaotao-laicdphanmdnhat Veco ban Ihiet
nghT, bat kl hoc vien lii cap lieu hpc den dai hgc, trong
nhi/ng hoan canh phti hgp, deu edlhexac dmh hanh vi
nao laphiihpp vdi VHHO Van de la khoang each hisuy
nghi den hanh ddng Od mdi la dieu chiing la e ^ tap
tmng trong quatrinh xaydung VHHO
Theo chiing tdi, VHHO the hien dba cap do nhu
sau: Idp thti nhait - be mat the hien bang he thd'ng
ngdn ngii va hanh vi d la/dng hgc; ldp thti hai - la
nhiing phong luc, ndi quy (nhudong phyc) va Idp thti
ba n i m d tang sau nhat - he thd'ng gia tri, niem tin d
hgc dudng ndi ehung va trong co cau lam li HS ndi
rieng Hethd'ng dinh hudng gia tri va niem tin, !I tudng
ed le la khau quan Irong nhat nhim xay dung VHHO
trong hoan canh hien dai
2.LechphahegiatrilamdtthuctecansuynghT
Hp thd'ng gia tri va niem tin la ye'u to ndi sinh cdvai
Ird quan trgng ngay trong hoan eanh dieu kien vat
chat cdn nhieu khd khan; vi the tinh tuong hgp va hieu
qua cua gdc nhin nay dd'i vcri m uc lieu xay dyng VH HD
se cd phan gap gui hon
Cdthendirang, thuc trang bao ddng ciia nen VHHD
nam dsuxung dot niem tin va he gia tn trong ddi sdng
xa hdl hien dai Khung gia tri tnjyen thd'ng giao dye
VietNam v i n la cua Khd'ng san Trinh; trong Iht^ dai
mdi, chiing ta dang liep thu tu duy giao due hien dai
phuong Tay: lay ngudihoc lam tnjng tam Suva cham
giua hai truyen thdng ti/ duy tat yeu dan den xung dot
Tti nhan thtic ngudi thay li tatca chuyin dd'i sang
ngudi hoc a tmng tim de dan den mgt cue doan la
phti nhan sach Iron qua khii; cang nguy hiem hon khi
HS v l n chua dugc chuan bi du ve tu tudng lan kha
nang de n i m b i t vai trd tajng lam Irong hoat dpng
day hpc Giai phap da rd: nen giao due phai viia hien
dai vtia bao luu duoc eac gia tn taiyen thd'ng Tinh
hien dai the hien dmdi la/dng giao dye va he phuong
phap tinh taiyen thd'ng d tu luong dao diic; bd'i rdi xay
ra khi tinh lu h/dng ctia gia trj hien dai va linh hien thuc
ctia gia tri tajyen thong chua dugc hieu rd
Ve ndi dung gtao dye, hge dudng la noi HS tiep
nhan nhung gia tri van minh van hda Thanh tuu van
minh the hien o kien thiie, kl nang kT xao - vd'n de
tnjyen dat - nhung van hda can phai tich luy chuyen
hda thanh thaidd tinh cam, niem tin va li tuong dudng
dao diicdnhata/dng qua han che vendi dung lin^cS lugngj ben e^nh do, ap luc hgc tap Idn khien ea thay va trdehi cdthe tap hung vao kien thiic ma khdng phai la d^o dlic Nhuvay, ngidung giao dye can g i n vdi nhu eau,thai dd, thyc leva tao dugc tinh cam noi hpc vien, dieu nay ddi hdi sudau tu ed he thdng va lau dai Mdi ta/dng giao due hien dai viia thuan lgi viJa mang tinh thti thach, Gia dinh va xa hdi the hien st/ quan tam sau s i c den edng tac dao tao cua nha la/dng; tuy vay, do cd subien doi ve khung gia tri, ma dti cho chl la thieu sd, da the hien tae dung nguoe den VHHD
Md'i quan he G V va HS dan thay doi cd tac dpng khdng nhd de'n viee xay dung VHHO Tu duy giao dye hien dai laiy ngudi hpc lam trung tam, G V la ngudi hudng dan, tat ye'u phai xda di khoang each su-d6 truyen thdng Ihay vao dd la quan he Ihay trd cd phan binh dang Ljch sii tu tudng dan chiJ phuong Dong ngin ngui chua dii tao mdt nen mdng vung chic ve nhan thiic cho kieu quan he mdi nay la nguyen nhSn sau xa gdp phan dan de'n nhung ting xiiphi van hoa tti ca hai pfiia thay - Ird Tu tu6np tmyen thd'ng lai dugc de cao trong nhdng linh huong nay lao nhi/ng ning ddng xa hpi thuc su den ndi nhieu phuong tien thdng tin ket luan day la susuy syp dao diic Nhieu tn/dng hgp lieu cue hpc dudng duoc coy nhan manh tao mdt tam li hoai nghi va hoang mang trong cac tang ldp xa hdi, ma nguyen do nam trong y do thu hut suehii y cdng chiing ctia cac don vi tnjyen thdng
Cd the thay r i n g , hoan eanh hien dai ddi hoi mpt
he thd'ng nhin nhan va danh gia mdi md'i quan he nang tinh tnjyen thd'ng: thay - trd Suphattrien xa hpi khdng luong iing la mpt khd khan cho nen giao due hien tai khuynh hudng tajyen thd'ng lai phoi bay ro hon linh cd van de cua thuc le Oien hinh, chiing ta can danh gia nhu the nao dd'i vdi linh hinh mpt GV mdi SV ctia minh vao he thd'ng ban hang qua mang hay viec su dyng cac mang xa hdi (facebook) gii/a
GV va SV Trong khi ehua xac djnh dugc he thong gia trj iing xu phti hgp vdi hoan canh mdi thi dai da so
SV se ed lam li tranii tiep xtic vdi GV, dieu nay dae biel phd'biengmdita/cmg giao dye dai hpe Thucte nay lai gdp them mot tieng thddai eho VHHD vdi hien tucfng 1am lo" G V Them vao dd, dai bd phan SV eho rang gitip dd, gan gui GV se bj danh gia la cd dung tam
Su du nhap Id'i sd'ng phuong Tay ben canh nhung
uu diem van thehien nhdng dieu quan ngai Kieu suy nghT thi/e dung, vat chat hda cac md'i quan he, tap tmng qua miic vao cai tdi ca nhan lam nay sinh nhOng linh hud'ng ma lich siigiao due Viet Nam chua
22 Tap chi Gido due so 305
Trang 3hanh hijng GV Od la he qua eiia viec thieu mdl nen
lang niem tin dao diic va ban ITnh hien dai
3 Hinh ttianh he gia tri va niem tin la khau ed't
ye'u trong xay dt/ng VHHB
Ti/nhung phan tich tren, ehung tdi nhan thay nhiem
vu quan tronp tn/dc mat can lam trong cdng cudc xay
dung mdt nen VHHD la tap taing vao hinh thanh he
thong gialrivaniem tin trong hgc dudng Quatrinh nay
phai dugc nghien ciiu thiet ke [Dhii hgp lam li liia tua
Oac diem tam li Ida tud'i lieu hgc la dam tinh cam
giac va md phong, ndi dung giao dye can phai dugc
taiyen tai nhe nhang, sinh ddng, tare quan Thay cd va
phy huynh phai trdthanh tam guong dao due de cac
em "md phdng" nhim dan hinh thanh thdiquen cuxii
Mdi ddng thai cua cac em can phai dugc quan lam va
danh gia rd rang ve he gia In dting sai, tiiddedhinh thtic
thudng phat phan minh Can luu y la liia tud'i tieu hpc
ngay nay da cd nhiing dau hieu phal trien rat sdm ve
thai dp va suy nghT, npi dung giao dye khdng the bd
h ^ trong nhiing bai hpc dao diic true tiep, khd eiing
ma phai duge nang lam, mang hoi thdeua thdi dai
Ltia tud'i pho Ihdng chu ye'u hanh ddng kieu tare
giac, cd khuynh hudng khing dinh ban than; VHHD
taiyen thd'ng d i trd thanh dd'i tuc^g biphan img Ndi
dung giao dye can duge mdrdng phii hpp suquan tam
va so thich liia tud'i Mdi tn/dng gia dinh va xa hdi dugc
nhdm nay md phong td'i da, ddi hdi su y thtic trao dd'i
giua nha tn/cng va gia dinh mdt each nghiem ttie Oay
la giai doan hinh thanh nhan each quan Irpng ctia hge
sinh tn/dc nhiJng mam mdng, nguy cd phan nhanh
phuctap VHHO can nhan manh sudinh hudng vabao
dungdehinh thanh mptcosdniem tin dao dlic
Nana tinh suy nghTva phan doan la dae diem tam
li Ilia tudi thanh nien d bae dai hpc VHHO phai dugc
dan cai nhieu mat npi dung giao due da dang, md
rdng de'n ea ddi song xa hdi Glai doan nay phai hinh
thanh eho SV mpt he gia tri va niem tin phti htjp de
budc dau phan tich va phan doan eac van de xa hdi
va hgc thuat Thang dp van hda xa hdi can phai cd
mdtdprdng thieh hop dedung chiia cacgia tri thdt dai
n h i m hinh thanh mdt nhan each loan dien Trong
glai doan nay, nha tn/dng ed vai trd quan trpng nhu
mdt dau md'i to chiic chu dao, phd'i hgp td'chuc doan
the nhu Ooan Thanh nien, Hdi SV, chinh quyen, gia
dinh trong viec hinh thanh mdt tuduy van hda o S V
Ta/dc het, cac ta/dng can xay dung khung quy djnh
VHHO rieng eho c d s g d a o tao (thuc te mdl so don vj
da hinh thanh nhu: Oai hpc Phu Yen Hgc vien Ngan
hang ) Od la he gii iri lam chuan muc de mqi thinh
vien dong thuin liy do lam muc tieu phin dau thude
biet ve mat dao dikxi hqi, gia tri nhan each-dieu ma chdng ta gqi la "day ngudr ben canh 'day ehi/, day nghe°{3) Giang vien can y tht/c ddi lugng dao lao cd
tu duy "phan tu" trong ddi sanh di^ sd'ng hgc thuat va
xa hdl ctia ca nhan va edng dong Thue te nay ddi hoi sukheo leo vatinh te'ciia ngudi thay de hudng d i n va
chia se vdi hge vien nham tap taing "bdidudng cic gia tn van hda trong thanh nien, HS S V, die bietli li tudng song, nang luc tri tue dao due va ban finh van beacon ngudi VietNam" nhu Nghi quyetOai hdl lan
thiiX eiia Oang da dera
Men VHHO hien dai yeu cau ca ngudihoc lin ngudi day nhung dieu kien nha't dinh Hoc vien can edmpt
he thd'ng mem tin vung vang de dinh hudng gia tri phu hgp; GV can ban linh chuyen vai trd chi dao thanh hudng dan de hoan thanh mye lieu GD-DT nhung con ngudi hoan thien cho xa hpi vd^ su hda hc^ ciia nhiing gia trj tmyen thd'ng va hien dai Nhiem vy khd khan nay la mpt cupc hanh trinh ma bude dau tien chinh la each nhin nh^n va xac dinh vain de - ay la niem tin trong VHHO •
(1) Jane Turner - Carolyn Crang "Exploring scliooi culture" Centre for Leadership in Learning, 1995 (2) BO GD-DT, Chl thj s6' 40/2008/CT-BGDDT v^ viec phSl dflng phong trbo thi dua "XSy dung truong hoc than thien, hoc smh lich circ" trong c^c iruong phfl thOng giai doan 2008-2013
O) Pham Mmh Hac "Xay du-ng van hoa hgc duong
phai 1^ mfi'i qitan l^m ciJa mgi nha truong" htlp://ww>w.luyengiao.vn/Home/MagazineStory aspx?mid=39&m2id=283&lD=785
Tdi lieu tham khao
t NguySn Khde Hung Van h o a va vSn hoa hoc
duang NXB Thanh niin, H 2011
2 Nguyen Khiic Hung - Dao Hoang Nam Xay dung vSn hoa ihig xu hpc d u o n g , truong hpc than thien,
hpc sinh tich cue NXB Dai hpc suphgm TP Ho Chi
Minh, 2010
SUMMARY
This article tends to focus on the process ofes^ tablishing the school culture in Vietnam educaUon state School culture has been researched and dis-luUons have been proposed that leads to satisfactory results Because of its important role, this Issue con-tmues to get much attenUon The lack of belief and moral value may have been the origin of these days' complex reality of school culture On this base, some Ideas are offered to work as motivations to the pur-pose of establishing a fit school culture from the views
of both teacher and student
Tap chi Gido due so 305 | 23