TRIET LY GIAO DUC HIEN DAI TIEN DELY LUAN DE TO CHUrC VA QUAN LY HOAT DONG GIAO DUC T rong Ijch stt phat triln gilo dye tai clc xa hpi khlc nhau, tuy thupc tmh hmh phlt triln kinh td, xa hpi, khoa hpc[.]
Trang 1TRIET LY GIAO DUC HIEN DAI
-TIEN DELY LUAN DE TO CHUrC
VA QUAN LY HOAT DONG GIAO DUC
Trong Ijch stt phat triln gilo dye tai clc xa
hpi khlc nhau, tuy thupc tmh hmh phlt triln
kinh td, xa hpi, khoa hpc va dng nghe, nhieu trtet
ly giao due da dupc d l xuat v l thyc hien Trong
nhttng the ky can hien dai v l hien dai, nhttng triet
ly gido due phd bien nhat la: Giao due vl finh hoa
(Education for Elite), Giao due vi nhin luc
(Education for Manpower), Giao due dai ching
(Education for Mass), Gilo dye trong xa hpi hpc tap
(Education in Learning Sodety), tridt ly gilo due dya
t i n chi nghia sinh tdn (existentialism), triet ly giao
due dya trln chi nghia hien tupng
(phenome-nologism), tridt ly gilo due dua trln chu nghia phi
phan (crifieal theory), ttil't ly gilo due dua trln nhan
thtte luan (epistemology)
Khdng dl slu vio d c tridt ly giao due nly,
ching td xin nhan manh rang, qua trinh dai
chflng hoa giao due fl mtte dp cao din din x l hpi
hpc tap Hpc tap sudt dd ngly hflm nay fl nhieu
nufle trong khu vyc va trln the gid khflng cfln chi
II mpt khai nilm hay mpt nguySn tic dfln thuan
trong hpc tap, ml da trfl thinh mpt trong nhttng
chia khca quan trpng nhat dd thQc day phat triln
kinh te - xa hpi Xly dyng xa hpi hgc tap cfl nghTa
II xay dung nen giao due cQa xa hpi hpc tap sudt
dd toan dien va tich hpp, xa hpi ma trong dfl tat
ra nhttng ySu d u hpe hanh cia mpi ngud diu
dupc dip ttng fl mpi nd, mpi lie Gilo due ngufli
Ifln tudi phlt triln vd quy md ehua tttng thi'y Se
khdng d n tdn tai khli nilm Itta tuoi di hpc v l clc
* Vu trudng Vdn phong Chinh phu
NGUYEN QUOC THANG *
loai hinh chmh quy hay khdng chmh quy Mfl hmh
"xa hdi hpc tap' md' ra da nhung da chflmg tfl Id mfl hinh httu hieu dd vd tat el elc qudc gia khflng phan bist gilu - nghic, phat triln hay dang phat tridn, xly dyng xa hd hpc tap sudt dd dua trSn cd sfl bdn luan d l cfl bin hay cfln gpi II bdn opt try ml trong blo d o trinh UNESCO cQa uy ban qudc te ve giao dye the ky XXI d l cap den la: hpc d l hilu bidt v l sing tao, hpc d l lam, hpc de cQng chung sdng vd nhau v l hpe dd ilm Ngud Day la mpt tridt ly gilp due md, phu hpp vd giai dean phlt tridn hien nay cQa nhin loai, do vly chung tdi di slu phln tich nfl nhu tien de ly luan
dd td chttc va quin ly boat dpng gilo due mpt dch httu hieu
VI luan d l thtt nhat: Hoc de hieu biet, d thi
nd, sdng trong xa hpi hiln dai vd sy phlt triln nhanh chdng cQa thdng fin va tri thttc, khoa hpc -dng nghe va d c quan h i da dang, phic tap trong eupc sdng v l lao dpng nghe nghiep, mdi c l nhin mudn tdn tai v l phlt triln can cfl d hpi v l khi nang hpc tap liln tue dd biet thu nhan, fidp thu, xtt ly thong tin va tao lap, s i dung, lam ehi trt thttc d l trfl thanh nhttng ngtta cong ddn khfln ngoan v l thflng thli, sang tao trong cupc sdng va trong lao dflng nghe nghiep Hpc tap trfl thinh nhu eau thidt ydu eia mpi ngua trong cflng nhu ngoli nhl trudng bat kd khlc biet ve chQng tpc, ton gilo, dja vj x l hpi, Ida tufl'i, gilu - nghlo Hpc tap trfl thinh mdt boat dpng cd bin eia da sdng xa hd (nhu lao dpng san xuat trude kia) Hpc tap vtta la phttflng filn, vtta la mue dich sdng
TAP CHi GIAO D g c I Y LUAN • SO 221 (2014)
61
Trang 2chung de hmh thanh xa hpi hpc tap La phuong
filn, hpc tap glQp con ngud hinh thanh v l phlt
triln ntiln dch, hilu bidt d c gia trj cQa con
ngudi, cQa cudc sdng, hieu bidt md truflng sdng
v l llm vile cua minh de sdng d ich trong cpng
ddng, phat triln trmh dp va ky nlng nghi nghiep
va giao tiep x l hpi L l myc dch, hpc tap cho
phip thoi min nhu eau nhan thtte, hidu biet, ed
khi nang tu duy dpc lap, nao trang phi phan,
phat hiln, kham phi va d chinh kidn rilng cQa
minh Hpc tap glQp con ngttd bidt suy xet, bidt
each sdng, each lam vile, biet lua ehpn, bidt thieh
nghi vd dd sdng xa hpi ludn thay ddi
Hilu biet cQa con ngud cd the dupc phan
thanh cle loai: biet d l g\ (biet sy vile xay ra nhu
thd nio), biet vl sao (biet nguyin nhdn cQa su
vile), biet lam nhtt the nao (bidt dpng tac, ky
nang), bidt al (biet ai hieu cli gt llm dupc cai gi),
bidt fl dau (biet sy vile xay ra fl dau), bidt IQe nio
(biet su vile xay ra IQc nao) Trong clc hilu biet
ay, hilu biet "vi sao' d y nghia quan trpng nhat
Con ngud phai nim dupe thflng fin v l ly IS vi sao
d hien tupng hay Unh hudng mmh phli gili quydt
d l cfl dupc gili phap thich hcjp nhat Kidn thtte efl
thi d dttpc qua gilo due v l dlo tao, hoac qua
kinh nghilm hoat dpng Kidn thtte qua kinh
nghilm hoat dpng het sttc d n thiet trong nen
kinh td tri thtte Con ngttd nhieu khi phai llm viec
vd nhflng thdng Un v l kien thic md tai truflng hp
chua hpe, thlm ehi chtta cb d c thong tin can
thidt Do vly, trong nln kinh td tri thttc, dieu quan
trpng nhat nha truflng phai truyin dat cho ngttd
hpc II phuang phap hoc tap, Um td, nghiln cttu
ehtt khdng phai 11 khd Ittpng Idn v l thflng fin v l
kien thttc Kha nang thinh dng cia mpt td chttc,
deanh nghiep, cflng ty tuy thupc truflc hdt vao
kha nang hpc tap eia hp Vd mpi ngud, hpe tap
phai II vile lam sudt dd Phuang Uen thflng fin
hiln dai holn toan blo dim kha nang nly
VI luan de thtt hai: Hpc delam, d n luu y rang
•|am' fl day khdng chi la thttc hanh lao dflng sin
xuat ma d n la van dung tri thttc, hilu biet cQa
so'ng v l lao dpng nghi nghilp Ndu nhu hilu biet, trinh dp hpc van tap nln gil trj nen ting cia nhan dch, thi nang lye llm viec (ky nang) dua tren tri thic, bllu biet tac nln gil tri eon ngttd, gia trj gia ting cia sie lao dpng, tao nln cQa eai, nhttng gia trj finh than va vat chat cho xa hpi v l ca nhan, qua dp tang thlm vdn tri thttc, hilu biet Gin liln giao due dao dttc, van hoa, khoa hpc vd giao due
ky thuat - nghi nghiep trfl thanh nguySn ly can ban cia nln giao due hien dai fl tat d d c bac hpe, nglnh dao tao vd d c mue fiSu, npi dung, phuang phap v l hinh thttc to chttc thich hpp
VI luan de thtt ba: Hpc ciing chung song, hoc
each sdng vdi ngudi khac, cfl thi ndi ring, the
gidi hien dai vd nhttng thanh tyu to Ifln ve ttn hpc dang dttng frttflc nhttng co hpi phat tridn chtta tttng thay v l ddng thd dang phai dd mat vd nhttng thach thtte to Ifln mang tfnh toln ciu vd
d c nguy co chii'n tranh, khing bd, nan bao lyc, phln hoi giau ngheo, ky thj ehing tpe Gilo due
vd chttc nlng x l hpi to Ifln can gdp phin tich cue vao vile gili quydt cac van de trln thflng qua d c npi dung va hinh thttc thich hpp Gilo due dua den che mpi ngud, die bilt II the h i tre fl tat d elc qude gia, cac dan tpc nhttng thdng diep ehung, nhttng gia tri ehung cia nhin loai: boa bmh, hop tac, binh dang, hidu bidt v l tdn trpng lin nhau Gilo due gdp phan thtte tinh nhttng ban chat tdt dep cia con ngoa, day IQi sy dd ky, thuc day sy huflng thien va hoa ddng, finh than hop tac, khoan dung, than thien, nhan li
Ve luan de thtt tu: Hpc delam ngudi, can nhan
manh rang, nln gilo due hiln dai khflng cfl gia trj
tu thin ml mang tmh nhin van, 11 nln glao due
vl con ngua, huflng td eon ngud Gilo due gflp phin vio qua trmh hmh thanh va phlt triln toln diln nhan each cQa moi ea thd: tim lue v l thi lye tri lyc v l my lyc, nlng lyc hinh dpng Hpc tap khdng chi dan thuin d l trfl thinh mpt chuyin gia trong mpt Fnh vyc lao dpng nghe nghilp hay trong mpt vj tri xa hpi nio dfl ml truflc het II d l
iam Ngudi va qua dfl gdp phin vio sy phlt triln
Trang 3cQa tttng d nhin, cpng ddng v l cQa toln x l hpi
Nhiem vu co ban cia nln gilo due fl thi ky 21 la
mang iai cho mpi ngua cP hd hpc tap v l phat
triln dd trfl thanh nhttng ngttd tai nang, d khi
nang suy nghT dpc lap, sang tao, nang dpng, tu
khang dinh minh vd gdp phin canh tan mpi Fnh
vyc eia dd sdng xa hd
Tai Oai hpi ddng lan thtt 27 cQa UNESCO
(thing 11/1993) d c bao d o tham luan eia d c
hpc gil fl nhilu chau luc da de cap v l nhan manh
ddn vai trd cQa giao due trong the ky 21 Gilo due
la quyen co bin nhat cQa con ngud, II ehia khoi,
II ddn bay d l filn td mpt the gid tdt dep ban Vai
trfl cQa giao dye II phat triln mpi tilm nang eia
eon ngud va tao ra d i u kiln tISn quydt d l thyc
hien nhin quyen, dan quyen, hijp tie trf tue, binh
ding va tdn tnpng lin nhau VI vay can phli d
triet ly day dQ hfln v l vai trd cia giao due trong
dng cupc phat triln con ngua, phat tridn dl't
nude phlt trten cQa c l nhin loai trong thd dai
md: gilo due khflng chi la tich tu tri thttc ma quan
trpng hpn la thic tinh film nlng sing tao to Ifln
frong moi con ngud de dflng gflp httu ieh vio
phat triln cia mfli c l nhin v l cpng ddng
Dd dip ing ySu cau cQa xa hpi, tridt ly giao
due hien dai de ra cho thd he tre cle mue dich
hpc tap Cfl ban sau:
Thir nhat la xda mu chd, mu so va mu khoa
hoc, tie II hpc sinh phli cfl khi nang biet dpc,
bilt viet biet llm lean va bilt khoa hpc Od gili
quyet nhttng van d l nly, hpc sinh tttflng lai d n
dkhlnangsidung ngfln ngtt vilt v l nfli d l giao
tiep mpt each rfl ring va sQe tich Hp ein bidt ap
dyng nhttng khai nilm tean v l khoa hpc vie vile
gili nhttng bai toln md trong hpc tap va cupc
sdng, biet Ip dung nhttng quy tic, djnh li va phep
tinh vdo cupc sdng hang ngay, bilt ttng dung
nhttng thanh tyu md trong khoa hpe v l dng
nghe vao sin xuat v l dd sdng
Thtt hai la cd nhifng ki nang cdng nghe mdi,
tttc la hpc sinh phli hilu nhttng film nlng to Ifln,
dng nhtt nhttng ban chd d a dng nghi vi tt'nh Cac
em phli d nhttng ki nang d n thilt d l dinh gil d c
"ngan hlng" thdng ttn may tinh hien dai cd thi xtt li Tom lai, may tt'nh d thi va ran phli dupe hpc sinh stt dung ttidng dung nhu bit viet hang ngly
Th& ba la cfl nhdng ki nang giai quyet van de
va ki nang tu duy phe phdn, tdc la hpc sinh cin
biet tu duy nhilu hon biet nhfl Mac du nhttng thong fin ching hpc dttpc fl tmflng cfl thi trfl nln lac hau hole vo ich, nhung eae qua trmh tu duy ChQng cfl dttpc thi khong bao gifl lac hau va vd ich Nhttng qua trinh dfl tap tmng vie khi nang tim kiem, d dupe vd s i dung cac ngudn thdng fin
de gili quyet nhttng van d l hay tranh thQ d e eo hpi nay sinh trong cupc sdng Hpc sinh phai bidt dch dd phfl vd nhung thay dd, dy doln nhttng diin bien tuong lai d thi va suy nghi d phi phan v l sing tao, biet deh phan tich v l tdng hpp khd Ittpng Ifln dtt lieu phttc tap
Thd tu la cd hieu biet xa hgi va cd kJ nang giao tiep, tttc II hpc sinh phli biet giao tiep vd
nhttng ngttd thupc d c nln vin hoa khlc Nang lyc tao ra mpt thd gid tdt hon trong tuang lai chac chan s l phy thupe vio vile chQng ta sin sing tdn trpng tmh da dang, phong phi v l vin hoa cia mdi nttdc thdng qua hmh thttc giao fiep giip cho mpi ngtta hilu lln nhau v l din tdi d e quan he
xa hpi thin thiln v l tdt dep hdn Mpt bai hpc quan trpng dd vd hpc sinh II ngheo dd, phln bilt chQng tpc, tpi Ic v l d c co hd bat bmh dang
fl bat ky diu eung se tac dpng td tat d chflng ta
O l gili quydt nhttng van dd nly v l nhttng van d l
xa hpi khac, hpc sinh phai cfl hieu bidt x l hpi, tham gia boat dflng xa hpi va thinh thao stt dung nhttng phttdng phdp gili quyet xung dpt
Thi nam la cd hieu biet ve the gidi va cd kl nang bao ton the gidi, tttc la hpc sinh phli hieu
quan he qua lai va phu thudc lin nhau gitta d c nudc va clc dan tpc, gitta cle nln kinh te Sy tdn tai cQa hp phu thupc rat nhilu vio kha nang hp tham gia mflt each thdng minh vao nen kinh td toan rau va dap lai mpt each thflng minh, linh hoat khdn ngoan truflc nhttng thach thttc toan
d u ve an ninh, sttc khoe, chat Ittpng mdi sinh
d tie dpng id chat Ittpng cupc sdng con ngua
TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY L U A N - s o 221 (2014)
Trang 4manh ta nhttng npi dung, nhu da dang van hoa,
su phu thupc lln nhau, tdn trpng quan d i m va
gil trj cQa ngufli khac va din tpc khac, hpp tac
qudc te d l gill quyet nhttng van de toln eau, kiS'n
thttc va kT nang blo tdn mfli sinh
Thi sau ia co kien thic va ki nang trong linh
vuc giao due sic khoe, tttc la trong hoan canh
niiieu can benh nan y (HIV/AIDS, BARS, ung
thu ) xuat hien va lly lan, hpc sinh phai d kien
thic, kT nang va thai dp thich hpp d l bao ve sttc
khoe Ol CO cupc sdng lanh manh, hp can mpt
npi dung giao due md II "gilo due fiSu dung",
nhfl dd hp bidt lya chon nhttng djch vy y te tfl't
nhat, phfl hpp nhat trpng vd sd djch vu y t l ngly
cdng phttc tap Ngoai ra, hp cflng phli d kha
nang lya chpn d hidu bidt nhieu phuong an khae
nhau d l ngan ngtta hole x i li nhttng van d l cfl
lien quan tdi viec lam dung elc chat khlc nhau
(kl d thufl'c), dinh duflng, sttc khoe thd chat v l
ttnh thin Giao due gid tmh trfl nSn ngay dng
quan trpng v l bttc thidt hPn bao gifl hdt
Thd bay la cd ki nang song, tttc II trong tuang
lai, con ngud d n d kha nang sdng vfli nhau,
hpc va nhau, llm vile vd nhau va stt dung
nhttng ngudn luc mfli trudng dch khfln ngoan KT
nang sfl'ng cin dupc thi hien trong hpc tap, cupc
sdng d nhan, quan h i vfli ngud khlc, vd moi
trudng, vd dng vise Oac biet tinh da dang van hoa
v l sy phu thupc kinh te toan rau ngly cang tang
lufln dd hd ta" nang giao fiep v l hpp tac, ki nang gili
quydt nhttng van de nly sinh trcng cupc sdng v l
dng vile Cd thi ndi, kT nang sdng s l ngay dng
dupc mfl rpng ve pham vi va npi ham d l giip con
ngud trfl thinh ngua dng dan thd gia;
Thi tam la cd dinh hudng dao die, tttc II hpc
sinh phai nim bat van boa hpc duflng v l chuang
trmh hpc phli phan Inh nhttng gia trj eia dat
nttflc v l cia dja phuang Khi chttng kien tac dpng
cua nhttng xung dpt gitta cac bang nhdm, bao lye
gitta d c ching tpc, sac tpc, bflc lot ttnh due tre
em, III xe trong Unh trang say xin hay vupt din
dd, qulng clo sai, lam an phi dao dttc, tham
tung qui dang, chung ta nhan thI'y nha trttdng phai chfl y hon ntta den nhttng vl'n d l cfl tfnh dao dttc dng cdng Gilo viln can giup hpe sinh phat triln djnh hudng dao dttc thflng qua nhttng hinh
vi lam gttong cua minh, dpng vien hpc sinh tham djnh gia trj va tap co hpi cho hpc sinh hpc thai dp
ty tfln trpng mmh va tfln trpng ngua khae tdn trpng phap luat;
Thi chin ia cd dc tham my, tdc la nha trudng
va giao viSn phli khuyen khich hpc sinh sang tao, biet thuflng thic d i dep v l tao ra d i dep, dac bilt II khi nang thuflng thttc nghe thult Nhilu nha giao due cho rang fl d c truflng phd thdng hiln nay nhttng mat khae nhau cia eupc sdng, nhtt xuc d m , Unh than, tham mi, it dttpc chu y v l
de cao so va cac ki nang ttt duy phe phan va kT nang sdng thyc te Mac du chudng trinh hpc phln Inh phan nao kho tang van chuang va mpt vli loai hinh nghi thuat, nhttng nhm chung hpc sinh
d n it hilu biet v l eae loai hmh nghe thuat Dudng nhu hpc sinh khdng dupc hpc ve Ijch stt nghe thuat d c nguyin tie thidt ke hoa van hay elc tilu chi danh gia cac cflng trinh nghe thuat va sang tao Hau qui la, hpc sinh d thd thidu nhttng khai nilm, kinh nghilm eung nhu kidn thttc d l hilu ell dep va danh gia d i dep VI dupng nhien, deu dd se ban ehe dang k l vile sing tao
ra eai dep trong d c em sau nay
Thi mudi ia co kha nang, nguyen vong thudng xuyen tu hrx suot ddi, tttc II nhl trttdng
can dem lai cho hpc sinh tinh than hpc tap ca da nhu uu filn chfl ydu, d t Idi trong gilo due Hpc phli duoc xem II ngud ban ddng hinh vd cle
em treng sufl't cupc dfli v l vile hpc dd cd sy tu chi dac, ty dieu tiet va ty quin cia mfli d nhan Mpt trong nhttng mue dich hang dau cia giao due hpc duflng la giflp hpc "hpc cdeh hpc" Trpng mpt the gifli bien ddi qua nhanh ve xa hpi, cdng nghi, chmh trj v l kinh te, tat ca mpi ngttdi deu phai cfl trlch nhilm vfli vile hpc cQa chmh mmh, phai coi vile hpc tap thuflng xuyen
v l sudt dd v l ty dieu tfit II hit sttc can thiet.H