eiAO POC NUWC MttCAl Tif SACH GIAO KHOA LICH SJl PHD T H Q N G CUA CONG HDA PHAP f>iNKHA NANG VAN DUNG VAO VIETNAM 1 Saeh glao khoa (SGK) Ijch s i i ph6 thong (LSPT) nuoc Cong hoa Phap 1) Mot chuang t[.]
Trang 1Tif SACH GIAO KHOA LICH SJl PHD THQNG CUA CONG HDA PHAP
f>iNKHA NANG VAN DUNG VAO VIETNAM
1 Saeh glao khoa (SGK) Ijch s i i p h 6 thong
(LSPT) nuoc Cong hoa Phap
1) Mot chuang trinh va nhieu bd SGK Di/a
tren chKOng Irinh chuan do cac nhom ohuySn gia
soan thao (1}, viec bi&n soan cac bo SGK cho cac
ban va phan ban duac tien hanh bdi cac nha xuat ban
(NXB) (chu yeu ia l>IXB tu nhan) NXB thanh lap ra
cac nhdm bien soan SG K cho tutig mon hpc va cac
bp saeh nay khong dugc nha nucfc bao trp Vi vSy,
mpt chuang trinh se co rat nhieu bp SGK khac nhau
va giap vien (GV) ia ngudi true tiep iua chpn va quyet
dinh chpn bpSGK nao dephue vu cong tac giang day
ciJa minh Sau khi GV bpmon lua chpn dupc SGK, se
tn/c tiep de nghj ien Hpi dpng nha tnjdng (Ban giam
hieu) de dua ra quyet djnh cuoi cung 0 Phap, quyen
in an va quyen lua chpn SGK ia "mgt trong nhdng
quyen tudo nhat the gidi" [2]
2) Md'i quan he giua chuong irinh va SGK
Lich s£r(LS) ChUPng trinh dupc hieu thep nghTa
rpng, gpm: muc tieu; npi dung; ke hpach; phupng
phap day hpc: kiem tra, danh gia GiOa cac cap dp
chuong trinh co quan he hai chieu: giOa Iihai quat
(chuang trinh) va cu the hda (SGK) Moi quan he
giua chuang trinh va SGK php thpng tai Phap the
hien tinh linh hpat cao: dua tren khung kien thiic
chuan cua chUPng trinh, cac bp SG K cc the lua chpn
nhi/ng npi dung cu the khac nhau nhung phai dap
Ong dupc muc tieu de ra cua chuang trinli C h i n g
han, chupng trinh LS idp 6, khi day ve Wen van
minh HiLap cddar co bp SGK iua chpn: "Alexander
Baide"de day; cp bp saeh khac iai lua ehpn: "Cac
/7/ia/f/joa/?pcH/Z.ap"debpsung, mdrpng kien thOe
chp hpe sinh (HS) Hay, chUPng trinh LS Idp 11
(ban kTthuat), khi day npi dung "Nen cdng hda itetd
nhungnam 1880 den nhung nam (940",cdbgSGK
lua chpn npi dung "Ddisdng cua nhan dan l-ta-U-a
dudi thdi Mussoiini'dBlam sau sSc npi dung chinh;
ccn bp SG K khac l^i iua chpn npi dung 'Ldsatsinh
Auschwitz cua chu nghia phalxitBdc'(3)
62 Tap chl Gido due so 316
TS N G U Y E N V A N N I N H "
3) Mdl quan he gida saeh giaa vien(SGV)va
tailifu tham khao S G V L S tai Phap duoc bien s o ^
ddn gian va rigSn gpn, vdi n6i dun J c h i n h tap Inmg phan tieh n g i n gpn k§nh hinh, tu lipu tham khap va
tra ldi cac tAu hdi duoc de c^p trong SGK (4) Vdi each
viet va cau tnic SGV nhu v^y, ddi hdi kha nang va trinh dp cua GV LS phai dat trinh dp iSt cao Vdi m&' chu de (hay bai hpe), GV phai dau tunhieu thdi gian, cong Slip de thiet ke mpt bai giang dat chS) ludng.Sac lap suy nghT, kha nang sang tap la mpt trpng nhiing tieu ehuan can thiet cua GV ndi ehung, GV LS npi rieng tai Phap
Cac saeh tham khao khae, nhu: saeh bail^p LS, cac bai giap an mau - tham khao tren thj trudng saeh tai Phap khdng nhieu; ne'u ed, deu dp cac NXB Idn, cd uy tin xuat ban va g i n lien vdi nhiing b$ SGK ban hanh Thucte, su'dung eae saeh tham khao nay ci/a GV va HS la khong nhieu va khong Ihudng xuyen (it nhat ia dat trong su so sanh vdi Viet Nam)
4) Mdl quan he giua Ilinh chu, kenh hinh va
tu lieu tham khaa trong SGK
-Phan i<enh c/i(?(bai viet) n g i n gpn, sue tieh Mdi
bai hpc dupc trinh bay trong mpt trang giay t h l hi|n nhiing npi dung ed ban nhat Thong thudng, moi chO decdtOr2de'n5baihpe(tuyvaomiicdpnpidungtOmg chii de la it hay nhieu)
- Phan kenh hinh (so id, bang bieu, ban d6 • lupp
dd, chan dung hay tranh anh eae cpng trinh kilntnjo, van hpa ) trpng mdi bai hpc deu xoay quanh ndi dung chinh dupe the hien trong bai viet va chiia dung nhiing don vj kien thiie (ndi dung khoa hpc) sau sac; khdng ehi mang tinh minh hpa Ben canh dd, sau mdimdl kenh hinh iamdth^thdng cau hdi hay bai tjp nhan thiic, qua dd, GV td'ohiie eho HS tutim tdi kilri thiie dephue vu eho npi dung ehinh cOa bai hgc Vidu
kenh hinh; Tinh canh giai cap ndng dan Imdc car^
/naip'khihpcbai 'Cach mang Phap nam /789'(SGK
* Khoi licit sD, TnMng Dal h;c sir pham Ha Ngi
Trang 2trong tranh tren la bi§'u tircffig cho giai cS'p nao trong
xa hoi? Birc tranh tren ttie hi|n nhu the nao trat ti/xa
ti6i Phap tnrdc each mang? (5)
- Phi'n ttf iieu LS Uiam l(hao rSit phong phu va
chiem ph^n ldn so tugng trong SGK Khitim h i l u va
,nghien cuu phan tu li^u tham Ithao trong SGK LSPT
cua Phap, chung tot nhan th^y: - Gac tu lieu tham
khao trong SGK LS deu l a t u lieu goc, co trich d i n
ijly du nguon goo xuat xu" (tac gia, NXB, nam xu§t
iban, ten tai lieu, so trang );-Giong phSn kenh hinh,
sau cac tulieu tham khao trong SGK la mot he thd'ng
cau hoi, giup djnh hudng each td'chu'c day hpc cua
GVvaquatrinhtuhpctunghien CiJu cuaHS;-Tac
gia SGK khong binh luan, phan tich noi dung cac
fio?n tu li?u nay, GV va HS se true tiep dua ra ket
luan, nhSn xet
S) Vecau triic bai hpc trong SGK LSPT cua
Phap.T^cap tmng hoc casdden cap trung hgc pho
- ttiong, cSu tnjc cua cac chu de LS duoc viet theo mot
hinh thiJc t h ^ g nhat, nha't quan (6) Cac chu de LS
diroc thiet kenhu sau:
• Phangk^thieukhaiquatchiJde,g6m: /jTacgia
trinh t^y kh^quat ndi dung cua toan chu de va dat ra
mgt cau hoi dudi dang bai tap nhan thu'c; :2j Hai kenh
•/liiinh mang tinh dien hinh, tieu bieu cho toan chu de;
3JMot scf do nien bieu de cap tdi tat ca nhung md'c thdi
gian CO ban nhat cho toan chude, so do nien bieu nay
cotacdung djnh hudng cho hoatdpng day cua G V va
iio^dpng hoc cua HS Vi dy chu de: Thong trao van
hoa phuc ht/ng'{SQK LS Idp 10, ban chung} cd bai
^ nh|n thuc la: 'Phong trao van hoa phuc hung da
knli^g vaphat then ra toan cau nhu the nao?" Hal
kenh hinh la 'Biic hoa Erasme de Rotterdam" \ia
'Ban do chau Au thdilii van hoa Phuc Hung (theki
XV-XVI}" So do nien bieu the hien cac md'c thdi gian
coban (Hen quan den Phong trao van hda Phuc Hung)
ti)nam 1400-1600 (5)
' -Phan cac tiet hgc trong chu dechung{th\sdng\(i
2-4 tret) phu thuoc vao noi dung cua timg chu de Mdi
tiet tipc cd mot tua de va duoc bat dau b i n g cau hoi
Jifio dudi hinh tliiJc bai tap nhan thiic cho toan tiet
f tiln tu li$u tham khao va k&nh hinh dugc l i ^ chpn
r^^en hinh, cdtac dung bosung valam sau s3c hon
cho kien thu'C phan bai viet
•Phan hosc/tuii^u khdng cd bai viet ma chi cd tu
lieu tham khao va kenh hinh Sau moi ti^t hpc, co it
niiatmpt phan ho sctuii&u,cd nhung tiet cd hai hoac
ba phan tio so tu li&u Vidu,trong chude:'P/7ong'^rao
hai ho so tu lieu sau tiet mdt cd tua de la: 'Leonardde
Vinci, mgtngh$si^Fbrence"va 'Leonard de Vinci, mot hoa si dien hinh cua Phong trao van hoa Phuc Hung", hai h6 so tu lieu sau tiet hai cd tua de la: Vong hgPlantinvt^chiJ nghTa nhan van'valutherva cuoc cai each ton giao"{5)
- Phan bai tap va 6n tap P h i n nay h§ thd'ng lai
toan bp ndi dung co ban cua nhung chu de ma HS phai nim dudi dang cac cau hoi, so do, bang bleu va each thu'c tra Idi cac bai t i p nhan thu'c dau chu de hay dau cac tiet Ben canh dd, nhung website ed cac bai tap LS lien quan den ehu de cung dupe gidi thieu de GVvaHScothetham khao
e^SG/frfren hf Tai Phap, SGK dien tirphd'thdng
da dupc bien soan vathuc hien ben canh SGK truyen thd'ng Tuy nhien, qua quan sat va tim hieu, chung tdi thay, GV va HS khong sudung thudng xuyen 2.Vandung kinh nghiem bien soan SGK LSPT cua Cpng hda Phap vao Viet Nam
Qua tim hieu, nghien cifti chuong trinh va SGK LSPT cija Phap, chung toi de xuait mpt so npi dung iien quan den viec bien soan SGK LSPT cua Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi (sau nam 2015) nhu sau:
1) Bien soan mgt chuang trinh chuan quo'c gia vdinhieu bg SGK khac nhau Day la mpt van
de mdi dd'i vdi Viet Nam nhung lai la van depho bien d nhieu nudetrenthegidi(trongddcdCpng hda Phap)
Bp GD-OT la don vi chu quan hudng idan,chidao viec bien soan chuong trinh, cac NXB Idn, cd uytin se
la nhwig don vj true tie'p td'chdc bien soan SGK Sau khi bien soan xong eae bo SGK, Bp GD-DT se tham dinh chat iuong va dua ra quye't djnh cud'i cung bd SGK nao se dugc lua chpn de dua vao day dtrudng phothong
2) Moi quan he giua kenh chu, kenh hinh va tif lieu tham khao tong SGK Phan kenh chu (bai
viet) nen trinh bay ng^n gpn, sue tieh va khoa hpc Phan kenh hinh nen lua chpn nhung kenh hinh phong phu, dien hinh va quan trpng nhat {la mot don vj kie'n thirc bo sung cho phan bai viet, khdng chi mang tinh minh hpa) Phan tu lieu nen la tu lieu gd'c duge trich
d i n tu'cae van kien Oang, saeh LS, van hpc hay triet hpc (ne'u ed npi dung phu hgp vdi phan npi dung) Phan tu lieu khdng nen cd phan tich, binh luan cua tac gia SGK Dac biet, sau phan kenh hinh va tu lieu phai CO he thd'ng cau hdi hay bai tap nhan thijfc de dmh hudngquatrinhtd'chdcday hpc cua GVva hoat dong tu hpc, ty chiem linh kie'n thdc cua HS
Tap chi Giao due so 316 | 63
Trang 3hpc dud^ dang ehu deLS Mdi chu d e s e c l u t ^ o nhihig
don vj kien thuc nhddudi hinh thiic cac tiet hpc Vi dy,
khi day ve 'LS VietNam ^c^phong kien", thay vi trinh
baycacgiaidoanLStiJfthe'kiX-the'kiXV,tiJfth§'kiXVI
-thekiXVlll,dau theki XIX nhutrong LS 10hipn nay
(7), Chung ta se xay dung nhung chu de cu the nhu:
Tinh hinh chinh th, xa hoi Vi$tNam ttJ-thekiX- theki
XiX-", ••KinhteVtetNamtiythekiX-thekiXIX" "VSnhoa
Viet Nam trong cac thekiX - thekiXIX"hay chu 6k
"Caccugckhangch^chohggi^cngoaixamffidfphong
kien (thekiX-thekiXIX)" Jh\et\<.ehaihocnhuvay,SB
giup GV khdng lap lai kien thuc; phat fiuy dugc kha
nang sang tao, thuan tien cho viec td'chirc hpc tgp cho
HS vatien hanh ddl mdiphuong phap day hpehieu qua
hon Cdn HS seed cai nhin tong the han, cd suso sanh
ve mgt npi dung (kinh te, chinh trj hay van tida) giija
eacgiaidoanLS khae nhau Vecau tnjceu thecua mdt
bai hoe (ducrt dang ehu de), theo chiing tdi, nen van
dyng cau true bai hpc trong SGK LS cua Phap (nhu
phan tren da trinh bay)
4} l\/ioi quan he giua SGK va tai iieu tham
khao Tai lieu tham khao phai dam bao ciiiic nang
bosung.hoan thien cho SGK Cdn SGV, nen tap
trung tra Idi nhung cau hoi trong SG K, dd la: eau hoi
dudi dang bai tap nhan thuc dau bai hge; eau hoi sau
phan kenh hinh v a t u lieu tham khao, cau hdiva bai
tap sau mdi bai hpc Ngoai viec trinh bay tai lieu tham
khao hay nhung doan tu lieu thi viec cung cap nhung
website (lien quan den npi dung bai hpe) eung la
viec bd' Ich cho GV trong qua trinh chua'n bi bai
giang (soan giao an)
5) SGK dien tu Do dieu kien kinh te eua Viet
Nam hien nay cdn nhieu khd khan, viee van dung
SGK dien tuvao day hpc ndi chung, day hoc LS ndi
rieng se khd thuc hien mot each dong bp va he thd'ng
Den nay, quatrinh ung dung edng nghethdng tin vao
day hpe (dac biet la d c a c tinh mien nui, vung sau,
Vling xa) van chua pho bie'n va edn khd khan Tuy
nhien, theo xu thecua thegidi, dac bipt la suphat trien
valan rdng manh me cua cdng nghethdng tin nhu
hien nay cua Viet Nam, viee bien soan SGK dien tu,
trong dd cd SGK LS, la viec nen lam
Viee bien soan ehuong trinh va SGK cua Viet Nam
trong thcrt gian tdi (trong dd cd chuong trinh va SGK
LSPT) can nghien cuu kl ludng dieu kien thuc te ciia
dat nudc va nhihig kinh nghiem ve chuong trinh va
SGK Clia cac nudc cd nen giao dye phattrien tren the
64 Tqp chi Gido due so 316
SGK LS Clia Cpng hda Phap cung khong nam ngoai muc dich tren •
(1) COng h6a Phdp chl c6 mgt chuong trtnh chuin quffc gia v^ c6 nhi£u bg sdch gi&o khoa khic nhau Chucmg trinh chu^n do Bg GiAo dye qutfc gia ban hiinh Tir nam 1989, Oy ban qutfc gia v4 Chuong trinh
Akm nhi^m trpng trdch so^n thao chuang trinh
(2) Dtf Xudn Hgi "ChuxTng trinh vA sdch gido khoa cua Phdp vdn dvng vdo thuc tifin Vi$t Nam" KI ytfu hgi thdo "Sdch gido khoa thf kt XXI: kinh nghi&m
th(f gidi thl/c lifin Vift Nam" Ban fkyin gido TW -NXB Gidodiic VietNam H 2012
G) HttPi/www.education.gouv.fr
(4) Hugo Billard HJstoire 1": Questions pour comprendre le XX siecle (Ljeh si> I6p 11: NhOng v ^ d&
CO bdn l)ch su-th£ kl XX, saeh gido vifin), Magnard 2011
(5) Hugo Billard Histoire 2de: Les europ^ens dans
I'histoire du monde (Ljeh sO I6p 10: Nhdn ddn chdu Au
irong htfi canh Ijch su thtf gidi), Magnard 2010
(6) Rieng cdu true cdc ehu d6 cua ldp 11 vd Itfp 12 c6 th&m phdn npi dung dn thi itft nghi&p trung hgc ph6 thOng (BAC)
(7) Phan Ngpc Lifin (ttfng chiS bifin) Ljeh sur 10 NXB
GidodvcW.lOm
SUMMARY
Studying high school curriculum and textbook In History of France, a develop country and has the most advanced education in the world, aimed to sup-port InnovaUon in curriculum and textbook In His-practical meaning In this arUde the author will con-centrate to study textbook In History of France and applicaUon abilities in compiling process of textbook
in History of Vietnam in the future
DINH CHINH
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TAP CHI GIAO DUC