Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Sd 45 nam 2013 CHUAN CHlTONG TRINH COT LOI CUA MI VA MpT SO LIEN HE Vdd VIEC DOI MCfl CHLTONG T R I N H NGir VAN 0 VIET NAM BUI MANH HUNG'''' T6IVITAT Bai viit trinh bdy vd ph[.]
Trang 1C H U A N CHlTONG TRINH COT LOI CUA MI
VA MpT SO LIEN HE Vdd VIEC DOI MCfl CHLTONG T R I N H NGir VAN 0 VIET NAM
BUI MANH HUNG' T6IVITAT
Bai viit trinh bdy vd phdn lich mdi sdng kiin gido due mai ciia Mi - chudn chuang trinh c6t loi diing cho nhiiu bang tren todn Lien bang, ddc biet la nhOng ddi mdi trong he thdng chudn chuang trinh mon Ngit vdn Tit dd, bdi viit neu mpt sS de xudt ve dinh huong ddi mdi chuang trinh mdn Ngit vdn Dd phdi Id mot chuang trinh tich hop, Idy hoc sinh ldm trung tdm vd chii trong ed bdn kT ndng giao liip Khi thiit ke cdc ndi dung doc, chuang trinh edn chii y din do phuc tap tdng ddn vd s^ da dang cua cdc loai vdn bdn sao cho ndi dung doc thich hop vdi tiing lap hoc, cdp hoc
Tir khda: chudn, chuong trinh, gido due, cdt loi, ngil van, MI, Viet Nam
ABSTRACT
The American common core state standards and their implications for the reform of the
Vietnamese language and Literature curriculum
The aim of this article is to present and analyze the key points of the new American educational initiative - common core state standards which are currently applied lo many states across the nation, especially the innovative strategies for English Language Arts Based on the analysis of this initiative, the article proposes some suggestions to reform the Vietnamese Language and Literature curriculum This curriculum should be integrated and student-centered It places an emphasis on all of the language skills In designing reading contents, the gradually increasing complexity and the diversity of the texts which students have to read should be focused on
Keywords: standards, curriculum, education, core, literature, America, Vietnam
1, Gidi thieu chung hd trp cho mpt cupe cai each giao due
Trong mdt nd lire nang cao chdt d\ra trdn he thdng chudn do timg bang lupng gido due nhdm duy tri vi tri cudng xdy dimg, vdi quan di6m cho rdng nSu qudc cua minh, nam 2001 Qudc hpi dat ra nhihig chudn muc gido dye cao va luong dang ciia iVIi da thdng qua dao ludt nhung muc tieu cd thj do ludng dupe thi
"No Child Left Behind" (NCLB) (tjm cd thS ndng cao chit lupng gido due Djo djch: Khdng de diia tre ndo bi bd lai ddng luat nay cung tao dp luc dS gido vien va sau) vd dupe Tdng thdng Bush ki ban nhd trudng cd trdeh nhiem nhi ju hen ddi hdnh vao thdng 1 nam 2002 Dao luat nay vdi hoc sinh, nhdt la con em nhimg gia
dinh ngheo, nhOng cdng ddng thiju s6
• PGS TS, Tnrdng Oai hpc Su pham TPHCM, Th^° <I"y ^ 1 " ^ '="^ ^9° lu^t, tdt ca cac dang giang day tai Bai hpc Ngoji ngij H4n trudng cdng Idp d cdc bang nhdn ngan Qudc (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) sdch hd tro cua Chinh phii Lien bang phai
Trang 2dp dung hdng nam ki thi chudn ciia timg
bang de ddnh gia miic tiSn b6 ciia hpc
sinh va ket qua gido due ciia timg trudng,
timg bang Mpt ngdn sdch khdng Id dupe
danh ra de thuc hien chinh sach ndy
Qudc hpi MT ndng ngdn sdch lien bang
eho gido dye phd thdng tir 42,2 ti dd la
MT nam 2001 (ngay trude khi dao luat
NCLB dupe phe chuan) len 55,7 ti nam
2004 Tuy dupe thdng qua vdi su img hd
gdn nhu tuypt ddi tir cd hai ddng d cd Ha
vien Ian Thupng vien, dupe ddu tu vdi sd
tien Idn, dupe nhieu ngudi MT mong dpi,
nhung dao ludt ndy cGng hi nhieu ngudi
phe phdn vi nd khuyen khich day hpc de
dap ling cac ki thi chuan, khuyen khich
vigc thudng phat dua vdo thdnh tich thi
cir d cdc trudng vd ede bang, tir dd xuat
hien tinh trang nhiSu bang tu ha thdp
chudn gido due ciia minh de cd thdnh tich
eao d cdc ki thi chuan Vd do cdc ki thi
chudn ndy chi tap trung vdo Dpc, Viet,
Todn, Khoa hpc, nen tir 2007, khodng
71% trudng gidm tiet cdc "mon phy" de
tap trung day Tiing Anh vd Todn'
Dao ludt NCLB gay nhieu that vpng
cho gidi chinh trj gia, gidi lanh dao gido
dye, nhd trudng vd cdng chiing MT ndi
chung^ Ddc biet trong thai gian gan ddy,
thdnh tich gido dye phd thdng cua MT bi
tyt h ^ g ddng ke so vdi nhi§u nude phat
triln khdc, thi hien rd net nhit qua cdc ki
thi PISA^ (xem tham OECD 2011)
Nude MT can cd sang kien mdi
Trong bdi canh dd, chudn chuang trinh
cot loi chung cac bang cua MT (Common
Core State Standards, gpi tdt Id "h| thdng
chudn") ra ddi
Dudi ddy la nhiing npi dung co ban
vl h$ th6ng chudn dupe gidi thieu tren
website cua cdc t6 chiie chu tri vd nhiing thdo luan, phan tich, danh gia ciia nhieu chuyen gia MT dupe tap hop tir nhieu ngudn khac^ Sau phdn mdt gidi thieu chung ve he thdng chuan, phdn thii hai ddnh ndi cy the ban nhiing y tudng Idn cua he thdng chudn lien quan den mon Ngii van Phan thii ba la nhiing phdn tich eiia chiing tdi: tir nhung sang kien giao dye dang dupe trien khai rdng rai tai MT, suy nghi ve hudng ddi mdi chuong trinh mdn NgQ vdn cua Viet Nam trong bdi cdnh chiing ta dang nd luc ddi mdi can bdn, todn dien nen gido due
He thdng chudn la sdng kien do ' tdnh dao chinh quyen va nganh gido dye cdc bang cua MT chu tri thdng qua edc td chiic dai diSn cua hp (Hiep hdi cae Thdng d6c National Governors Association (NGA) vd Hpi d6ng lanh dao gido due cua cae bang - The Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) Tham gia soan thdo cd cdc nhd gido due, cdc ehuySn gia, nhd nghien cuu thupc nhieu ITnh vuc, cdc td chiic qudc gia vd ede nhom cdng d6ng Vdn ban chinh thiic dupe hodn tdt vdo thdng 6 nam 2010 sau hon ba thdng dupe cdng bd de tiep nhan phdn hdi,- gdp y tir cdng chiing, giao viSn, phu huynh, lanh dgo doanh nghiSp vd edc chuyen gia- tir nhilu ITnh vuc H^ th6ng chudn nay ciing ed tham khdo he th6ng chuin giao dye ciia cae bang cua MT vd cua nhieu qudc gia cd nSn gido dye phdt trien
He thdng chudn ndy dupe dp dyng tir mdu gido den Idp 12, va chi cho hai mdn hpe la Ngii vdn (English - Language Arts) va Toan, vi cac nha chinh tri ciing nhu cdc Idnh dgo gido due, cdc chuyen
Trang 3Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM
gia vd cdng ddng ndi chung cho rdng hai
mdn hpc nay ddng vai trd quan trpng
trong viec trang bi cho hpc sinh nhOng
kiln thirc va ki ndng thiSt yeu de hpc dai
hpc vd di lam, ddng thdi hai mdn nay
Cling giiip hpc sinh hpc tdt cac mdn khdc
Hien nay da cd nhiiu trudng d nhieu
bang dp dung thi Siim he thdng chudn
nay vao giang day trong Idp hpc Theo ke
hoach, Ml se xdy dung each thuc danh
gia (thi, kiSm tra) tucmg img vdi he thdng
chuan vd se ap dung chinh thiic tir nam
hpc 2014 - 2015 IVIi cung dat kj hpach
xem xet lai theo dinh ki dk khdng ngimg
hodn thien he thdng chudn nay
Nhu nhieu ngudi da biet, d MI, mdi
bang quan li he thdng giao due ri^ng ciia
minh Chinh phu Lien bang khdng cd
quyen va trach nhiem quan li ho^t dpng
giao due cua cdc bang Cho den gdn day,
moi bang deu cd mpt he thdng chudn gido
due rieng Ket qua la hpc sinh d cac bang
khdc nhau hpc nhOng npi dung rdt khdc
nhau He thdng chudn chung ndy la mdt
cd gang nham ''thdng nhat" mdt sd gia tri
gido due cdt 161 giira cac bang ciia Mi
Lan dau tien trong lich sir cua ddt nude
nay cd mpt sdng kien dang nhu vay Tuy
nhien, he thdng chuan chung ndy khdng
nhdm den muc tieu bijn gido due thanh
linh vuc quan li cua Chinh phii Lien
bang Cdc bang hodn toan cd quyen quyet
dinh ap dung hay khdng he thdng chudn
gido due chung nay Ndi cdch khac, day
la nd luc cua nhieu bang hpp lai, chir
khdng phdi la cua Chinh phii Lien bang
Trong mdt tuyen bd iing hd he thdng
chuan chung nhdm tiln tdi thay thi dao
luat NCLB, Tdng thdng Obama cung ndi
rd dd khdng phdi id san phdm cua Washington (y ndi khdng phai ciia Chinh phu Lien bang) md Id san phdm cua thdng ddc cdc bang tir cd hai dang Dan chu va Cpng hda' Nhu vjy, sdng kiln nay rat khdc vdi dao luat NCLB (mdt san phdm lien bang) H? thong chudn nay hien co
45 bang, Washington DC va b«n vimg lanh thd true thupc ciia MI dong y ap dung, trir Texas, Virginia, Nebraska, Minnesota vd Alaska
Sir mang cua he thdng chuan chung nay la cung cap mpt cdch hieu rd rang va nhdt quan vl nhimg gi hpc sinh d timg cdp, timg Idp edn phai hpc, nhd dd ma gidp vien va phu huynh cd the bilt dupe
hp edn lam gi de giup hpc sinh Cac chudn dupe xdy dyng cd tinh chdt thilt thirc vd gdn lien vdi cupe sdng thuc te, thi hien dupe cac kien thiic va ki nang
ma gidi tre can khi hpc dai hpc vd ra ddi lam viec
Ngudi MI mudn ndng cao tinh cdng bdng trong gido due bdng viec bdo dam rang tat cd hpc sinh cua hp dii sdng d dau ciing dupe giap due bang nhimg chuan kien thirc vd ki nang cdt loi nhu nhau He thdng chudn chung nay cho phep giao due MT due riit dupe nhimg kinh nghiem tdt nhat tir tdt cd cdc bang ciing nhu cua nude ngodi de ndng cao chdt lupng giao due, dap img nhu cdu cua hpc sinh Vdi
he thdng chuan giao due chung nay, ngudi Ml hi vpng se ddo tao dupe nhirng cdng dan cd khd ndng vira hpp tdc, vira canh tranh thdnh cdng vdi cdc ddi tac ngay trong chinh nude MI vd tren toan the gidi
He thing chudn nay khdng chi ro
Trang 4gido vien phai day nhu the ndo, md giiip
giao vien biet dupe nhiing kien thiie, kT
ndng ndo hpc sinh can phdi ed de gido
vien CO the tu soan bai giang, sap xep ke
hoach day hpe va xdy dung mdt trudng
hpc tap thich hop cho hpc sinh cua timg
lap hpc Cdc chuan nay cung giup hpc
sinh vd phy huynh xac djnh dupe nhung
muc tieu ro rdng va thuc te de dat dupe
thanh cdng Tuy nhien, he thdng ehudn
nay khdng phdi la cdi duy nhdt cd the bdo
dam cho hpc sinh dupe thdnh edng trong
tuong lai, ma nd chi cung cdp mpt Id
trinh dS gido vien, phy huynh vd hpe sinh
cd the tiSp can dan den myc tieu
Kem theo he thdng chudn chung
ndy, cdc bang eung se to chirc xdy dyng
chuang trinh, bien soan sach giao khoa,
cac tai lieu kT thuat so vd nhung tai lieu
day hpc khac tuang thich vdi he thong
chudn chung Cdc bang cGng se thiet ke
va thuc hien he thdng ddnh gid chung
nham danh gid hpc sinh hang nam thay
cho he thdng ddnh gid hien nay He thdng
danh gid nay dua tren cac nguyen tae: eo
the diing d6 so sdnh kSt qua hpc tap eiia
hpc sinh, ket qud boat ddng gido dye ciia
cac trudng, cdc hpc khu, cdc bang va cua
cae qudc gia vdi nhau; giam chi phi nhd
chia se dupe ngudn lye; eung cap thong
tin giiip ndng cao chdt lupng, hieu qua
ciia vi^c day va hpc; chudn bi cho hpc
sinh vdo hpc dai hpc vd di ldm
Nhu cdch lam thudng thay ciia
ngudi MT, he thdng chudn chung nay
dupe xdy dung dua trSn ca sd nhieu
nghien cuu va khdo sat thuc nghiem, eu
thi Id: edc nghien ciru li thuylt; kit qua
khdo sat cdc kT nang ma hpc sinh phd
thdng edn phdi ed de hpe dai hpc vd di
ldm; dir lieu ve ddnh gid ket qua hpe tap ciia hpc sinh; nghien cuu so sdnh vdi chudn chuong trinh cdc bang cua MT va cua nhiing qudc gia khdc ed nen gido due phat trien; khung ddnh gia cua qudc gia
ve dpc vd viet diing cho mon NgD van; nghien eiiu ve cae xu hudng chuang trinh day hpc Toan hpc vd Khoa hpc tren the gidi
Nhiing tieu ehudn sau day dupe lay ldm can cii khi xdy dyng he thdng chudn: (i) tucmg thich vdi nhiing ddi hdi ddi vdi hpc sinh khi vdo hpe dai hpc vd dl lam; (ii) ro rang; (iii) nhdt quan giiia cdc bang; (iv) bao gdm cac npi dung kien thire va
su van dyng thdng qua nhirng kT ndng dupe yeu cau d trinh dp cao; (v) phdt trien dua tren chudn chuong trinh edc bang eua MT va ciia nhiing qudc gia khac
CO nen giao due phdt trien; (vi) ed eo sd thuc tl, CO the dp dung hieu qua trong lap hpc; (vii) dua tren co sd nghien cuu vd dya tren bang chimg
He thong chudn chung ndy chii y kit hpp ndi dung kien thiic vd kT ndng, chii khdng phdi chi co kT nang Ve Todn,
he thdng ehudn xuat phat tit nhiing khdi niem edn ban nhu sd nguyen, cdc phep tinh cdng, trir, nhdn, chia, phan sd va cae s6 thap phdn Cdc yeu td can ban nay giiip hpc sinh co khd nang hpc va img dyng nhiing khdi niem toan hpc eao hon
He thdng chudn ddnh eho bac trung hpc yeu cdu hpc sinh thyc hdnh ling dung tu duy toan hpc vao nhiing vdn de va thach thiic trong ddi sdng thuc Nd giiip cho hpc sinh ren luyen ndng luc tu duy va suy luan chinh xdc, eh^t che Theo tinh thdn ciia he thdng chudn, trong gid hpc Todn, hpc sinh khdng chi phai tim ra dap sd
Trang 5Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
dung md con phdi giao tilp: ndi, nghe va
trmh bay Isip luan, chia se cdc y hrdng'
He thdng chudn mdn Ngii vdn yeu
cdu tdt ca hpc sinh hpc nhiing npi dung
quan trpng nhu: cdc truyln thuyet vd
truyen cd diln tren thi gidi, cdc van bdn
giai doan lap qudc ciia Mi, nhiing tdc
phdm quan trpng cua van hpc MI vd
Shakepeare Cac ndi dung edn lai do cdc
bang vd dia phuong quyit dinh Ngoai ra,
he thdng chudn cung yeu cdu hpc sinh
nam vimg mdt cdch he thdng kien thiic
vl van hpc va cdc mdn hpc khac thdng
qua dpc, viSt, ndi, nghe Dpc, viet, ndi vd
nghe khdng chi dupe hpc trong mdn Ngii
vdn md edn phai dupe chd y luyen tap
trong khi hpc cdc mdn hpc khdc nhu Lich
sii/Xa hpi, Khoa hpc, Cdng nghe Nhu
vdy, giao vien cdc mdn hpc nhu Lich
su/Xa hdi, Khoa hpc, Cdng nghS khdng
chi djy cdc kiln thirc mdn hpc ma con
phai cd trdeh nhiem ren luyen chp hpc
sinh dpc, viit, nghe, ndi dl kiln tao tri
thiic trong nhfing linh v\rc dd Nhu da
ndi, ngay cd trong gid hpc Todn, hpc sinh
Cling dupe khuyin khich ndi va nghe
2 IWot s6 thay ddi quan trong ve
linh virc Ngir van trong h | thdng chuin
Khi thilt ke hp thdng chudn cua
mdn Ngu: van, cdc tac gid tjp hTing vdo
nhimg y tudng can bdn sau:
(i) Tang dp phiic tap ciia cdc van ban
dpc, mire dd phiic tjp tang ddn qua timg
Idp va cdp hpc, giiip hpc sinh ndng cao
hon nila ndng lire dpc
(ii) Chii y cd tdc phdm vdn hpc vd vdn
bdn thdng tin (g6m cd ca vdn ban trdn
thuat, kl (narration) hay thi hiSn, trinh
bay, binh luan (exposition), cd nhiing van
ban pha trdn; dd cd thi Id bdi vi6t hay bai phat bilu, ndi chuyen, van bdn tieu sir, bai bdo, vdn bdn lich sir, khoa hpc ddnh cho dai chiing), ti le cdc van ban thdng tin dupe tang dan qua cdc cap hpc (iii) Giup hpc sinh tu dpc kl van ban, chii y nhilu hon din kha nang phdn tich, suy luan, dua duoc cdc bdng chiing, bjng chiing vd bdng chiing (evidence) frong cac vdn ban dupe dpc ldm co sd cho cac nhdn dinh, phan tich, gido vien chi ddng vai trd din dat, neu van de de trao ddi, tranh luan
Gido vien cd thi gpi y cdc chi tilt trong vdn ban dl giup hpc sinh cung co cdc Idp Iudn vd phdn tich ciia minh Hpc sinh edn phdi cd khd ndng phan tich va tdng hop vdn ban; trinh bay edn than cac phdn tich, bdo ve mdt cdch thuylt phiic quan diem cda minh, trinh bay rd cac thdng tin
(iv) Tang cudng hpc viet qua cac bai nghien ciiu nhd, qua "du dn" (bai tap Idn) (cdch hpc nay dp dung cho cd hpc sinh tilu hpc)
(v) Chii y din sir thdnh thao cd kl ndng viet va ndi
(vi) Chii y trang bi vdn tir hpc thuat (academic vocabulary) d tdt ca cdc linh vuc khoa hpc cho hpc sinh (day dpc va viit theo each tich hpp liSn mdn) Ndi vl viec djy hpc cdc kl nang, David Coleman (thdnh vien nhdm xay dimg he thdng chudn mdn NgO v a n > English Language Arts) cho rdng hpc sinh phai dpc vdn bdn nhu cdc tham tii
va viit cac van bdn nhu cac phong viSn mlu tra' Nghia la khi dpc, phai tim B
cdc bdng chiing, sdm soi cac chi tik,
Trang 6dimg nd de gidi quyet vdn de vd hilu ddy
du hon thi gidi xung quanh; khi viit,
phdi viet rd rdng, cd bang chiing, lap
luan, phan tich
Veki nang dpc
Ndi din dpc thi cd "pham vi dpc"
vd "miic dd phiirc tap ciia vdn bdn dpc"
Cdc vdn ban dpc, nhu da ndi d tren, vira
cd tdc phdm vdn hpc, vira cd van ban
thdng tin Cac van ban dupe xep theo dp
phtic tap tdng ddn qua cdc Idp hpc, cdp
hpe Dp phiic tap dua vao ba tieu chi
(quan trpng nhu nhau):
(i) Lupng (tdn sd tir, dp ddi cau, dp dai
tir, dp ddi vdn bdn, liSn ket vdn bdn);
(ii) Chat (cdc tang nghTa, cdc tdng myc
dich, cau tnic vdn ban, cac quy tdc ngdn
ngii, miic dp rd rdng, yeu edu nhiing kien
thire can phdi cd de dpc van bdn);
(iii) Ngudi dpc (d^ng eo, tri thiie vd
kinh nghiem ciia ngudi dpc, muc dich
dpc, dp phiic tap eua cdu hdi, ciia yeu cdu
doi vdi hpc sinh)
Dya tren ba tieu chi tren, he thdng
chudn xdy dyng ede nde thang, tdng ddn
dO khd cua van bdn dpe de gidp hpc sinh
vira phdt trien dupe cae kT ndng, vira ling
dung cdc kT nang dd vao viec dpc cdc van
bdn phiic t^p hon Chdng ban, he thdng
chuin dl nghj m^t vdn ban nhu "Grapes
of Wrath", phii hop vdi trinh dp dpc cua
hpc sinh Idp 9 va Idp 10 He thdng chuan
cd mpt danh sdch cac tdc phdm ldm mdu,
qua dd cd thi xdc dinh dupe dp khd thich
hpp vdi timg Idp hpc va tuong thich vdi
yeu ciu day hpc dupe dat ra trong chudn
H? th6ng chuin ciing cd danh sach ede
vdn bdn tham khdo (xem them Phu lye
!B)', nhung gido vien cd thi ty quyit dinh
cac vdn ban dupe dimg day hpc dl ddp
ling yeu cdu cua he thdng chudn Theo ket qua nghien cuu eiia nhdm soan thdo thi hpc sinh MT hien nay dang hpc dpc nhung van ban cd dp kho thdp hon so vdi yeu cau khi hpe dai hpe va khi
di ldm viec He thdng chudn chung ndy
ed gang khde phuc khodng each do
Ve ki nang viit
Diing lap luan de ciing cd cac nhdn dinh, cdc luan diem trong van ban, dung cdc bang chiing can yeu vd day dii Phdi viet mpt each logic dua tren cac nhan djnh, lap luan viing chdc vd cdc bdng chiing quan yeu Khi phdi xem xet cdc quan diem khdc nhau ve ciing mdt chii de hay vdn de, doi khi ddi hdi nhiing kien thiic va kinh nghiem vugt qua kien thiie
va kinh nghiem vdn ed eiia hpe sinh thi edc em phai ed kha ndng: suy nghT sdu sde va ed ddu dc phe phdn (critical thinking), tu danh gid dupe tinh xdc dang, diing ddn cua tu duy cua chinh cdc em; tien lupng dupe y kien phdn bi^n lai minh Hpc sinh phdi biet sdp xep cdc y tudng de lap luan mpt each hieu qua Viit bdi nghien eiiu giiip hpe sinh ndng cao nang luc dpc, ed khd ndng dpc nhung van bdn phirc tap hon, phdt trien ndng lye dpc viet cac van ban phi hu edu Hpc sinh phai dung nhieu phuang tien edng nghe (Google, Facebook, v.v.) de tiln hdnh nghien cuu, cdng bd vd hpp tac trao ddi vdi ngudi khdc Cac bdi nghien ciiu cd hai loai: loai bai tap, du dn phai chuan bi trong thdi gian ngan (gidng vdi nhung cdng viec thudng phai ldm khi di lam viec) vd loai bdi nghien ciiii phdi chudn bi lau han vd sdu
hon'^-Ve kindng noi vd nghe
Phdi phat trien kT nang trinh bdy,
Trang 7Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
thuylt trinh va nghe He thdng chudn yeu
cdu hpc sinh phai cd kha ndng ndm bat,
danh gia vd trinh bdy cdc thdng tin y
tudng bdng chimg vdi dp phuc tap tang
ddn thdng qua hoat ddng nghe va ndi
cung nhu thdng qua cdc phuong tien
truyen thdng
Dilm nhdn quan trpng ciia he thdng
chudn la nhung thdo luan mang tinh hoc
thuat dudi hinh thiic timg ddi hpc sinh
timg nhdm nhd hpc sinh va cd Idp Viec
trinh bay, thuylt trinh ddng vai trd quan
trpng, nhung nhimg thao luan nhu vdy
ciing quan trpng khdng kem de giup hpc
sinh phat triln kha nang hpp tac de trd loi
cdc cdu hdi, kien tao tri thirc va cung
nhau giai quyet vdn de
Ve ngdn ngil'
He thdng chudn yeu cau hpc sinh
phat trien vdn tir, nhdt la vdn tir hpc
thuat, thdng qua dam thoai, qua su gidng
gidi true tiep ciia giao vien va qua viec
dpc He thdng chuan yeu cau hpc sinh
phai hieu nghia cua tir, cdm nhan dupe su
khac biet ve sac thdi ciia tir, timg budc
md rdng vdn tir Vdn tir vd kien thirc ve
cdch diing ngdn ngii dupe trinh bay d
mdt phan rieng, nhung hpc sinh khdng
hpc nhiing kien thirc dy mdt cdch tach
biet md thdng qua hoat ddng dpc, viet,
ndi vd nghe (xem them [2])
Cdc kl nang dupe thiet kl thanh
nhung phan rieng, nhung trong thyc t l
day hpc thi cdc kT ndng dy phdi dupe tich
hpp vdi nhau Chang han, chudn yeu cdu
hpc sinh viet ve nhimg gi md cdc em dpc
dupe; ndi, nghe, trao ddi vdi nhau ve
nhimg gi ma cdc em phdt hien dupe tir
cdc bdi tap nghien cim
Di ap dung he thdng chuSn mon NgO- van trong Idp hgc, cdc nhd chuyen mon xdc dinh cdc nguyen tac day hi/c sau ddy":
(i) Coi viec dpc hilu van ban Id trung tdm ciia bdi hpc
(ii) Thilt kl hoat ddng giang day sao cho cd thi giup hpc sinh dpc cat vdn ban theo miic dp phirc tap dan qua timg lop, timg cdp hpc
(iii) Chii y day hpc cdc van bdn thdng tin ngay tit nhiing Idp dudi
(iv) Khdng thay thi viec dpc van ban bdng giang giai, khdng dpc hp hpc sinh (v) Hdi nhiing cau hdi bam sdt vdo van bdn
(vi) Tao CO hdi cho hpc sinh nghite ciiu, lam cdc bdi tap Idn (viit cd nhan djnh vd bang chiing)
(vii) Thudng xuyen tao co hpi cho hoc sinh trao ddi, chia se cdc y tudng, bdng chiing vd ket qua nghien ciru, tao co h6i cho cdc em ndi ve nhiing phat hien cua minh
(viii) Giang day mpt cdch he thing vdn tir cho hpc sinh
(ix) Gidi thich hien ngdn cdc quy tac ngii phdp vd nhirng quy ude khi viet | ^ (x) Giao due tinh tu lap, kha nang lam viec ddc Idp cho hpc sinh Giiip cdc em nhan thirc dupe trdeh nhiem hpc tap ciia chinh minh
3 Mot so lien hS voi viec ddi mfri chiromg trinh Ngir van d Viet Nam (i) Mdi khi vi the cua nude MT tren trudng qudc te bj lung lay, ngudi Mi, trude het la chinh phu, bao gid ciing nhin lai nen giao due cua minh Vd nhiing doi mdi gido due cua hp bao gid cung duoc
Trang 8Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
dat nen mdng tren nhirng ket qua nghien
ciiu, khdo sdt nghiem tiie cdng phu He
thdng ehudn nay cung dupe xay dyng
tren nhiing co sd li thuyet va nhieu dii
lieu thdng ke, dilu tra, khdo sat Ddc biet,
he thdng chudn ndy khong chi tham khao
ke thira chuan gido dye cdc bang cua MT
ma edn cap nhat thdnh tuu, kinh nghiem
ve xay dung chudn chuang trinh eiia
nhieu nen gido due tien tien tren the gidi
Nude MT ed dpi ngu chuyen gia hiing
manh, nhung cung hpc hdi kinh nghiem
qudc tl
Trong boi canh ddi mdi giao dye
cua Viet Nam, vdn bi tach biet qua Idu
vdi nhOng thanh tuu giao dye tren the
gidi, nghien ciru giao due chua phat trien
dii manh de dan dudng cho ddi mdi giao
dye, viec tham khdo kinh nghiem giao
dye qu6e te, dac biet la kinh nghiem ve
xdy dung chuong trinh de ndm bat dupe
tinh than ciia nen gido due hien dai la van
de sdng eon va cap bach
(ii) Tuy la mdt qudc gia co truyen
thong phdn quyen manh, nhung MT van
khuyen khich vi^e xay dyng nhung chudn
gido due ehung eho todn lien bang Trong
h§ thdng chuan chung do cung eo quy
djnh nhiing loai vdn ban nhdt thiet phai
dupe day vd hpc Ddng thai nay cho thay
dii mdt nen giao dye cd da dang den ddu
thi vdn edn phdi cd nhiing chuan kien
thiic va kT nang cdt loi dupe cd qudc gia
chia se, mien Id viec chdp nhdn nhiing gid
tri cdt loi chung dd khdng ldm ban che
quyin ty chii va sdng tao ciia dia phuang,
nhd trudng va gido vien
He thdng chudn cua MT ed mdt sd
•phv lye, ching ban phu lye cae van ban
mlu dl xdc dinh dp khd ciia vdn bdn
thich hpp vdi timg Idp hpc phu luc cac tae phdm van hpc, van ban dupe diing nhu nhung thdng tin tham khdo vira giup dia phuong nha trudng va giao vien cd dinh hudng lua chpn van ban de giang day vira tao mdt khdng gian tu do eho hp
cd nhiing quyet dinh rieng
Khde vdi MT, nen gido due Viet Nam ed truyen thdng tap quyen Doi mdi edn ban, toan dien nen giao dye se giiip thao gd nhirng diem "nghen mach'" do tinh chat tap quyen tao ra Tuy vay, viee giii edn bang giiia sy phdn cap vd giao quyen tu chu de tao khdng gian eho su nang ddng, sang tao vdi viee duy tri nhung gia tri giao due cdt Idi, thong nhdt eua quoe gia van la mdt van de co tinh nguyen tac Chuong trinh Ngii van sau nam 2015 can co tinh chdt md de co the bien soan nhieu bp saeh gido khoa Cdn trao cho eac tdc gia sach gido khoa quyen lua chpn tac pham van hpe vd van bdn Ngoai ra, nen danh mpt ti le thich hap cac tac pham vdn hpc, vdn ban do gido vien vd hpe sinh lua chpn [3], [4], 15] Tuy nhien, mac dii khdng cdn neu tdc pham cy the, nhung chuong trinh van edn quy dinh mpt ti le thich hop cac loai vdn ban, tac phdm ed tinh '"cd dien'" nhu ca dao, truyen co va mpt sd tac pham eiia cae nha van hda Idn ciia dan tdc Doi mdi chuang trinh de nen giao dye dao tao dupe nhung edng ddn cd kha nang hdi nhap the gidi, nhung dd cung phdi Id nhiing ngudi hieu dupe di san vdn hda ciia ddn tdc minh
De tao dupe ngudn tdc phdm van hpe phong phii, phii hop vdi hpc sinh Viet Nam, viee ddi mdi day hpc mdn Ngu" van rat cdn su ddng gdp eiia cdc nhd
Trang 9Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
van Viet Nam Nhiing tac phdm da xudt
bdn Idu nay ciia nhOng nhd van nhu
Nguyin Nhat Anh, Ta Duy Anh ciing
vdi nhimg sdng tdc sdp tdi se la ngudn tac
phdm dl cho cdc nhdm tdc gid sdch gido
khoa, nha trudng, gido vien, hpc sinh lira
chpn Cdc nhd van cung se cd ddng gdp
rdt Idn trong viec gidi thieu cho cdc tac
gid sdch gido khoa, gido vien nhiing tdc
phdm van hpc phii hpp'^ D I hpc sinh hpc
tdt mdn NgQ vdn khdng the khdng cd
ngudn vdn ban cd chdt lupng cao vd phii
hpp vdi ddi tupng
Viec cho hpc sinh dupe lira chpn
mpt cudn sdch ndo dd ma cdc em dang
dpc dl viit vd trinh bay trude Idp ciing la
mdt hudng nen khich le Chac se cd
ngudi lo ngai hi?n tupng lech lac Nhung
chinh viec de cho cdc em dupe ndi ve
nhiing gi md minh dang quan tdm se giiip
thdy cd vd nhd trudng hilu cdc em hon
Nhd dd ma cd hinh thuc giao due thich
hpp, kip thdi phdt hien, udn nan nhiing
hien tupng tieu cue Neu tat cd qud trinh
giao due deu Id su dp dat tir ben ngoai,
khdng ddng cham den dupe suy nghT,
cdm xiic cua thanh thieu nien thi giao due
se chi di qua ben le cupe ddi ciia cdc em
va cac em ciing Idn ISn md thieu su dan
dat [6] Nhieu hien tupng xdy ra trong
gidi tre gdn ddy cho thdy nen gido due
ciia Viet Nam cd ve dang ldm vdo tinh
trang ddng hudn nhu vdy
(iii) Viec he thdng chudn tap trung cai
cdch d hai mdn hpc Ngir van vd Todn cho
thdy tdm quan trpng cua nang lire giao
tilp vd ndng lire tu duy chinh xac, chat
che trong viec dao tao nen nhiing cdng
dan cua thi ki XXI Tuy vay, npi dung
kiln thiic trong nhiing linh vuc hiiu quati cung khdng bj xem nhe Dpc, viet, ndi va nghe dupe xdc dinh la xuong sdng cua chuong trinh mdn Ngir vdn, nhung thdng qua cdc hoat dpng dpc, viit, ndi va nghe, mdn NgQ vdn cung giup hpc sinh kien tao dupe tri thiic vl van hpc vd ngdn ngii (xem them Moffett & Wagner 1»92) ., (iv) He thong chudn ciia MT yeu ciu nha trudng phdi day cho hpc sinh bilt cdch "dpc van ban nhu cdc tham tu va viit van ban nhu cac phdng vien dilu tea" D I cao bdng chiing, suy lu^n va lap luan trong khi dpc va viit phdi dupe coi
la mdt nguyen li nIn tdng trong d£iy hoc Ngir van Dpc hieu theo gpi y cua sach gido khoa; viit theo van mdu, khi khdng
cd mdu thi sa vdo dai ddng, lan man, thilu dinh hudng va lap luan la nhOng diem yeu kem can bdn cua nhieu hpc sinh Viet Nam Vi vdy, cdn tranh tinh trang thay ddi cue doan tir chd dp dat each hieu cua sdch gido khoa cho hpc sinh sang xu hudng cd vii cho Idi doc tiiy ti$n M6i hpc sinh cd quyen dpc hieu theo kinh nghiem, cam xiic cua minh, nhung nhat thilt phai dua tren cdc chi tilt, bang chiing trong vdn ban Bdn than cdc giao vien Ngii vdn, sdn phdm cua cdch d^ hpc NgO van lau nay, cQng phdi tu nd luc rdt nhieu dl "got rira" chinh minh, vu?l len chinh minh de day cho hpc sinh doc van bdn theo cdch nhu v|ly
Tuy chuong trinh vira qua dd cd doi mdi bang viec chii y cd cdc van ban phi
hu cdu, nhung cho din nay, trong quan niem chung, hpc Ngii van la hpc cac tac phdm vdn hpc Phai thay ddi sau sdc quan ni$m ndy Cd nhu vay thi vi|c danh gia
Trang 10ndng luc Ngii vdn mdi gan vdi viec ddnh
gia ndng lye hpc dai hpe vd lam viec ciia
hpc sinh Neu chi xoay quanh nhiing tdc
pham van hpe ndi tieng kieu nhu ciia
Xudn Dieu, Huy Can, Xudn Quynh thi
mdn Ngii van khdng thiet yeu ddi vdi
nhu cau dao tao ngudn nhdn luc den miic
nhilu qudc gia phdi tim cdch ddi mdi mpt
each cip bdch nhu hien nay DT nhien,
noi nhu thi khdng ed nghia la xem nhe
chiic ndng giao dye tham mi, phdm chdt
ngudi va tinh nhdn van cua mdn hpe ndy
Van d% Id phai hieu rang do mdi chi la
"mpt niia" sii m ^ g cua mdn Ngu vdn
(v) Chuong trinh Ngii van sau nam
2015 phdi cdn nhde kT khd ndng vd nhu
cdu tiep thu cua hpe sinh va yeu cau gido
dye eua timg cdp hpc, Idp hpc de co dinh
hudng eho tdc gid sach giao khoa sdp x%p
cac vdn ban hpp li theo do phiic tap (dfi
khd) tdng dan (ve ed djnh lupng Idn dinh
tinh) Viec dua mpt sd van ban lam mdu
de giiip tdc gid sdch gido khoa hinh dung
d0 khd ciia vdn bdn thich hpp ddi vdi
timg Idp nhu edeh ldm cua he thdng
chudn la can thiet, nhat la khi Viet Nam
Idn ddu tiSn thiet ke chuang trinh vd bien
soan sdch gido khoa theo djnh hudng
hinh thanh ndng luc, chii khdng Idy muc
tieu trang bj kien thiic lam chii dao
Chuang trinh Ngii van (trung hpc) Idu
nay do bi chi phdi bdi logic eua lich sir
vdn hpc, gin ddy chii trpng tieu chi thi
lo?i (trung hpc ca sd), nen vi^e sap xep
vdn ban khdng ehii y nhieu den tieu chi quan trpng dd, vi vdy cd tinh trang kha phd bien la hpc sinh Idp thdp hon lai phdi hpc nhiing van bdn phiie tap ban Chang ban ede lap trung hpe eo sd phai hpc rdt nhieu cdc vdn ban trung dai, ndi dung cdch biet xa vdi cudc s6ng hien tai, ngdn ngii phirc tap, trong khi do thi cac Idp trung hpe pho thdng thi co ca hdi hpc cdc van bdn Men dai nhieu hon [1] Cd the coi d6 Id bieu hien eda mpt chuang trinh giao due dp dat kieu truyen thdng, vi logic ciia chuang trinh khdng can cu vdo kinh nghiem cua ngudi hpc ma hodn todn dua vdo mpt cdi gi dd ben ngodi [6] (vi) Viec ren luyen kT ndng dpc, viet, nghe, ndi ciia hpc sinh d Viet Nam lau nay chi dupe eoi la trach nhiem cua cac giao vien Ngii vdn Chuang trinh ciia Viet Nam sap den can trao them trach nhiem nay cho gido vien cae bp mon .khac nhu Lich su, Dja li, Giao due cdng ddn, Kjhoa hpc Chinh qua viec ren luyen dpc, viet, nghe, ndi, gido vleh nhung bd mdn noi tren se giiip hpe sinh nam tdt hon nhiing kien thurc khoa hpc hiiu quan
Vd keo theo do la y6u cdu trong chuang trinh dao tao giao vien eac bp mon deu phdi CO mon day tieng me de trong hpc thuat vd mdn dao tao giao vign day dpc, viet, nghe, ndi trong ITnh vuc bp mon ciia minh, dieu ma chuang trinh ddo tao gido vien ciia MT da lam tir Idu