MOT VAI SO SANH VE CHE DO GIAO DUG KHOA CUT GIUA TRIEU LY Of VIET NAM VA TRIEU CAO LY 0 HAN QUOC Tom t3t Gido due ludn Id yiu td cdn bdn di phdt triin nin vdn hda mdi qudc gia Viet Nam vd Hdn Qudc cUn[.]
Trang 1MOT VAI SO SANH VE CHE DO GIAO DUG KHOA CUT GIUA TRIEU LY Of
VIET NAM VA TRIEU CAO LY 0 HAN QUOC
Tom t3t: Gido due ludn Id yiu td cdn bdn di phdt triin nin vdn hda mdi qudc gia Viet
Nam vd Hdn Qudc cUng khdng ngogi le Khi nhd Ly dugre thdnh lap & nu&c ta cung Id lite nin gido due theo tu tu&ng Nho gido dugre di cao, khoa cit tr& thdnh con du&ng quan trgng
di tuyin chgn quan lgi ra giup nu&c Tuang tu, du&i triiu dgi Cao Ly & Hdn Qudc, v&i viec xdy dung Qudc Tir Gidm & Khai Thdnh vdo ndm 992 nhdm ddo tgo quan lgi cd dit ndng luc diiu hdnh qudc gia da chimg td su quan tdm cita triiu dinh ddi v&i vdn de gido due Viec elm trgng phdt triin gido due theo Nho gido ciing su tuong thich ve nien dgi tdn tgi giira hai triiu dgi ciia hai qudc gia Id nhung ca s& chinh de cluing tdi time hien su so sdnh trong bdi viit ndy
Tu* kh6a: Gido due, Khoa cii, Cao Ly, Trieu Ly, Qudc Tir Giam
Jren Bdn ddo Han, nen giao due dugc
bit dau sau khi hinh thdnh ba vuong
qudc Id Jl-T^B^/Koguryeo/Cao Cdu Ly,
<0H}/ Silla/Tan La vd ^^ ^ll/Paekche/Bach
T I Tuy nhien, n l u nhu nin gido due tren
bdn dao Hdn thdi Tam qudc mdi chi dugc
xem Id giai doan hinh thanh trat tu gido due
thi din trilu dai Cao Ly (918-1392) - mdt
trong nhung trilu dai phong kien hiing manh
nhit tren Bdn ddo Trilu Tien - nen mdng
gido due thyc sy hinh thdnh va cd nhtrng
budc phdt trien vugt bac
Ddi vdi nudc ta, mdt ngdn ndm Bdc thudc
Id thdi ky den tdi ciia ljch sir Bdi trong sudt
10 thi ky iy, giai cap thdng trj ngoai bang da
thyc hien nhilu chinh sdch cyc ky tan dc nhu
trin dp, vo vet, bdc lot tan te vd tim mgi
cdch ddng hda nhan dan ta, nhdm bien dan
tgc ta trd thdnh qudn huyen cua hg Song,
ben canh nhti-ng tieu cyc ay, chung ta van
khdng t h i phu nhan mdt sd yeu td da gdp
phan tac ddng manh me den sy phat trien cua dat nudc la trong thdi ky Bdc thudc Mot trong cac yeu td ay chinh la giao due Dau thdi Han, Thai thii Giao Chi la Tich Quang vd Thai thu Cuu Chan la Nham Dien
da dung trudng day dd nhan dan ta theo con dudng le, nghTa Nhu vay, ngay tir the ky thir nhat sau cdng nguyen, Nho giao va nhd trudng da xuat hien tren dat nudc ta Khoang thi ky III, Thai thu Giao Chi la ST Nhilp da chieu nap nhieu danh sT Trung Qudc sang nudc la lanh nan (bdi cudc chien tan khdc thdi Tam qudc gitra Nguy - Thuc - Ngd) va cho dyng nha hgc de cimg giang day Do cd cdng ddi vdi viec md mang giao due nen nhan dan ta da tdn dng la "Nam giao hgc td" Bay gid, nhan dan ta da tu lap trudng hgc vd mdi cac danh sT ay day cho con em ngudi Viet Mdt sd nho sT ngudi Vict bay gid rat gidi nhu Ly Tien, Ly Cam, Truong Trgng,
' ThS, Khoa Ddng phuong h(?c - Trudng Dai hpc Da Lat
Trang 2Nghien cim khoa hpc '
Khuong Cdng Phu, Khuong Cdng Phuc'
Hg da dugc bd nhiem giir nhieu trgng trdch
Dii cd mdt sd thanh qud tren, song nhin
chung nen gido due nudc ta thdi Hdn
Dudng - Ngu dai khdng phdt trien sau rong
Dudi cdc trieu dai ty chii Ngo Dinh
-Tien Le d nudc ta, cdc vj vua ddu trilu tuy
da chu y den gido due song do bdi cdnh ljch
sir (trong 100 ndm da xdy ra 4 Idn huu vong
ciia cdc trieu dai)" nen nen gido due cua
nudc ta chua cd dieu kien phdt trien manh
Ndm 1009, Ly Cdng Udn len ngdi lap ra
trieu Ly Vdi khodng thdi gian tdn tai Id 215
ndm (1009 - 1225) vd trai qua 9 ddi vua (Tir
vua Ly Thdi Td den vua Ly Chieu Hodng),
trieu dai nay da cho thay sy thay ddi ve chat
so vdi cdc thdi ky trudc dd Vua Thdi Td
trieu Ly chinh Id vj vua nhan sii menh xay
dyng ddt nudc vdi sy nghiep ddi mdi sdu sdc
tren cdc ITnh vyc: ddi m&i triiu dgi, ddi m&i
ehi do, ddi m&i xd hgi Y thiirc dugc sir menh
Idn lao ay, Ly Cdng Udn dd ddi dd tir Hoa
Lu ra Thdng Long Sau dd, dng cung nhu
cdc vj vua trieu Ly da chdm lo den mgi ITnh
vyc, trong dd cd gido due Ban dau, trieu Ly
da tuyen dung lyc lugng quan lai bdng lien
' Nguyen DSng Tien (chii bien), Lich sic gido due Viet
Nam tricac Cdch mgng thdng Tdm 1945, Nbx Giio due,
Hi Npi, 1996, Ir 8
" Nim 938, Ngd Quyin dinh tan quan Nam Hin vi len
ngdi vua, md diu thdi ky tu chii ciia nhan dan ta Sau khi
trj vi 27 nim thi \iy ra loan mudi hai sir quan Nim 968,
Dinh Bp LTnh hoan thanh viec dep loan va len ngdi, dit
ten nudc Ii Dai Cd Viet Cudi trieu Dinh, su tranh chap
ngdi vua kiin npi bp bat dn Trudc nguy co xam luge cua
quan T6ng, Thai hau Duong Van Nga cimg triiu thin d i
ton Thgp dgo tudng quan Le Hoan len ngdi vua Nlii Tien
Le da thay nha Dinh danh Tdng bao v? dat nudc Song
cung theo vet xe cu, con cai Le Hoan lai xay ra cupc chien
huynh d? tuong tin vi ngdi bau Le Long DTnh d i giet anh
dogt ngdi Nim 1009, Le Long DTnh chet, trieu than d i
suy tdn Ly Cdng Uan len ngdi lap ra trieu Ly
CU, nhung kit qua khdng dugc nhu mong mudn Do dd, trilu dinh da thyc hien viec ddo tao quan lai theo nen gido due chinh quy cua nhd nudc dl phuc vy cho qiia trinh xay dyng nhd nudc qudn chii chuyen che trung uong tap quyen
1 Ngi dung che do giao diic, khoa cii' ciia trieu Ly (Viet Nam) va Cao Ly (Han Quoc)
/./ Ngi dung chi do gido due, khoa cir cua trieu Ly
1.1.1 Td chirc trir&ng l&p
Ndm 1070, Ly Thdnh Tdng da cho dung Vdn Mieu de thd Chu Cdng, Khdng Tu, tii phdi (Nhan Tu, Tdng Tir, Tur Tu, Manh Tu)
va tac tugng 72 vi tien hien Id cdc hoc Iro gidi ciia Khdng TOr Vdi viec lap Vdn Mieu .ndm 1070 (khi Phat gido vdn tiep tuc dugc
de cao) chiing td vua Ly Thanh Tdng - vj vua thii ba trieu Ly - da thay d Chu Cong, Khdng Tiir mdt hgc thuyet ve dao trj quoc phil hgp vd cd khd ndng dan dudng cho che
do chinh trj - xa hdi ma dng dang xay dung
vd ciing cd Sau dng, cdc vj vua tiep theo cua trieu dai ndy ngdy cang nhan thiic ro rang hon ve vdn de ndy
Ndm 1076, vua Ly Nhan Tdng cho xay dyng Qudc Tu Gidm de day cho hodng lir va con cdi cdc bdc dai quan Tiep theo sy kien lap Vdn Mieu, viec lap Qudc Tir Gidm -trudng dai hgc dau tien d nudc ta - chinh la mdt minh chirng hung hdn rdng tir day nudc
ta se cd mgt nin gido due ddc lap Tuy nhien, boat ddng gido due tai Qudc Tu Gidm bay gid mdi chi hudng tdi ddi tugng Id cac hodng tu vd con em cdc bdc dai quan, giiip
hg bilt dao tri nudc an dan, chir chua md rdng din qudn chiing
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Trang 3Nghien cim khoa hpc
Ngodi trieu dinh, viec hgc tap d cdc dia
phuong deu do nhan ddn ty tuc, chii yeu Id
do cdc nhd chiia vd cdc nho sT md
/ 1.2 Gido due th&i Ly
- Muc tieu gido due: muc tieu gido due
cua Nho gido Id ddo tao ke sT vd ngudi qudn
tiir So vdi trilu Ngd - Dinh - Tiln Le, muc
tieu dd dugc xdc djnh rd hon d thdi Ly vd cd
thdi Trdn, Hd sau ndy, dd Id:
+ Vi sd lugrng: phdi ddo tao dugc Idp
quan lai ddng ddo cd vdn lan vd d l phuc vu
cho bg mdy nhd nudc tir trung udng din dja
phuong
+ Vi chdt luong: Phdi ddo tao dugc
nhQ-ng ngudi cd du dure, tai, cd ndng lyc xdy
dyng xa hgi phong kien, biet chi huy chien
dau tdi gidi de giQ- nudc, chdng ngoai xdm
- Ddc trung gido due th&i Ly: dd chinh Id
hi?n lugng "Tam gido ddng nguyen" (ciing
luc tdn tai cd Nho gido, Phdt gido, Dao gido)
Day Id net ddc trung ndi bat cua gido due
dudi trieu dai ndy
Diu thi ky XI, cdc vua quan trieu Ly deu
rit mg dao Phat Cdc vuong trieu da tiep thu
vd phdt triln dao Phdt din dinh cao ciia nd
Thay vi chi chuyen trj thuyet phdp, nhieu
nhd su da trd thdnh Qudc su, dirng ra lam
chinh trj, giiip vua vd trieu dinh ldm cdc
cdng viec ngoai giao, hdnh chinh, gido due
Ddc biet, tgi cdc trudng d dja phuong, nhd
chiia cung ddng thdi Id mdi trudng gido due
Vdi tinh chit Id mdt hgc thuyet chinh trj,
d?o trj nudc, Nho gido da dugc trilu Ly tiep
nhan vd sii dung nd nhu mgt cdng cu de xdy
dyng mgt n i n gido due chinh quy Trudng
hgc dugc td chirc, nho sT ngdy cang nhieu,
quan lgi xuit than tir gido due khoa cu ngdy
cang gio- nhilu trgng trdch d trieu dinh vd dja
phuong ban Cdng v l sau, tir cdc y i l u Trin,
Hd, Le, Nho gido ngdy cdng tin cdng Phdt gido de khang djnh vj tri ddc tdn cua minh Ngodi Phdt gido, Nho gido thi Dao gido
da dugc du nhap vdo nudc ta vdi hai dong
"Dao gido than tien" vd "Dao giao phii thuy" Tuy nhien, "Dao gido thin tien" Id mdt trilt hgc rat khd nen chi nhung ngudi cd trinh do hgc van uyen tham mdi cd Ihl tilp thu Ngugc lai, "Dao gido phii thiiy" vdi nhilu yeu td dj doan da hda nhap vdi tin nguong bdn dja cung mang tinh chit phuong thuat,
ma thuat trd thanh bdi loan, ddng cdt trong cdc tang Idp nhan dan ben dudi
Ljch sur the gidi da timg chiing kien nhurng cudc chien tranh ton gido dam mdu dien ra d nhieu nudc Tuy nhien, d nudc la cac ton giao lai dung hda vdi nhau, mem boa
di trong chirng muc nhal djnh, nd cung co tdc dung giao due tich cue ddi vdi lang Idp tri thirc, vua quan va quan chiing nhan dan Noi each khac, dudi thdi Ly, "Tam giao ddng nguyen" chinh la net dac trung ndi bat ciia giao due chinh thdng Nd da gdp phdn tao nen y thirc he tu tudng ddc ddo cua thdi dai, gdp phan trong cdng cudc giti- nudc, dyng nudc cung nhu trong dao dire Idi sdng ciia mgi ngudi
- Ndi dung gido due th&i Ly: nhd trudng
thdi Ly (cung nhu nhd Tran, Hd, Le) sau ndy diu chgn sdch giao khoa ciia Nho gido nhu Tli thu, Ngu kinh de giang day
6 cdc cap au hgc tai ldng xd, ngudi ta phdng doan rang cd le cdc trudng tu cung
diing cdc sach khai tam nhu Hieu kinh, Tam
tu kinh, Minh tdm bdo gidm, Minh dgo gia hudn do ngudi Trung Qudc viet Bdi bay
gid, chua thay sach do ngudi Viet bien soan
Dh phuc vu cac ky thi Tam giao, cdc sT lir
cdn phdi hgc them gido ly cua Dao gido
Trang 4Nghien cim khoa hpc
Phdt gido Tuy nhien, ndi dung thi cii cu the
ciia thdi Ly ra sao khdng dugc sii sdch ghi rd
/ 1.3 Td chirc khoa cir du&i th&i Ly
Cd Ihl thiy dudi trieu Ly, nha nudc trung
uong chua thyc sy quan tam chu trgng den
viec md cdc trudng Idp cdng d dja phuong
Song ddi lai, trieu dinh nay lai rat chii y den
viec td chirc cac khoa thi Bieu hien cu the la
cdc khoa thi ngdy cdng tang vd npi dung chat
lugng cung ngay cang hodn thien hon
Nam 1075, vua Ly Nhan Tdng cho md
khoa thi Tam trudng dau tien lay ten Id Minh
Kinh bdc hgc, ken chgn ngudi hien tai ra ldm
quan Da cd 10 ngudi triing tuyen, dd dau la
Le Vdn Thjnh^ Ong da vdo giang day tai
Qudc Tli gidm vd da ldm den chiic Thai su
Khoa cir nudc ta bdt ddu tir dd vd danh xung
hgc vj Thdi hgc sinh (gdm 3 gidp) ciing cd tir
thdi diem ndy (1075)
Ndm 1086, Ly Nhan Tdng lai md khoa thi
chgn ngudi gidi van hgc vd Hdn Lam vien de
nghien cuu kinh sii gidng tap cho vua Dd
dau ky thi ndy Id Mac Hien Tich, dugc bd
nhiem ldm Hdn ldm vien hgc sT, rdi thdng
den chiirc Thugng thu
Ndm 1185, vua Ly Cao Tdng da md khoa
thi chon nhan sT trong nudc tir 19 tuoi trd len,
thdng thao thi, thu vdo chdu gidng d ngy
dien Da cd 20 ngudi dugc tuyIn, yong dd
' Le van Thjnh (? - ?) ngudi ling Ddng Ciru, phu Gia
Djnh (Bic Ninh ngiy nay) Sau khi dd dau nam At Mao
Nam Giip Ti (1084) dng lam Chinh sir, d i ciing Nguyen
nhi Tdng tri lai dit dai cua ta mi Nimg Tri Cao da dang
Thii su Nam 1096, dng bi nghi ky Ii cd y phan vua nen
bj cich chuc vi day len mien thuong luu sdng Thao
Khdng rd dng mat nim nio? (Theo Nguyin Quyet Thing,
- Bo mdi, Nxb Tdng hpp Thinh phd Hd Chi Minh, tr 549)
do diu Id Dd T h i Dien, Biii Qudc Khdi, ; Ddng Nghiem
Nam 1195, Ly Cao Tdng lai md khoa thi Tam gido nham ken chgn nhtimg ngudi gioi
cd ba gido ra ra giup vua trj nudc
1.2 Npi dung che dp khoa cir gido due eda trieu Cao Ly
1.2.1 Td chirc trtr&ng l&p
Ngay tir khi xdy dyng trieu dai, nha nudc Cao Ly da chii y den viec phdt trien giao due Dudi trieu vua Thdi td (Vuong Kien), Khai Thanh vd Binh Nhudng da cd trudng hgc Tuy nhien, vdi viec thiet lap ^ ^ } ^
{Kukehagam - Qudc TOr Gidm) vdo ndm 992
thi nen mdng gido due ciia Cao Ly mdi thuc
sy hinh thdnh Gidng nhu mdt vien dai hpc
ngdy nay, Kukehagam gdm 6 trudng hgc hay Kinh Su Luc Hgc gdm:
- Qudc Tir Hgc {Kukchahak - ^7\^) -lhk\\{0Q{Taehak-^^)
- Tu Mdn Hgc {Samunhak - ^\^'^)
-Luat Hgc (Fur/zaAr-^t]-)
- Thu Hgc {Seohak - ^] ^)
- Todn Hgc {Sanhak - ^^)
Cdc trudng ndy dugc thiet lap dudi trieu vua ^ ^ (Injong - Nhan Tdng, 1122-1146) Dudi thdi vua Thdnh Tdng (981-987), vin
de gido due d dia phuong chua dugc td chirc, Tuy nhien, vua Nhan Tdng (1122-1146) da thi hien nhiet tdm ciia minh trong viec pho cap gido due cho ndng thdn Ban ddu, dng da dua thanh nien tir cdc dja phuong ve hgc tai kinh dd Sau khi chuong trinh ndy that bai, dng da gui cdc hgc gid ve kinh dien, y hgc va cdc ngdnh nghe khdc ve ndng thdn day hpc Song vdi qud trinh nay, cdc trudng cdng lap cung dugc nhd nudc md tai dja phuong dfi gido due thanh nien sd tai Den day, h? thdng trudng hgc ciia Cao Ly dugc xay dyng hodn chinh
NGHIEN CdKl OdNG B^C fl, sd 3(145) 3-2103
52
Trang 5Nghien ciru khoa hpc
Mdt ddc diem mdi me trong xa hdi Cao
Ly dd Id sy xudt hien cua cac trudng tu vdi
tu cdch Id nbOng co sd chinh dl gido due
thanh thieu nien quy tdc Dudi trilu vua
^f^ {Munjong/Wan Tdng, 1046 - 1083), sy
ki?n ^ %• (Choe Chung - Thdi Xung), mdt
d^i nho dugc coi nhu Khdng TOr ciia Trieu
Tien, thiet lap mdt Ciru Trai Hgc Du&ng
-chuyen day 9 mdn - dd ddnh dau budc khdi
ddu trong viec phdt trien cdc trudng tu d Cao
Ly Sau dd, hdng loat cdc trudng tu khdc do
cdc quan chirc cao cap cu vd nhd nho ndi
tilng da dugc md
1.2.2 Gido due th&i Cao Ly
Mdc dii tat ca cdc trudng cua Kinh Su Luc
Hgc diu biet lap, song khdng phdi vi the ma
moi trudng dua ra mgt chuong trinh giang
d^y khdc nhau Cdc trudng Qudc TOr Hgc,
Thdi Hgc, Tir Mdn Hgc diu la nhQng noi
day chii yeu cdc ngudn truyen thdng Trung
Qudc nhu Ngu kinh, Hieu kinh, Ludn ngu-
Sy khdc biet ciia cdc trudng ndy Id d nhQ-ng
ddi hdi diu vdo (dja vi xa hdi) ddi vdi cdc
sinh vien
1.1.3 Cdc hinh thue thi cir
Tgi Cao Ly, khoa cOr ddng vai trd nen tdng
cho vi?c bd nhiem quan lai, gdm 3 loai cu
nghiep co bdn:
+ Chl thuat nghiep {Chesul eop - ^fl#
*y) tuyIn chgn cdc thi sinh cd kha ndng sang
tdc cdc thi loai vdn chuong ciia Trung Qudc
nhu thi, phli, tung
+ Minh kinh nghiep {Myeonggyeong eop
-^^ *y) sdt hach sy hilu bilt vl cdc tdc
pham kinh siir Nho gido nhu Tu thu, Ngu
kinh
+ Tgp nghiep {Chap eop - ^^ "^) dl chgn
nhihig ngudi cd khd nang ve ky thuat, nhdt
la vl lugt, kl todn, y tl,bdi todn vd phong
thuy
Trong dd, Chi thudt nghiip vd Minh kinh nghiip deu nhdm muc dich tuyIn chgn cdc
quan van Do do, dau trilu dai nay da cd din
6000 ngudi thi sdng lac, trong khi dd chi cd
450 thi kinh sOr"* Sd lieu ndy it nhieu cho thdy giai cap quy tdc thd ky ndy chudng van chuong hon sy hieu bilt ve cdc sdch kinh
dien ciia Nho giao Trong khi dd, Tgp nghiep
lai Id cupc thi nhdm tuyen chgn cdc chuyen vien ve ky thuat, luat todn, y te bdi loan va phong thiiy Cudi trieu Cao Ly, Cung Nhugng Vuong mdi bdt dau td chuc cac cudc thi vd Do dd, ndi trieu Cao Ly khdng
cd thi vo cung khdng sai
Tuy nhien, he thdng thi cOr d Cao Ly khdng phai la each thiic duy nhat de tuyen chpn vien chiic Dc bao ve dia vj xa hpi ciia
giai cap quy tdc, he thdng umseo (dm ty
-•%-^]- lire la sy bd nhiem dugc bao hd) da ra
ddi Theo dd, con trai mdt vien chuc dan sy hay quan sy thudc hang ngu pham hay tren ntra, cd the dugc nhd nudc bd nhiem vdo mdt chirc vu ndo dd Binh linh hay cdng chirc cung cd quyen truyen cdng viec lai cho
con Cd the thay, hinh thirc cha truyin eon ndi, khoa cic va dm tu la 3 con dudng md
con em quy tdc phong kien cd the di de gia nhap hang ngu quan lai Nhu vay, nit cue he thdng hanh chinh ciia Cao Ly rdt cudc van bj bao vay bdi nhQ-ng the che quy tpc manh me
Ngoai khoa cii, dm tu (la nhu-ng hinh thiic
chinh dl luyin chgn va bd nhiem quan lai), Cao Ly cdn mgt hinh thirc khac dd chinh
Id -n-e/Yuil Yuil la hinh thirc tuyIn chgn
ddc biet - tiln cu - ddnh cho ngudi cd hgc thuc, tdi ndng vd due hanh hon ngudi, nhung
•* Xem Kl baik Lee (2002), Korea xda vd nay - Ljch sic
Hdn Quoc tdn bien Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Thinh phd Hd
Chi Minh, tr 166
53
Trang 6Nghien cim khoa hpc
do khdng cd gia the nen khdng the lam quan
Tuy nhien, Yuil khdng phdi Id mdt trong
nhu-ng hinh thuc chinh de tuyen chgn quan
lai thdi Cao Ly
Ve ddi tugrng dugre du thi: d Cao Ly, mdt
ngudi toi yangin (luong nhan - ^^^y) deu cd
the di thi, nhung cheonmin (lien dan - ^ ^ )
vd con cdc nha su khdng cd tu cdch de du thi
Song trong thyc te, gidi ndng dan cung hau
nhu khdng the di thi, dii Id luong nhan
2 Nhirng tuo-ng ddng va khac biet
trong che do giao due, khoa cu* cua trieu
Ly d Viet Nam va trieu Cao Ly d Han
Quoc
Dii mdi budc ddu tim hieu ve che do gido
due, khoa cir cua nhd Ly (Viet Nam) vd Cao
Ly (Han Qudc), song vdi nhQ-ng hieu biet
ban dau neu tren, chiing tdi cung manh dan
dua ra mdt sd nhan xet nhu sau:
2.1 Nhirng diem tuong dong
Thir nhdt, cung nhu nhieu qudc gia khdc
tren the gidi, Viet Nam thdi Ly vd Hdn Qudc
thdi Cao Ly deu chii trgng den gido due Bdi
ddy la con dudng quan trgng de ddo tao vd
lya chpn ngudi hien tdi ra giup nudc; ddng
thdi la mpt trong nhQng bien phdp giup cac
trilu dai xay dung vd cung cd vQ-ng chdc che
dp phong kien trung uong tap quyen
Thir hai, dii chi tiet cd khdc biet, song ve
CO ban hai trieu dai ndy deu sir dung cdc
sdch cua Nho hpc Trung Qudc nhu Tir thu,
Ngii kinh Idm npi dung chinh ciia qud trinh
gidng day Tai sao lai nhu vay ? Cdn nguyen
cua van de ndy theo chiing tdi cd the ly giai
nhu sau:
- (7 Viet Nam, Nho gido dd du nhap vdo
nudc ta tir thdi Ddng Hdn vdi sy xudt hien
ciia cdc Thai thii Tich Quang, Nham Dien, ST
Nhiep Tuy nhien, sudt thdi Bdc thugc, Nho
gido van khdng the thjnh dat bdi dudi con
mdt ngudi Viet biy gid, nd chi Id mdt cdng ;
cu "dong hda" ciia ke di xdm luge Den trilu
Ly, cudc ddi dd ciia Ly Thdi Td tir Hoa Lu
ra Thdng Long da chumg td nhtmg nhan thiic mdi cua ngudi dimg diu trieu dai ve van menh mdi ciia dit nudc Do dd, dii Phdt gido van dugc de cao, song vdi nhung Idi ran day ciia Due Phat ve "be khd", con ngudi can "tu nhan tich due de tim hanh phiic d cdi Niit bdn" da khien con ngudi quay lung lai vdi vdng danh lgi Ddn ddn, cdc vua quan trilu
Ly ngdy cdng nhdn thuc rd rdng rdng y thirc
he ciia dao Phat khdng phdi Id cho dya tinh than cua hg
- Tgi Hdn Qudc, Nho giao da du nhap vao
Hdn Qudc tir thdi Tam Qudc (khodng the ky IV); song den thdi Koryo, do dugc sy bao trg ciia yieu dinh, Nho gido da cd nhung budc phdt trien manh me Vdo cudi trilu dai nay, cd liic nd cdn lan at vj tri ciia Phdt gido Nhtrng tri thuc nho hgc dugc bd nhiem Idm quan vd gdn nhu nam loan bd chinh trudng
vd ddi sdng xa hdi
Cung vdi qud trinh xay dyng nhd nudc quan chii chuyen che trung uong tap quyen, giai cap thdng trj trieu Ly cung nhu Cao Ly
da nhan thay, Nho gido la mgt hgc thuyet nhap the, hgc thuyet hdnh ddng vdi thuyet
"chinh danh djnh phdn", chuan myc "lam cuong ngu thudng" la chd dya vQng chdc cho che do phong kien trung uong tap quyen
md hg dang thiet lap Do dd, viec cdc trieu dai ndy lay cdc sdch cua Nho gido lam ngi dung gido due chinh Id hoan todn de hieu
Nd ciing chOmg td sy thay ddi ve chat trong
tu duy ciia giai cdp thdng trj bay gid ma dumg ddu Id dng vua phong kien Bdi chi co gido due theo Nho gido mdi cd thi ddo tao ra nhung con ngudi cd dii ndng lyc vd trinh dp phuc vu die lyc cho qud trinh xdy dyng nha
Trang 7Nghien cim khoa hpc
nudc phong kiln theo md hinh Trung Hoa
Dieu dd cdng cd y nghTa hon khi nhd Ly tiep
quan vuong vj trong tinh hinh dat nudc ta rdi
ren vd Cao Ly ra ddi tren co sd thdng nhat
Hdu Tam Qudc (Koryeo, Silla, Hdu
Paekche) tren bdn ddo ndy
Thir ba, de bdo ve dac quyen cua giai cdp
thong tri, trudng hgc tai trung uong cua hai
trilu dai nay deu chu trgng den viec dao tao
con em quan lai, giiip cac the he sau ciia giai
cip quy tgc tiep tuc ddn than vdo con dudng
chinh trj Qudc Tir Gidm, trudng dai hgc ddu
tien ciia Viet Nam do vua Ly Nhdn Tdng xay
dyng ndm 1076 cung chi dl dao lao hodng lir
vd con em quan lai Tai Cao Ly, tinh hinh
cung khdng khd quan hon Trong sd 6
trudng ciia Kinh Su Lue Hgc, 3 trudng cap
cao hon gdm Qudc Tir Hgc, Thdi hgc vd Tir
Mdn Hgc vdi ngi dung gidng day chu yeu
Ngu kinh, Hilu kinh, Luan ngu- deu ddnh
cho con em cdc quan lai tu that pham len
Cdc trudng cdn lai Id Lugt hgc, Thu hgc,
Todn hgc chu ylu day cdc mdn ve ve ky
thudt, luat phap, thu phdp (bay gid khdng
dugc xen trgng) mdi ddnh cho con em vien
chiic cip thu tdm vd chin cung dan thudng
777/r tu, cung nhu trieu Ly, ngodi Nho
gido, thi chl gido due ciia Cao Ly cdn chju
anh hudng cua cdc tdn gido khac, manh me
nhit la Phat gido Diu trilu dai, tir nhd vua
din quan lai quy tdc Cao Ly deu sung md
Phat gido Giai cip nay khdng chi coi Phat
giao nhu mdt tdn giao thi gidi ma cdn Id mdt
thii: tin ngudng dnh hudng den van menh
qudc gia vd cdc cd nhan trong the gidi duong
thdi Vi thi, ban than Thai Td trieu Cao Ly
yong Thdp Hudn Yiu (Sip hunyo - ^ ^-S.)
da vilt "Sy thanh cdng cua dai sy nghiep
thdnh lap trieu dai chung ta hodn todn la do chu Phdt hd tri "^
Su ham md Phdt gido khien cdc nhd su thdi ky ndy cung dugc td chuc khoa thi rieng ggi la Tdng khoa Mdt sd nha su cdn dugc
phong tudc hieu nhu %'^\ {Wangsa - Vuong
su), ^^|- (Kuksa - Qudc su) Tai Viet Nam nhu chiing tdi dd trinh bay d tren, hien tugng
"Tam gido ddng nguyen" la net dac trung nhit trong gido due thdi Ly
Thir ndm, tuy d nhQng muc do khac nhau,
song nhin chung cd hai trieu dai Ly va Cao
Ly deu chua chii trgng den cdc ky thi vd mot each diing mirc Ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghTa ring cac trieu dai nay khdng quan lam chu trgng vao "vd giao" Bdi thuc te ljch sOr Viet Nam thdi Ly da ghi nhan mgt sd su kien cd lien quan din vin dl nay Cu the, nam 1029, vua Ly Thai Tdng cho dyng dien giang vd trong dien Thien An Nam Dinh Suu thu tu miia thu, thang 7 (1037), vua ngy dien khich
le hpi dua thuyin Ndm 1038 Mau Dan thu nam, vao thang 8, vua lai dich than cd vu hdi dua thuyin Nam 1076, vua Ly Nhan Tdng xuing chilu md ngudi cd gan ndi thang vao lam tham muu cho minh cat nhac ngudi coi trj quan theo lieu chuan: cd tai vdn va vd Ndm 1159, vua Ly Anh Tdng sai Td Hien Thanh luyin dan binh vd dan rang: ai thdng binh phap, gioi vd nghe thi dugc cat cir viec trdng quan Tuy nhien, tat ca nhu-ng dan chirng tren day mdi chi chung minh rang, cac vj vua trilu Ly dd coi trgng viec ren luyen sue khde vd ndng luc quan sy cho loan dan Hg cung coi trgng lieu chuan ndng luc quan su khi cit nhic cac tudng quan chuyen coi vd bi Ddng thdi, cac dng vua nha Ly da
Id ra la guong mau trong vice tu dudng sue khde va ky ndng chien dau Song, viec lay
^ Dan theo Kee bai-Lee (2002) Sdd tr 187
55
Trang 8Nghien cim khoa hpc 'j
vd lam ndi dung chinh cho cdc cudc thi d l
tuyen chgn cdc quan vd ra giup nudc vdn
chua dugc chii y, cd chdng Id hinh thOrc
tuyen md ddi tugng nay thdng qua tuyIn dan
binh
6 Cao Ly cung vdy, mai den cudi trieu
dai dudi thdi Cung Nhugng Vuong mdi bat
dau Id chir cdc cudc thi vd Vi ly do nay ma
cd y kien cho rdng thdi Cao Ly khdng cd thi
vd
Khdng nhung the, vi qud tap trung vdo
cdc mdn vdn chuong md hai nudc bay gid
chua xem trgng diing muc cdc mdn loan hpc,
khoa hpc ky thudt, luat phap 6 Cao Ly tuy
da CO cac trudng ndy, song chi danh cho con
em cdc vien chiic thu tam vd chin cung nhu
dan thudng
Thir sdu, sy phdt trien gido due cua nhd
Ly va Cao Ly la mdt qua trinh ma d dd Nho
giao ngay cang khdng djnh vj tri ddc tdn;
ngugc lai, Phat gido lai dan mat di vj tri vdn
cd tren vu ddi chinh trj
- d Viet Nam cho dii nam 1070 nhd Ly da
cho xay dyng Vdn Mieu va lap Qudc Tu
Gidm ndm 1076, nhung Phat gido van chiem
vj tri quan trgng Dd dd, cho dii:
Tich tich Ldng Gid nguyet
Khdng khdng do hdi chu^
NghTa Id: "Chd lot ciing cua dao thien Id
im Idng nhu bdng trdng tren niii Ldng Gid,
hu khdng nhu chiec thuyen vugl bien khoi";
song cdc thiln su nudc ta biy gid van rit
tich cyc nhap the, dimg ra lam chinh tri,
ngoai giao, hanh chinh
Den ndm 1086, vdi viec vua Ly Cao Tdng
da md khoa thi chgn ngudi tai vdn hgc vdo
Hdn lam vien de nghien cim kinh sur gidng
day; ndm 1195 la cudc thi Tam giao ken
*• Cau tra Idi cua su Hu? Sinh khi vua Ly Thai Tdng hdi
ve y nghTa ciia dao Thien
chgn ngudi gidi cd 3 gido ra giiip vua thi vj tri ciia Nho gido da dan dugc khang djnh
- Tgi Cao Ly, do simg Phdt gido nen vao
dau trieu dai, cdc nha su cdn dugc td chOrc khoa thi rieng ggi Id Tdng khoa Nhtmg nha
su tdi gidi cdn dugc phong tudc hieu nhu Wangsa, Kuksa va hudng nhieu ddc an khac cua trieu dinh (rudng dat, ciia cdi) Tuy nhien vdo giira vd cudi trieu dai, vai y6 ciia Phat giao ngay cdng gidm siit Dac biet, nua sau the ky XIII, Phat gido bat dau suy tdn do tdc dpng tryc tiep tir cudc chien tranh xam luge keo ddi ciia Mdng Co, ddi sdng nhan dan khd khdn, chua chien sup dd Bing niem tin vdo huyen ndng ciia Dire Phat nen trong khi dang tni an de tranh hga Mdng C6
d ddo Giang Hoa, trieu dinh Koryeo da cho khdc mdt bdn Dai Tang Kinh mdi gpi la
Koryeo Taechanggyeong/3.^ cfl-^^/Cco
Ly Dgi Tgng Kinh Cdng viec nay hoan tat
vao ndm 1251 Trieu dinh, cdc nha su va ca nhan dan ra sue khan cau Dire Phat che chd, song cudi cimg Koryeo van that bai Khong nhtrng the, trong thdi diem dat nudc kho khan, nhieu nha su khdng giir dugc pham hanh cang lam cho ngudi dan mat niem lin vdo Phat gido Cudi ciing, nhQ-ng ddc an doi vdi luc lugng su sai khdng cdn, ban than hp
va con cdi ciia hg deu khdng dugc di thi
2.2 Nhirng net khdc Met
Ngodi nhtmg diem tuong ddng neu tren, che do gido due khoa cu ciia trieu Ly (Viet Nam) va Cao Ly (Han Qudc) vdn tin lai khdng it nhung khdc biet nhat djnh Theo chiing tdi, nhQng dieu dd dugc the hien d mdt sd khia canh sau:
Thir nhdt, trong qud trinh phdt triln, trieu
Ly d Viet Nam da rat chii y din viec td chirc khoa cir vdi nhjp do ngdy cdng nhilu d l lya chgn ngudi hien tdi ra giiip nudc Song ben
Trang 9Nghien cim khoa hpc
canh dd, nha Ly lai td ra it quan tdm den
viec md cdc trudng Idp cdng d dja phuong
Xet tren ITnh vyc ndy, Cao Ly cd sy khdc
biet Neu nhu d Viet Nam, cdc ngdi trudng
lai dja phuong chii yeu do nha chiia vd cdc
nho sT vd nhan dan ty md (trudng tu) thi d
Cao Ly dudi thdi vua Nhan Tdng
(1122-1146), cdng tdc ndy da dugc nhd nudc lo
lieu De the hien sy quan tam ciia nhd nudc
tdi gido due con em cdc dja phuong, vua
Nhan Tdng da dua thanh nien tir cdc dia
phuong ve hgc tai kinh dd Tiep den, dng lai
gui cdc hgc gid ve kinh dien, y hgc ve
ndng thdn day hgc Dudi thdi cai trj cua dng,
he thing trudng hgc cua nha nudc tir trung
uong den dja phuong dugc xay dyng hoan
chinh
Thir hai, tai trilu Ly (Viet Nam), de lya
chgn ngudi hiln tdi lam quan giup vua trj
qudc an dan nhdt thiet phdi qua con dudng
khoa cOr Song d Cao Ly lai khdng hoan todn
nhu Ihl Bdi ngodi khoa cir, cdc vien chirc
cua trilu dai nay cdn dugc luyen dung thdng
qua hinh thiic im ty, hodc cha truyen con
ndi
Thir ba Id sy phan biet ddng cap trong
gido due, thi cii CJ Cao Ly, tinh trang nay
dien ra manh me quylt liet hon nhieu so vdi
trilu Ly (Viet Nam) Dilu dd dugc the hien
thdng qua chl do dm tu, ddc biet la quy djnh
vl diu vdo cua cdc trudng Kinh Su Lue Hgc:
+ Trudng Qudc Tu Hgc chi thu nap con
cdc quan vdn vo tir tam pham trd len
+ Trudng Thai Hgc nhan con em cdc quan
tir pham vd ngii pham
+ Trudng Tu Mdn Hgc ddnh cho con em
cdc quan hang luc phdm vd that pham
+ Cudi cung, con em cdc vien chuc thudc
hang thOr tdm vd chin ciing con nhd thudng
ddn thi hgc tai trudng Luat hgc, Thu hgc, Todn hgc
Nhu vdy, nhung quy dinh tren day da cho thay y thiic phdn biet ddng cap ciia xd hdi quy tpc d Cao Ly
Ben canh nhQng ndi dung tren, trong nen gido due cua Cao Ly cdn cd quy djnh luong nhdf" dugc phep di thi, song thyc te thi khong phai nhu vdy Cdn nguyen cua tinh trang tren theo chiing tdi cd the gidi thich bdng mdt sd ly do sau:
a Cung nhu cac trieu dai phong kien khdc, dung diu bd may chinh trj Cao Ly van Id giai cip dja chii quy tdc De bao ve quyen lgi kinh tl, chinh trj cua minh, lyc lugns ndy
da su dung tat ca cac bien phap cd the nhu phong dit', phong tudc Vdi the he con em ciia hg, viec uu lien trong gido due, thi cir, tuyIn md vd bd nhiem quan lai cung Id nhurng bien phdp nhdm bdo ve, keo ddi lgi ich cua giai cip dia chu phong kien
b Ngoai can nguyen mang tinh bdn chdt
cua giai cip dia chu quy tpc neu tren, theo chiing tdi cdn cd mdt nguyen nhdn khac xuat phdt tir ndi lai cua quoc gia nay - do chinh la
chl dp cdt phdm gdm 17 bac da ra ddi va tdn
tai suit thdi Silla Day la mdt he thdng gianh dac quyln (lir dja vi chinh tri cao cho den mpi phuong dien sinh boat thudng ngay) cdn cir vao cip dp tdn quy - huyet thdng Cd hai
cip dp la thdnh cdt {seonggol ^^ s") va chdn cdt {chingol - ^ s") Ndm giQ- thanh
cdt la ngudi thudc hoang tdc va chi cd thanh cdt mdi dii tu each lam vua Do do, he thdng cdt phim vdi viec de cao ngudn goc xuat than tren day da trd thanh tieu chuan cho
' Thdi ky Silla thdng nhit (676 - 935), rudng dat dupe
phong, chii yiu cip cho giai cip quy tdc cip cao 2- Thuc
dp, khdng phong hin ma ngudi dupe phong chi dupe in
Idc tren viing dit hp dupe phong
57
Trang 10Nghien cim khoa hoc
viec bd nhiem vien chirc trong bd mdy cai tri
Vi vdy, trieu dinh Silla dd khdng nhan thay
sy can thiet ciia thi cu de chgn vien chuc
Den thdi Cao Ly, Nho gido da cd budc
phdt yien manh me yen bdn ddo Han, yeu
cdu ve viec xdy dyng mdt nhd nudc qudn
chii chuyen che trung uong tap quyen theo
md hinh Trung Hoa ngdy mdt cdp thiet Mat
khac, Thdi Td trilu Cao Ly (Vuong Kiln)
vdn chi Id mpt nhdn vat thudc hdng quy tdc
dja phuong; do dd sau khi len ngdi dng da cd
nhQ-ng thay dd nhdt djnh Mdt trong nhQng
bien phdp dd Id td chuc cdc khoa thi d l luyin
chpn nhdn sy Song dii cd thuc thdi, nhung
xet den ciing ban than Thdi Td vd cdc vj vua
khdc trieu Cao Ly van Id dai dien lieu bieu
cho giai cap quy tdc phong kien nen hp ciing
can cd nhung bien phdp de bao ve ve duy tri
dai Idu cdc quyen lgi chinh trj ciia giai cap
minh Do dd, nhtmg lgi ich cua che do cdt
phdm thdi Silla da dugc giai cdp thdng trj
Cao Ly bien tudng thdnh "dm ly" Id nhu vdy
Tdm lai, qua viec ddt vdn de nghien cOru
so sdnh che do giao due khoa cu giira trieu
Ly (Viet Nam) vd Cao Ly (Hdn Qudc) chiing
tdi nhdn thay rdng ve co bdn chiing khd
tuong ddng vdi nhau Sd dT cd nhQng "mdu
sd chung" dy Id do cd hai nudc deu chju dnh
hudng tir vdn minh Trung Hoa Song, ben
canh nhQng tuong ddng thi che do gido due,
khoa cu hai trieu dai van chiia dyng sy khdc
biet nhat djnh Nguyen nhdn chii yeu cua sy
khdc biet Id do qua yinh hgc hdi, tiep biln
vdn hda tiiy theo dieu kien lich su - xd hdi
ciia mdi qudc gia Chinh nhtmg net rieng ay
da tao nen dien mao ddc trung (chi it la trong
timg thdi diem) cho vdn hda moi ddn tdc Nd
it nhieu the hien nhan thuc hodc cao hon la
ban ITnh ciia giai cap thdng trj moi trieu dai
vdi mong mudn khdng djnh sy tdn tai ddc
lap cua minh trudc nhirng tdc ddng ngay cdng manh me ciia vdn hda Trung Hoa
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Andrew C.Nahn (2005), Lich su vd van hda Bdn ddo Trieu Tien, Nxb Van h6a - Thong
tin Ha Noi
2 Le Quy Don (2007), Kiin Vdn Tiiu Luc,
Nxb Van boa Thdng tm Ha Noi
3 Korea xua vd nay - Lich sir Hdn Qudc tdn bien, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia Thanh phi H6 Chi
Minh
4 Park Jae Mun (2003), ^^3.-^^}/Lich su gido due Hdn Qudc, Nxb Hak Ji
5 Nguyen Quyet Thang (1994), Khoa cir va gido due Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin,
Ha Noi
6 Nguyen Quyet Thang, Nguyen Ba The
(2006), Tir dien nhdn vdt lich sic Viet Nam - BQ m&i, Nxb Tong hgp Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh
7 Nguyen Dang Tiln (chii bien) (1996), Ljch sir gido due Viet Nam tru&c Cdch mgng thang Tdm 1945, Nxb Giao due Ha Noi
8 Ban bien soan giao trinh Han Quoc hpc
(2005), Lich sir Hdn Qudc, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc
gia Seoul
9 Co quan thdng tin hai ngoai Han Quoc
(1994), Hdn Qudc lich su vd vdn hda, Nxb
Chinh trj Quoc gia Ha Npi
10 Vien khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam (1998),
Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hoc
xa hoi Ha Ndi
58