D AO TAG d r NHAN LUAl d Vl&r NAM TRUCJC NHOKfG THACH THlTC CUA H(̂ I NHAP QUdc li 1 Hpi nhap quoc te nhung thuan lpi va thach thvc doi vdi cong tac dko t^o cu* nhan iuat if Vift Nam l l, Thugn lgi Th[.]
Trang 1D AO TAG d r N H A N LUAl d Vl&r NAM
1 Hpi nhap quoc te - nhung thuan lpi
va thach thvc doi vdi cong tac dko t^o cu*
nhan iuat if Vift Nam
l.l, Thugn lgi
Thu nhdt, hpi nhgp qudc td tgo digu kien
dg CO sd ddo tao cii nhan lugt md rgng khd
nang thiet lap cdc quan hg hgp tdc, trao ddi
trong nghien cuu va gidng day vdi cdc ca sd
ddo tgo cii nhan ludt cua nudc ngoai
Hgp tdc cd the diln ra trong khuon khd
thyc hien nhung cdng trinh nghien ciiu khoa
bpc phap li cd lidn quan tdi nhigu he thdng
phdp Iuat md cac bgn quan tdm Kgt qua nghign
Cliu se dugc khai thdc vd su dung mdt each
cd lgi nhat cho cdc bgn Hgp tdc ciing co the
diln ra trong ITnh vuc giang dgy lugt thdng
qua viec thiet ke cac khod hgc ve lugt nudc
ngoai, do chinh giang vign ludt ciia nudc cd
lign quan true tilp gidng dgy Nhiing khod
hgc ndy cd khd nang cung cdp nhigu kign
thuc quy bdu vi gidng vien lugt nudc ngodi
CO sy hieu biet sdu sac ve mdng phdp ludt co
lign quan ciia qudc gia minh va cd nhung van
dg mang tinh thdi su chua kjp hogc khd cap
nhgt vdo sdch vd Hgp tac trong ITnh vuc
gidng day cdn co thg tien hdnh bdng cdch cdc
ben trao ddi sinh vien, giri sinh vien sang
quoc gia co hgp tdc de theo hgc mdt sd mdn
hoc ludt hogc mpt vai hgc ki tuy theo su thod
thugn v l xdy dung chuong trinh hgp tac dao
tgo md hai bdn da thdng nhdt
PGS.TS NGUYiN THIANH VAN *
Thdng qua quan he hgp tdc, trao ddi noi trdn, cdc co sd ddo tgo trong nudc cd digu kipn d l bpc tgp, vgn dyng kinh nghipm, phuong phdp nghiep vy va kT nang chuyen mdn ciia ddi tdc nudc ngodi, nhd do, cdng tdc ddo tgo cii nhdn lugt eua Viet Nam cd digu kign de timg budc tiep cdn vd theo kjp trinh dp ddo tgo tien tien ciia cac nude phdt trien tren thg gidi
TPta hai, hpi nhdp qudc tl tgo digu kipn tiiugn
lgi cho viec chudn hod, hien dgi hod vd da dgng hod chdt lugng dao tao vd nghign ciiu luat Trong su vang bdng eiia hgi nhap qude te, cdc CO sd ddo tao ludt khd cd digu kien giao luu, tim higu ve cdng tde dao tgo ludt da, dang
va se dien ra d cdc qudc gia tign tien Co chdng, cdc ea sd ndy chi cd thg tham khao kinh nghiem dao tao ludt ciia nudc ngodi thdng qua sdch, bdo vdi nhiing thdng tin co thg phidn dign hoac phdn dnh quan digm, each nhin nhgn ca nhdn ciia tdc gid bdi viet vi vdy, Idm mdt di tinh khdch quan ciia thyc tien ddo tao da vd dang dien ra d nudc ngoai Dg ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tao Iuat trong bdi cdnh do, cdc co sd dao tgo lugt se phdi "md mdm" dd tim chudn muc
vg ddo tao va kho cd dugc thudc do chudn xdc tiic thi ma cdn cd thdi gian kilm nghiem tren thyc tl Ngugc Igi, thdng qua hgi nhgp qudc tl, CO hdi tim hilu v l chudn myc trong
* Giang vien chinh Trung tSm luSt so sinh Tnidng Bai hpe Lu§t HA Npi
Trang 2ddo tgo lugt, ldm sao dl hi^n dgi hod vd da
dgng hod chdt lugng ddo tgo vd nghien cuu
ludt Id vipc ldm khdng mdy khd khdn Khdo
sdt thyc tidn cdng tdc ddo tao lugt ciia cdc
qudc gia tign tiln bdng cdch cii cdc dodn chuyen
gia trong nudc di tham quan, hgc hdi tgi ede
CO sd ddo tgo ludt nudc ngodi; ki ket thod thuan
vl hpp tdc ddo tgo; thilt lap quan h§ hgp tdc
Idu ddi trong ITnh vyc ddo tgo luat vdi cdc ca
sd ddo tao cii nhan lugt c6 tieng trgn till
gidi Id nhung budc di hipu qud dg cd the
xac djnh chudn myc ddo tgo tien tiln vd ndng
cao chdt lugng ddo tgo md khdng mdt nhilu
thdi gian vd cdng sire nhu trudng hgp cac co
sd ddo tgo ludt trong nudc ty "dd tim" vd xdc
dinh chudn mye dao tgo cho rigng minh
Nhu vdy, hdi nhdp qudc te tgo dieu kipn
thudn Icri cho cdc co sd ddo tgo cu nhdn lugt
tim higu, bpc boi de phdt trign cong tdc ddo
tgo eii nhan ludt vdi quy md, chdt lugng vd
hieu qud eao Sdn pham eiia cdng tdc dao tgo
trong bdi eanh hpi nhap dd se la nguon nhdn
iyc manh, dii siic ddp iing nhiing thdch thiic
ngay eang tang cua tidn trinh h$i nhgp quoc te
1.2 Thdch thac
Tha nhdt, ca sd ddo tao ludt cdn c6 ddi
mdi cdn bdn dg ddm bdo sdn phdm dao tao
cua minh co du kha ndng ldm vipc trong mdi
trudng todn cau hod
Ngay nay, sinh vign lugt sau khi tdt nghiep
trudng dai hpe phdi duong ddu vdi the gidi
mdi: do la su xuat hipn ciia cdc kilu quan hp
kinh te, chinh tri mdi giiia cdc qudc gia song
song vdi su thay ddi trong kit cdu xd hpi
Phdp ludt vdi tu cdch Id be thdng trgt tu xd
hdi cung bj anh hudng bdi nhiing thay ddi
ndy, do do, ddo tgo lugt, vdi tu cdch Id budc
khdi ddu dl cd thl tgo ra luc lugng lao dgng
cho cd thl ddp img dugc nhihig thach tiiirc ndy sinh tir sy ddi thay dd
Xu thl toan cdu hod vd hgi nhdp kinh tg qu6c tl dd md ra ca hpi dl phdt triln thi trudng djch vy phdp li Hdnh nghi lugt trgn pham vi quoc tl se phat tridn mgnh, d§c biet trdn cdc ITnh vyc: hgp ddng cd ylu to nudc ngodi, ddu tu nudc ngodi, giao dich ngdn hang mang tinh qudc tl, boat dgng chdng dgc quyln, trgng tdi thuang mgi, ke khai thud, giao djch thuong mgi vugt qua bidn gidi qu6c gia Sd di nhu cau mdi ndy sinh Id vi cdc co sd kinh doanh, cdc ben giao kgt hgp ddng trong giao djch dugc thilt lap vugt ra khdi bien gioi quoc gia se phdi tuan thu nhieu he thdng phap ludt Vi Id dd, cdc cdng ti da quoc gia vd cac ben giao kit hgp ddng xuyen quoc gia se phdi ndm bdt dugc nhihig thay ddi trong chinh sdch, phdp ludt ciia cdc chinh phii hiiu quan eiing nhu xu hudng thj trudng d nhirng quoc gia, noi ma hg thyc hien boat dgng kinh doanh Thyc te ndy ddi hdi cdc ludt gia ldm viec troi^ cdng ti phdi cd khd nang truyen tai tiidng tin
ve cdc hp thdng phdp ludt hiiu quan, phai lam gidm thidu tdi mure cd the nhiing sy cdch biet
ve kinh nghidm, truygn thdng, tgp quan vd the che ciia cdc qudc gia co lidn quan
Nhu vay, qud trinh hgi nhdp da ldm nay sinh nhu cdu djch vy phdp Ii xuyen quoc gia
De ddp ling dugc nhu cdu ndy, doi hdi nguoi cung cdp dich vu phap li khong chi phdi nam bdt tdt kiln thiic vl he thdng phdp ludt quoc gia minh ma cdn phdi ldm chii dugc cd ITnh vuc phdp luat cd lien quan cua mdt sd quoc gia md minh cung iing djch vy, ciing nhu can
am hilu vl nhiing nin van hod phap li khac nhau tren thl gidi Hdnh nghi ludt d cdng ti
Trang 3lam vigc d bd phdn phdp chl ciia cdng ti vd d
td chiic tu vdn dd trd thanh hogt ddng nghi
nghiep quan trgng ciia gidi ludt su, the hidn
nhu cdu phdt triln tilm tdng trong ITnh vyc
nghe ludt Sy qudc te bod phdp lugt vd vdn
hod phdp li dang ngdy cdng tang ldn ciing
lam thay ddi dieu kien hogt d0ng ciia ludt su
d phgm vi qudc td Vi le do, cdc co sd ddo
tao ludt cdn cd nhiing chuygn bien can bdn
cd ve npi dung vd phuang phdp giang dgy de
ddo tao dugc nhiing cOr nhdn lugt tuong lai,
cd khd nang Idm viec trong mdi trudng toan
cau bod vd hdi nhgp kinh td qudc tg, ddp iing
dugc ygu cau mdi ndy sinh Ndi cdch khdc,
ddo tao iuat phai cd nhiing thay ddi mang
tinh dot phd nhdm ddm bdo sdn phdm ddo
tgo dap ling dugc yeu cdu hdi nhdp
Tha hai, qud trinh hgi nhdp quoc te con
dat cac CO sd ddo tgo lugt d Viet Nam trudc siie
ep canh tranh tii phia cdc co sd ddo tao cii
nhan ludt ciia nudc ngodi
Cae CO sd dao tgo dgi hoc noi chung va
dao tao cii nhan lugt noi rigng d nhieu qudc
gia phat trign nhu Hoa Ky, Anh, Australia,
Canada, Phdp, Diic, Nhgt Bdn cd bl ddy
Ijch Sli trong cdng tdc ddo lao dgi hoc ndi
chung vd ddo tgo cii nhdn ludt ndi rigng O
cdc qudc gia nay, trudng dai bpc thudng c6
chat lugng gidng day cao, thg bien d npi
dung chuang trinh gidng dgy tien tign, thigt
bj va phuang phdp gidng day hien dgi, dpi
ngu giang vign dugc ddo tao bdi bdn cd ve
kiln thiic chuygn mdn vd kT ndng su phgm;
ddng thdi chi phi ddo tao ma cdc trudng dua
ra d miic dd chap nhdn dugc, do dd eae co
sd ddo tgo dgi hgc noi chung vd co sd ddo
tao cic nhdn lugt ndi rieng d cdc qudc gia nay
sinh vien nudc ngodi trong dd cd sinh vign Vigt Nam theo hge.*"
Dd din liic phdi nhin nhdn cdc co sd ddo tgo ludt nhu nhihig doa ih nghiep, kinh doanh trong ITnh vuc ddo tgo Hipn tugng du hpe cua sinh vien Id duong nhien d bdt cir qudc gia
ndo, xudt phdt til mdt sd li do nhu: Mgl la
ngudi du hgc muon tim kidm mdi trudng ddo tao tdt hem mdi trudng trong nudc, vdi npi dung ddo tgo thiet thuc, phuang phdp ddo tgo hien dai, trang thidt bi phye vu cdng tac ddo tgo tien tign vdi ki vgng sau khi tdt nghiep se
cd kign tbiic chuygn mdn viing vdng, ddp iing nhu cau cdng viec trong thdi dai mdi (nhdm
I); hai la ngudi du hoc mudn md mang tim
hieu biet khdng chi ve ITnh vuc chuygn ngdnh hep md minh se theo hoc d nudc ngodi ma con muon khdm phd ve dat nudc, con ngudi, nen van hod ciia ddt nudc md hg djnh du hpe (nhdm 2) Tuy nhien, neu nhin nhdn dudi goc
dd kinh doanh ddo tao, du bgc thye chdt Id hien tugng dg mdt thi phan sang.cdc co sd ddo tao nudc ngodi Neu clidt lugng dao tgo troi^ nude tdt, Viet Nam ed thg thu hiit dugc ngudi du hoc thudc nhom 1, khi dd ti le thi phdn bj mat se thu hep lai vi chi bao gdm nhdm 2
Cd le da dgn liic cdc ca sd ddo tao ludt cua Viet Nam ciing can thu hiit luu hoc sinh ngudi nudc ngodi tdi du hgc Viec ldm ndy dem Igi it nhdt hai lgi ich khd c6 thl phu
nhgn Mgt Id eac ca sd ddo tgo lugt ciia Viet
Nam CO thdm thu nhdp tir hpe phi eiia cdc luu hge sinh tdi hgc tgi Viet Nam Vdi tu cdch Id chu thg kinh doanh trong ITnh vuc ddo tgo, ngudn thu nhdp tilm tdng tir hogt ddng ddo tao Id vdn dg cdn dugc suy tinh mdt cdch nghiem tiic de khai thac ngudn luc
Trang 4tai chinh do, biln tiem ndng thdnh hien thyc
Hai la thu hiit ngudi nudc ngodi tdi Vipt
Nam du hgc cdn Id co h0i dl chiing ta qudng
bd vl hinh dnh Vipt Nam, vl ddt nudc,
truyin thong vdn bod-lich sii vd con ngudi
Vipt Nam Y)k dgt dugc myc tigu nay, nhiing
qudc gia phdt triln nhu Nhdt Bdn, Australia,
Canada, Thuy Diln da phdi bd ngudn kinh
phi khdng nho tir ngan sdch nhd nudc dl cap
hgc bong cho sinh vidn nudc ngodi khi dgn
nudc minh du bpc Tuy Vipt Nam khdng thg
dimg ngdn sdch nhd nudc de dgt dugc muc
tigu tren nhung ngu co sd ddo tgo Iuat ciia
Viet Nam co the thu hiit dugc sinh vien nudc
ngoai bang ehinh uy tin dao tgo ciia minh
(du vdi sd lugng khiem tdn ban so vdi thu
hiit bdng cap hgc bdng) se khdng chi tdng
them ihi phan vd thu nhdp cho chinh cdc co
sd dao lao md eon tao thgm ca bdi dg qudng
bd binh dnh ciia Viet Nam ldi cdc qudc gia
khdc tren thg gidi
2 Giai phap cho dao tgo cir nhSn luat
d Viet Nam trvdc thach tbirc cua hpi nhgp
quoc te
Xu hudng loan cau hod vd hgi nhdp kinh
te qudc lg se dan den hang logt he qua doi vdi
quan he kinh doanh, vdi cdu tnic cdng ti, vdn
dl nhdp cu vd quan he qudc tl Sy phdt triln
kinh tg tren pham vi todn cdu se tgo ra nhung
thj trudng mdi vd quan hp thuong mgi mdi
Thuc lien ndy cdnh bdo vl lugt le mdi vd nhu
cdu mdi vl chuygn gia phdp li dugc ddo tgo
bdi ban de lu vdn cho cd chinh phu vd doanh
nghiep vk cdc chl dp phdp li mdi dang ndy
sinh u-gn pham vi qudc te Ddi mat vdi hipn
tugng loan cdu hod vl kinh tl vd hdnh nghi
ludt, cac nhd qudn li ddo tgo ludt se phdi
nhanh chdng lien hdnh loan cdu hod hoat
thyc hipn d6i vdi cd chuang trinh va phuong phdp ddo tao, cd chii y ldi vipc nang cao kign thiic cimg nhu nghipp vy su phgm ciia gidng vien nhdm dam bdo sdn phdm dao tgo cd thl
"bdn chay" trgn thj trudng lao dgng nghe lugt
"khd tinh" trong dieu kipn mdi
Nhu dd phan tich, dnh hudng ciia xu thl qudc tl hod vd hgi nhgp da lam cho gidi hdnh nghe ludt d Viet Nam cung rtiiu d bat cii quoc gia nao deu phdi tu duy ve ludt theo kilu gidm bdt tinh qudc gia va tdng linh qudc te Cdc yeu td nudc ngodi trong cac giao djch thucmg mai m^c dii van hipn hihi nhung nay dd trd ndn quan trgng ban vdi sir gia tdng nhanh chdng trong ddu tu qudc te Ngay ndy, nhieu doanh nghipp Id doanh nghigp da qudc gia vdi cac co sd sdn xuat dgt d mdt qudc gia, cdc Ihiet bj cdng nghe thdng tin dat d qudc gia thii hai, trong khi do try sd chinh va cdc van phdng dgi dipn Iai ddt d qudc gia thii ba, thii tu Trong boi cdnh dd, phdp ludt ddng vai tro quan trpng
va nhu cdng cu tgo dieu kien thudn lgi cho hogt dgng kinh doanh vd dinh ra khudn kho phdp li cho cdng ti da qudc gia hogt ddng Cdc dieu udc qudc te song phucmg vd da phuong da hgp thdnh khudn khd phdp Iuat digu chinh hogt dgng thuang mgi vd ddu tu qudc tg Dieu nay ciing cd nghTa rdng thuong mgi qudc id ve djch vu phap li se ngdy cang ' chidm uu the lrong thdi gian tdi Ddo tgo luat
- ITnh vyc boat dgng cung cdp ngudn nhan lye cho nghg lugt, vi vdy ciing phdi thay doi
de dap iing nhu cau thyc lien Ben canh kien Ihiic vg hp thdng phap ludt ciia rieng minh, cae tot nghigp sinh cdn phdi co: I) kien thutc
ve van de xa hgi, mdi trudng va kinh tg ciia
Trang 5Kiln Ihiie nay dam bdo cho cdc l6l nghidp
sinh cd thg lam viec higu qud trong mdi
trudng qudc Id boa nghe Iuat, cd the giiip do
cdc khdch hang eiia minh ddnh gid va qudn li
nhiing rui ro phdp li cd khd ndng xdy ra; 2)
kl ndng ddm phdn va soan thdo hgp ddng cho
cdc ddi tae kinh doanh khdng din tir ciing
ngn van hod phdp li Vdi kT ndng ndy, tot
nghiep sinh co thg giup khdch hdng ddm
phdn va thigt lap eac giao dich xuyen qudc
gia; 3) du kien thiic ve lugt so sdnh, lugt
qudc tg va vg nhiing van dd qudc tg cdn thiet
dg cd thg tu vdn cho khdch hdng va cdc ben
CO lien quan ve nhiing ngu y phdp lugl qudc
te vd qudc gia didu chinh nhiing hanh vi ciia
cae chu thd vugt qua bien gidi qudc gia; 4)
CO du kien thiic ve dgo diic nghi nghiep dk
hieu trach nhiem ciia ngudi hanh nghe lugt
khi cung cdp djch vu tu van phdp li xuyen
quoc gia Cdc ludt su tuong lai can nhgn thiie
dugc rang y kien tu van va hdnh ddng cua
minh se dnh hudng rtiiu thl ndo tdi khdch
hdng vd ldi nhiing giao djeh eiia hg, tir do cd
trdch nhigm nghe nghiep hon trong qud trinh
hdnh nghg Trdch nhiem ndy khdng ehi bo
hep trong mdi quan ldm vl lgi ich ciia khdch
hang ma c6n phdi chii y den ca dnh hudng
tdi mdi trudng, tdi xa hdi bdi hdnh vi md khdch
hang thyc hign trgn co sd y kien tu van
De trang bj eac cii nhdn M l tuang lai
khdi kien thiic tren, cdc co sd ddo tgo lugt
cdn tien hdnh mgl sd budc di sau:
Mdt la chuong trinh ddo tgo cii nhan lugl
can tang thgm cdc mdn hoc ty chgn, mdn
cung cap kl nang hdnh nghe lugt co ban va
mdn hpe vg dgo diic ngudi hdnh nghe lugt
Xu thg canh tranh theo hudng chuygn
Irinh gidng dgy ciia cdc co sd ddo tao ludt phdi tdng thgm nhigu mdn hgc tu chgn, bao gom cd nhiing mdn hoc khdng truyin thdng
vd mdn hpe mang tlnJ- todn cdu, xdt vg cd phucmg dipn lgi ich vd tinh thyc lien md mdn bgc dem lgi Ciing vdi vide da dgng hod mdn
ly chpn, cdn ldng gid thdo lugn cho moi mdn bgc dd de sinh vien co co hgi trao ddi, khai Ihac cdc khia cgnh khdc nhau cua mdn hgc chir khdng chi thuan tuy nghe gidng mpt cdch thy ddng CJ Hoa Ky, vdo dau nhirng nam 90 cua thg ki XX, trudc siic ep ciia tien trinh todn cdu hod, mot so khoa ludt da di theo hudng ndy vd thigt kd nhiing mdn hgc nhu: Ludt phap, luong tdm vd khdng sii dung bgo luc, chu nghTa tich cyc phdp li va su khdc biet vg gidi, ve van bod vd quyen con ngudi theo phap luat qudc tg Viec dua thgm nhidu mdn hgc ty chpn vdo ehuong trinh dao tgo sg tgo digu kien de sinh vign md rgng kien thirc, khdm phd nhiing ITnh vuc mdi trong khoa bgc phdp li
Song song vdi viee md rdng kidn thiic cho ngudi hge, cdc co sd dao tgo ludt cdn can trang bi cho cir nhan lugl tucmg lai nhiing kT ndng ldi thieu trong hanh nghg iuat nhu kT ndng ddm phdn, soan thdo hgp ddng
0 Diic, vide ldm ndy da dugc chii trgng
lrong cugc cdi cdch ddo tao ludt nam 2002 vd Ihuc lien cho thay nudc Dire da di diing hudng.^^' Ddi vdi Viet Nam, dl ldm dugc dieu dd, mpt mgt can dua vdo chuong trinh gidng day ludt nhimg khod hoc dudi dgng Ii thuyet di ddi vdi thuc hanh dl co the cung cdp nhiing kT nang nghe nghiep ldi thieu ndi tren cho sinh vign Cd thl timg budc thanh ldp van phdng thyc hanh nghi ludt phi lgi
Trang 6nhudn tgi moi co sd ddo tgo lugl de tao dieu
kipn cho sinh vign tilp cgn vdi cdng vipc
thyc tl ngay tir khi cdn ngoi trgn ghe nhd
trudng Hogt dgng thyc lien ndy sg giiip tot
nghiep sinh bill vgn dyng kT ndng hdnh nghi
mgt each thdnh thgo sau khi ra Irudng song
song vdi kT ndng vgn dyng li thuyet vdo thyc
tiln Mat khdc, gidng vign ddm nhiem vi$c
gidng day cdc mdn kT ndng nghg nghipp cung
can cd su chgn lpe vd phdi Id ngudi dd, dang
hdnh nghi trgn thuc tg ehii khdng thl Id
ngudi nghien ciiu thuan tuy Cudi ciing, can
nhgn thirc dugc ring kT ndng nghe nghidp
khdng ehi duge trang bj cho sinh vign thdng
qua cdc mdn hgc ve kT ndng md con thdng
qua phuong phdp ma cdc co sd ddo tgo khai
tilde va Sii dung trong qud trinh gidng dgy
lugt Kinh nghiem ciia Hoa Ky dd minh
chiing cho nhdn djnh tren.* '
Bgn canh do, dgo diic nghe nghiep khdng
chi Id phdm chdt cdn cd d tham phan, cdng td
vien vd luat su chuyen nghiep ma cdn can cd
d bdt ki cii nhdn ludt ndo hoat dgng nghe
nghiep, dii Id bdn chuygn nghiep Chinh vi
vdy, mdn hoc vd dao diic nghg nghiep cdn
phdi dua vdo chuang trinh ddo tao cii nhan
ludt chii khdng chi cdn dua vao chuang trinh
dgy nghi Li do la trong sd cdc boat dpng
ngbl nghiep, lu vdn phdp luat Id hogt dpng
dugc cung cdp mot cdch chuygn nghiep (tu
cdc van phdng lugl su, cdc cdng ti ludt) vd
khdng chuygn nghiep (tir nhiing ngudi cd
bdng cu nhdn lugl nhung khdng nhdt thilt
phdi cd chimg chi hdnh nghi lugl su) Khi
hogt ddng ngbl nghiep cd thl dugc thuc hien
mgt each rpng rdi bdi bdt eir ai co bing cir
nhdn ludt, viec trang bi dgo dire ngbl nghidp
cho cdc cir nhdn ludt Id vdn dk cdn dugc thuc
c6 the xdy ra cho cdc chii thg hiiu quan
Hai Id cdc co sd dao tgo luat can thilt kl
chuang trinh ddo tgo lien ngdnh
D I ddo tgo dugc cdc lugt gia luang Iai ddp ling ygu cdu hgi nhgp qudc tl cdng tac ddo tgo lugt can ldm sao dl cac tdt nghipp sinh c6 sy nhgy cam vd hilu bilt ve su khac biet giO'a cdc nin vdn hod phdp Ii khae nhau;
cd khd ndng giiip khdch hang ciia minh hieu
vd ddnh gid duge h^ qua thyc tien ciia cdc vdn dl phdp li ma hg gdp phdi va tdi thigu hod he qud tigu cue Dao tgo ludt cdn phdi trang bj kT ndng cho sinh vign de sinh vien tu tim ra gidi phap phdp li, cd khd nang giam thieu nii ro va dem lgi lgi ich kmh doartii cho khach hdng ciia minh Dieu dd cd nghTa la ngodi nhiing kign thitc tigu chudn ve luat trong nude, sinh vien iuat cdn cdn hoc cd nhiing ngii cdnh xa hgi, mdi trudng van boa
vd kinh te nudc ngoai ma d do phdp lugt van hdnh DO vai trd mdi ciia luat gia Id chiec cau ndi giiia cdc he thdng phdp ludt qudc gia, cdc bac gido dye dudi dgi hgc ciing cdn chii trgng tdi cdc kien thirc ve van hod, Ijeh sii va thgm chi cd kien thiic vg quan he qudc te Tuy nhien, cdc bgc ddo tgo phd thdng trang
bi cho ngudi hgc ve khdi kign thiic do cdn qua ngheo ndn, do vgy cae khoa ludt cd the dua them cdc mdn hgc khdng thugc chuyen ngdnh luat vdo chuang trinh ddo tgo luat co ban; hoae eo the theo xu hudng dao tgo cii rtiidn lign ngdnh de bd sung kidn thiic can thiel cho ngudi hgc Nghien cim va xay dung chuong trinh ddo tao lien ngdnh nham cung cdp kien thiic khoa hoc rdng ldn ddng thdi vdi dao tao kT nang chuyen nganh hep cho ngudi Cling Id gidi phdp can chii trgng
Trang 7Iuat qudc te, ludt so sdnh vd dua nhiing mdn
hgc ndy vao danh muc mdn hge bat huge
trong chuang trinh ddo tgo cir nhdn ludt
Viec truygn bd kign thiic ve luat quoc tg
vd ludt so sdnh ngdy cang trd nen quan trgng
vi loan eau hod nen kinh lg eang lan rdng, siic
ep ve hdi hod hod phdp ludt giua cae quoe gia
cdng lang Han niia, kien thiic ve lugl va
truygn thdng phap lugt trgn the gidi se Id ldi
sdn cd gid tri cho cdc luat su lucmg lai Co sd
ddo lao ludt khdng nhat thiet phdi thigt kg tat
ca cdc khod bpc ve lugt nudc ngodi nhung c6
the phdt trign chuang trinh gidng dgy co khd
nang giup sinh vien cd dugc nhiing kiln tiiiic
ve Ijch Sli vd su phat trign cua cdc nin vdn
hod phap li khdc nhau Day id kiln tiiitc quan
trpng, giiip ngudi hgc hieu biet day dii hem ve
nhiing chinh sach "an ndu" ddng sau phdp
ludt ciia cac qudc gia md hg quan ldm Co sd
ddo tao lugt ciing cdn cung cdp kign tbiic tdng
quan ve cac truygn thdng phdp lugt tren till
gidi vi thieu kign tbiic ndy co thl ngudi hgc
se higu sai mpt each cdn ban vg nhiing he
thdng phap ludt khdc nhau
Ngay cd cae qudc gia phdt triln nhu Hoa
Ky vd Nhgt Ban, trudc siic ep ciia tiln Irinh
hpi nhdp qudc tg cung da phdi tdng cudng
nhiing mdn hpe vd ludt qudc te vd ludt so
sanh vao chuong trinh ddo tgo eii nhan ludt
Ci Hoa Ky, lir giua thdp ki thir 9 cua thl ki
XX, Hipp hdi cdc khoa lugt Hoa Ky da Id
chiic nhilu cudc hdi thdo, tpa ddm d l bdn v l
dnh hudng ciia todn cdu hod vd hdi nhgp
qudc l l tdi chuang trinh dao tgo ludt truyin
thdng Cung trong giai doan do, nhilu khoa
lugl da dua cac vdn d l qudc l l vdo chuong
trinh giang day, v/ du: tKilt k l khod hgc ldng
quan trong nam tbii nhdt d l gidi thieu vdi
bpc nhu: gidi thipu ve phdp luat hay phuong phdp phdp li Cling dugc dua vdo gidng day
de giiip sinh vign ldm quen vdi phdp lugt quoc gia tren li tiiuyet vd trong thuc tien dp dyng Nhiing khod hpe kigu ndy da dugc phdt trign rgng vd bao qudt cd vipc gidi Ihipu long quan vg lugt quoc tg vd ludt so sdnh.^''' Tir ndm 2004, Nhgt Ban ciing tidn hdnh cdi each ddo tgo lugt vd dd quygt djnh tang them tinh thyc tien vd tinh qudc tg cho chuong trinh ddo tao cii nhdn ludt D I dgt dugc muc tieu do, Nhgt Bdn da lang cudng ndi dung gidng day ludt so sdnh, Iuat qudc le
va eoi do Id bipn phap hdng ddu dg dgt dugc muc tigu qudc te hod vd thyc liln hod chuang trinh giang dgy.'^'
(y Viet Nam, cdc co sd ddo tao lugl ciing
mdi chi dua mon lugt so sanh dgi cucmg (so sanh cdc truygn thdng phdp lugt tren thg gidi) vdo chuong trinh dao tao cu nhdn ludt lrong nhiing nam gdn day Mdn hoc ndy gidi thieu vdi sinh vidn pham vi kien thiic rdng ve van hod va truyen thdng phdp li cua mdt sd nhdm
he thdng phdp lugl trgn thg gidi Myc di'ch ciia mdn bpc mdi chi dimg Igi d viec giiip sinh vien nhdn thiic dugc rang nhiing truygn thdng phdp ludt khdc nhau tren thg gidi c6 nhiing quy ldc vd dgc digm rieng vdi hi vgng ring sau khi ra h-udng, cac tdt nghiep sinh cd Ihl chu dgng tim kiem, nghien ciiu mdng phdp ludt ndo do ciia qudc gia ma minh quan tdm
de phuc phy cho hogt dgng nghi nghiep Mdn hgc cung trang bj kien thiic v l Uuyin thdng
vd vdn hod phdp li ciia cdc qudc gia lrong khu vyc nhu cdc qudc gia ASEAN, Trung Qudc, Nhal Ban Tuy nhign, khi khdng djnh cdn chii trpng ldi kiln thiic lugt so sdnh, ngudi vigt khdng chi mudn diing lai d viec d l cao
Trang 8nhu ciu gidng dgy mdn hgc ndy md cdn muon
di xa hem, dd Id can dua cdch tilp cdn so
sdnh lugt mgl each rgng rdi vdo qud trinh
gidng dgy ludt Cdch tilp can ndy giiip ngudi
hoc hieu dugc ring vdi cung van de phdp li
eu till cd thl dp dyng nhQng gidi phdp phdp
li khdc nhau d cdc qu^c gia khdc nhau tuy
thupe vdo hodn cdnh cy the; gidi phdp phdp
li ma qudc gia minh dang dp dyng khdng
phdi Id duy nhdt vd bat bign md ed thl dp
dyng nhihig gidi phdp phdp li het siic da
dgng Day Id sy hieu biet quan trgng khdng
ehi eho cdc nhd nghien ciiu khoa hgc phdp li
ma cdn cho cd cdc nhd lap phdp, lu phdp vd
nhiing ngudi hdnh ngbl ludt dgc lap sau nay
Ap dung cdch tigp cdn so sdnh trong gidng
dgy lugt co the gdp phdi khd khdn ldn, dd la
ban than ddi ngii gidng vidn gidng luat chuygn
ngdnh phdi ed du kha ndng dua kign thurc ludt
chuyen ngdnh tdi ngudi hgc dudi gdc dd ludt
hgc so sdnh Trong giai doan ddu, nlu dpi ngii
giang vign chua the ldm dugc nhipm vu khd
khan ndy, co the thiel ke mdt sd mdn ludt
chuygn ngdnh so sdnh, vi du: Ludt hgp ddng
so sdnh, ludt hien phdp so sdnh, lugl thuang
mai so sdnh, lugl hinh sy so sdnh vdo
chuong trinh giang day Tuy nhidn, vl lau
ddi, vi lgi ich cua ngudi hgc, cdch tilp can so
sdnh trong giang day luat can dugc sir dyng d
hdu het ede mdn ludt ehuydn nganh
Bdn la cdn ddi mdi mdt cdch todn dien
phuang phdp ddo tao cir nhan luat nhim
khuyin khich ngudi hpe tham gia tich cyc
vdo qud trinh dgy-hge ddng thdi trang bj kT
nang nghe nghiep eho ngudi hoc
Trong nhieu nam, ddo tgo cir nhdn luat d
Viet Nam da dugc tiln hanh theo phuong
phdp truygn tiidng - phuang phdp tiiuylt trinh
dan xen vdi mgt sd till thdo lu|n Gdn ddy
ddi phuang phdp ddo tao tu nien che sang hoc che tin chi vdi gid tu hgc, ty nghien ciiu va Idm vifc nhom ciia ngudi hgc tdng len dang
kl vd da thiic day ngudi hgc tham gia nhilu ban vdo qud trinh dgy-hgc Tuy nhien, ngay
cd vdi ehuong Irinh ddo tao theo hgc chg tin chi dudng nhu tinh thuc lien vd ylu td kT ndng nghe nghipp trong chuang trinh ddo tgo cii nhdn lugt ciia Viet Nam vdn cdn md nhal Nhu dd dl cap, kT ndng nghi nghipp va kiln thiic thye tien khdng chi din vdi ngudi hgc thong qua vipc thiet ke ngi dung chuong Irinh gidng dgy chiia dung nhiing mdn hoc giau tinh thyc tien md cdn thdng qua viec khai thae vd sii dyng phucmg phdp gidng day
thich hgp Kinh nghiem ciia eac khoa lugt a
Hoa Ky dd cho thdy phuang phdp tinh hudng
Id phuong phdp hihi ich trong viec cung cap kidn thiic thyc tien cho ngudi hgc ve cdc vu viee CO thyc vd cdch xii Ii cdc vy vipc dd lai tod dn; phucmg phap Socratic cd khd nang trang bj cho ngudi hgc kT nang xet dodn va phan tich cd phe phdn tnrdc nhimg van de dugc ddt ra Ddy la kT ndng quan trpng cho cdc cir nhdn lugt tucmg lai, dii sau nay hg se tdc nghipp vdi tu cdch thdm phdn, cdng to vien, ludt su hay la can bg phap li lam viec trong cdc co quan nhd nudc vd doanh nghiep
va quan trgng hon neu hg phdt trien con dudng ngbl nghipp sau ndy vdi lu cdch nhd khoa hoc ludt Ciing theo kinh nghipm cua Hoa Ky, dl trang bi cho ngudi hgc kT ndng soan thdo vdn ban, dam phan va gidi quyet tranh chdp can sOr dung phdi kit hgp cae phuong phdp law clinics (van phdng thyc hanh nghe lugt), moot court vd mock trail (phidn tod gid dinh) Vipc nghien ciioi va dua nhiing phuang phap gidng dgy noi trgn vdo thyc lien ddo tao
Trang 9kha thi Dl dp dung phuang phdp tuih hudng
vd phuong phdp Socratic, cdn cd sy chuyen
biln tich cyc cua dpi ngu gidng vien trong
cdng tdc chudn bj bai giang, nghien cim, lya
chpn cac tinh hudng c6 that, dign hinh d l dua
vdo gidng dgy; phuang phdp Socratic eiing
ddi hdi gidng vien phdi ddu lu thdi gian chuan
bj kT ludng trudc khi ldn ldp d l cd thl hodn
loan ldm ehu vd kip thdi gidi quylt ede tinh
hudng bat ngd cd the diln ra tren ldp, ngay cd
khi cudc tranh luan trgn ldp cd diln biln phiic
tap So vdi phuong phdp tinh hudng vd phuang
phdp Socratic, vipc dp dyng cdc phuong phdp
law clinics, moot court vd mock trial khdng
ddi hdi su nd luc qud ldn tir dpi ngu can bd
gidng day nhung lgi can c6 sy ddu tu v l co sd
vat chat d mirc do nhal djnh lu phia cdc ca sd
dao tgo cii nhan ludt nhu phdng de va cdc
trang thiet hi can thigt cho viec Id chiic mpt
phien toa vd cho hogt dgng tu van phdp ludt
thyc thy Hon niia, ede hogt ddng ndy deu
khdng dem lai ngudn thu nhap eho trudng, vi
vgy cdc co sd ddo tgo cii nhan ludt co the ed
mgl sd khd khdn vg tai chinh khi dua ba
phuong phap nay vdo dp dung
Nhung thay ddi noi tren se dgt cdc khoa
luat trudc thdch thiic mdi do ngu6n nhan lye
vd ngudn tai chinh han hep Mgc dii co dnh
hudng bdt lgi ldi khd ndng sang tgo ciia gidng
vien trong qud trinh gidng day nhung hdu hit
cac khoa Iuat d cac qudc gia da ddi phd vdi
nhung khd khan fren bing cdch Id chiic ldp
hgc ca ldn vd gidi hgn sy tilp can co sd vdt
chdt ciia sinh vign Tuy nhign, sy lua ehgn
khdn ngoan hon la cae co sd dao tao ludt cd
the xuc lien mot vdi hoat dgng c6 khd ndng
dem lai ngudn thu nhgp, vi du: 1) thuc hien dk
td chiic c6 khd ndng chi tid; 2) thuc hien cdc chuong trinh thuc hdnh ngbl ludt tren ca sd thu phi Nhiing boat ddng ndy khdng chi cd khd ndng ldng ngudn thu nhdp cho cdc co sd dao tgo lugt vd khuyen khich sy sdng tgo trong ddo tgo ludt md cdn co thg dem lai lgi ich phy nhu thdi chdt m6i quan he giua cdc luat su thyc hdnh vd cdc nhd nghign ciiu khoa hgc phdp li Dgn lugt minh, viec eung cd mdi quan he ndy lai hd trg, thiic day cdng tdc ddo lao ludt, ddp img nhu cdu thyc lien ciia nghg lugl va dam bdo rang gidi banh nghg ludt ndm bat dugc nhiing phdt hidn mdi nhdt ciia gidi nghign ciiu khoa hgc phdp li; vd ngugc lai khuyen khich gidi nghien eiiu khoa hgc phdp
li tign bdnh nghien cuu dya tren nhu cdu thyc
te cua gidi banh nghg luat vd gan bd mat thill vdi nhu cdu xa hgi
Ndm la can timg budc nghien cuu dg dua
chuong trinh dao tgo JD (Juris Doctor) vdo
dp dung tgi cdc co sd dao tgo lugl d Viet Nam de true tiep ddo lao ra ngudn nhan lye nghe ludt chdt lugng cao
JD la chuang trinh ddo tao ludt dugc dp dung tai hau het cac khoa ludt d Hoa Ky tir nhiing nam 1960 Ddi tugng dugc ddo tgo Id ngudi da co bdng cu nhan thudc ITnh vuc khoa hpe ndo do vd muc dich eua chuong trinh nay Id ddo tgo ra ngudi co khd nang hdnh nghg ludt tryc tigp chii khong nhdm trang bi khdi kien tbiic khoa hpe phdp li dai cuong cho ngudi bpc Trong chuang trinh ddo tao ndy, ndi dung dao lao hodn loan dugc thidt kg theo hudng lap tnmg, chuyen sau ve lugt va bd qua nhung mdn hoc khdng thilt thyc, khdng tryc tiep phye vy cho cdng viec ciia ngudi hdnh nghi lugl sau nay
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 10/2012
Trang 10Hidn nay, cdc co sd ddo tao ludt cua Vipt
Nam dugc phdp tuyln sinh he vdn bing hai
dg ddo tgo vd cdp bing cii nhdn lu^t chinh
quy Day chinh la ddi tugng cd khd ndng hgc
dl nhdn bdng JD theo diing md hinh ciia M^,
Vdn dl cdn lgi v§n Id xdy dyng dgi ngu gidng
vign luat cd dii kiln thiic, kt ndng ciing nhu
kinh nghipm tiiuc tiln dl tham gia vdo chuang
trinh ddo tgo ndy Tilp thu kinh nghiem cua
Nhdt Bdn do la mdi dpi ngii nhiing ngudi
dang hdnh nghg luat (ludt su, tham phan )
tham gia vdo dpi ngii giang dgy theo chuong
trinh JD, viec thiet kg rieng ehuong Irinh ddo
tao JD vd dua vao dp dung tgi Viet Nam
trong thdi gian tdi, se hodn loan khd thi
Khdng phdi vd cd ede khoa lugl d Australia,
Canada va gdn day cd d Nhgt Bdn, Trung
Qudc, Han Qudc, Philippines deu dp dyng
chuong trinh dao tgo JD Thyc tl nay da
chiing td lgi thg ma chuang trinh ddo tgo cdp
bang JD dem lai trong viec cung cdp ngudn
nhdn lye ehdl lugng cao cho ngbl Iuat trudc
thdch thiie eua lign trinh hdi nhdp qudc tl
Sdu Id edn trang bj tilng Anh phdp Ii cho
cir nhdn ludt luang lai
Trong bdi canh hpi nhdp qudc tl ngay
cdng sdu rgng nhu hien nay, sii dung thanh
thgo tigng Anh la tdi sdn quy gia cua cdc cir
nhdn lugt, vi vgy, trang bj vd tdng cudng khd
nang ngogi ngii, dgc biet la tilng Anh phdp Ii
cho sinh vign lugl Id viec lam hit siic cdp
bdch Tilng Anh khdng chi cin thilt cho ede
cu nhan ludt trong giao tilp vd xir li cdc vdn
dl CO ylu Id nudc ngodi ma cdn d$e biel cdn
thiet giiip hp tilp can dugc vdi thdng lin vl
phdp lugl nudc ngodi vd lugl qudc tl nhanh
chdng, kjp thdi dap img nhu cdu cdng vide
trong bdi cdnh mdi Bk dgt duge mye tieu
nay, trudc hit, cdn cung cd ddi ngu gido vien
hodn thif n gap nit he thdng gido trinh, hpe lifu ve tilng Anh chuyen ngdnh ludt Buoc tilp theo cd thl Id xdy dyng chucmg Irinh ddo tgo cdp bing lien ngdnh lugl vd tigng Anh dl ddo tao ra cir nhan vira cd kien Ihuc lugt viing chdc lai vira sd dyng thdnh thgo tilng Artii chuyen ngdnh ludt Day sg Id luc lugng lao dpng du sue tham gia vdo nhiing
vy tranh tyng trudc co quan tdi phan qudc le Thyc tien trong nhiing vy kien cd da Iron xudi khdu sang thj trudng My, tom xual khdu sang mgt so qudc gia EU va vu Vipt Nam Airlines dd cho thdy Vipt Nam thilu hyt nghigm trgng ngudn nhdn luc trong nghg luat
d& cd thg tham gia vdo qud trinh tranh tyng
trong nhiing vy vice cd yeu to nude ngodi va dugc gidi quyet d co quan ldi phdn ndm ngodi lanh thd Viet Nam./
(1) Theo c i c con sfi thong kfi, trong thSng 11/2007,
so sinh vien nir6c ngodi nh^p hpe tai cSc trufing dai hpe cua Hoa Ky t i n g 3 % so v6i con sfi nhSp hpe nSm
2006 (14 582.984 sinh vien), xem: Embargoed for release November 12, 2007: International Student enrollment in US Rebounds, ngu6n: http://opendoors,
iienetwork.org/ Con s6 dfi 0 Nhat Ban \k 120.000 sinh vifin vho cu6i nam 2007 vk NhJit Ban phan 6hi
den nam 2020 se dat dupc chi tieu 300.000 sinh vifin nudc ngoai du hpe tai d ^ nu-fi€ nSy, nguon: http://www studyjapan.go.jp/en/
(2) Xem: Nguyin Thj Anh VSn, "Dao tao cir nhSn luSt trong truyin thfing Civil Law vd Common Law
dufii gfic dfi so s ^ h " Thong tin khoa hoc phdp li, s6
2, 3/2011, tr 11
(3),Xem: NguySn Thi Anh Vdn, tldd, tr, 14 - 1 7 (4).Xem: Alberto Bemabe - Riefkohl, "Tomorrow's Law Schools: Globalization and Legal Education", 32
San Diego Law Review, 137, at 154
(5).Xem: Nguyen Thj Anh VSn, "Xu huiSrng mfii trong
dSo t^o luSt a NhSt Ban vd vhi gpi mfi cho dfii min
d i o tgo luat 6 Vi$t Nam", Tgp chi nhd nu&c va phdp lugt, s6 7/2009, tr 73 - 74