NGHIEN cDuQ VAiNETVETHOflKlDAULjCHSUr GIAO DUC NGHE NGHIEP VIET NAM I Oatvande Giio due nghe nghiep (GDNN) l i mdt bd phin quan trpng trong he thdng g i io due qudc d in VI viy, trong nghiin cQu Ijch[.]
Trang 1NGHIEN cDuQ
VAiNETVETHOflKlDAULjCHSUr
GIAO DUC NGHE NGHIEP VIET NAM
I O a t v a n d e
Giio due nghe nghiep (GDNN) l i mdt bd p h i n
quan trpng trong he thdng g i i o due qudc d i n VI viy,
trong nghiin cQu Ijch sfl g i i o due ndi chung cd linh vuc
nghiin cflu v l Ijch sQ GDNN, Cic thdi kl p h i t t r i l n cua
hpa rd net tQng budc t i l n cfla trlnh dd sin x u i t cfla eon
ngudi, Mpi sp nghiip d i u cd ngudn gdc xuit p h i t v i
mang tfnh k l thfla, ai khdng n i m vflng nhflng bii hgc
Ijch sQthl thudng lap lai nhQng sai l i m cQa lich sfl Nhin
lai eic thdi kl p h i t t r i l n GDNN Viet Nam (VN), hilu t h i u
v i chilm nghiem nhflng b i i hpe Ijch sfl lao ddng kilm
sdng cfla ngQdl Viet d l t r i n h lap lai nhung sai ISm v i
gdp p h i n p h i t trien d i n tdc l i tinh c i m v i trich nhiem
cfla mdi con ngudi Nhu n i n mdng ban d i u cua mdt su
nghiip, thdi kl d i u tien cfla tdc Viet lao ddng kiem i n
mdt ^ n h hudng van hda lao dpng v i day nghe cd i n h
hudng l i u d i i cho cudc d i u tranh 6i tdn tai v i phit
triln cfla d i n tdc
GDNN l i mdt khii niem dUpc hilu theo nhilu
nghTa tuy v i o d i e diem tflng giai doan v i bdi cinh lich
sfl khic nhau \^ du, thW dai Hung Vuong (2879
TCN-258 TCN), ngudi Vilt ed day eho con c h i u trong bp tde
tilp, c i t h l chua cd chfl v i l t v i khdng day h i n g loat
ngudi; d i n thdi Phip thudc, Ian dau lien GDNN chfnh
la g i i o due chuyen nghiep, bao gdm cie trUdng day
nghe so cip, trung hpc v i trudng cao d i n g d i o tao
trung cap (Second degre)[1]; n g i y nay, chung ta hieu
GDNN l i he thdng dao tgo n h i n lUc gdm trung cap
chuyen nghiip v i day nghi.Tuy nhien, t r i i qua cic giai
doan p h i t trien, k h i i n i l m GDNN ed thay ddi v l m i l
quin If v i pham vi song v i n giQ dQng b i n chat la q u i
trlnh truyin dgy cieh lao ddng k i l m sdng cfla the he
trudc eho t h l h i sau
2 Viti n^t v4 p h i n kl Ijch 5i:r GDNN VN
V i n d l p h i n kl Ijch sfl GDNN VN l i mdt ndi dung
d i dupe nhieu n h i n g h i i n cflu d l e i p vdi n h i l u quan
diem khie nhau Sdm n h i t l i n h i sflhpc Duong Trung
qudc v i Duong Kinh Qudc [4] nhutig hai t i c g i i n i y
chi trinh b i y 6 dgng su k i l n - b i l n nidn sQ; k l d i n l i
t i l l i l u Uch sfl Dai hpc v i Trung hpc chuyin nghiip
Vilt Nam cfla nhdm nghiSn cflu L I Van GIgng (chfl
biin), Nguyin Duoc, Nguyin Hoic, Nguyin Tfly[3]
nhung cung chl p h i n kl lich sfl GDNN VN t f l 1945 d i n
TS VO THi XUAN
1985 Trong b i i v i l t niy, chung tdi eho ring Ijch sfl GDNN VN chia l i m ba thdi ki chlnh va trinh b i y them eosd s u p h i n kl niy
Quan d i l m eua cie n h i nghien cQu q u i trinh phit triln GDNN tren the gidi thl eo c i u GDNN phit trien theo su hinh t h i n h co ciu lao dpng xa hdi Tuy nhien,
CO c i u lao ddng xa hdi cua mdi nUde lai duoc thay ddi dudi tic ddng cua eie y i u td chung nhit bao gPm: c h l
dp chfnh tri, cie cudc eich mang eong nghe, kinh t l
- xa hpi, truyin thdng v l g i i o due cua d i n tpc v.v., Nhung khi v i n dyng cu t h l vao thuc tien GDNN VN eic khie, q u i trinh p h i t trien GDNN VN can cd sU k l thda
v i phit trien cie quan d i l m , eic eong trinh v l q u i trinh phit trien GDNN da cd trudc cda mpt sd eic t i c g i i trong nudc v i ngoai nude Su p h i n kl cfla lich sfl phii can cfl v i o b i n t h i n phit trien cfla sU kien trong mdi quan he chat che vdi sU p h i t trien chung song khdng tupng, Moi thdi ki p h i i la mpt sU kien quan trpng, co
bin, cd die trUng lam thay ddi veebdt, subien ddi npi
tai CLia GDNN DUa vao nhflng can cQtren, t i e g i i phan
kl GDNN VN nhu sau:
- Thdi kl GDNN VN tU phat (2879 TCN - 1858), bao gdm hai giai doan; Giai doan truyen n g h i kiiu bat chudc (2879 TCN -111 TCN) v i giai doan truyen
n g h i kiiu phUdng hpi (111 TCN - 1858); -Thdi kl GDNN ehinh quy (1858 - 1975), bao gdm hai giai doan: Giai doan GDNN bUde dau hinh t h i n h (1858 -1945) khi thUe dan Phip x i m lupc nude ta do nhu cau khai thic khoang san va ndng san, can sQc lao
m d e a c l d p d a o t a o t h p c o k h i , t h p t h u cdng v.v; tfl Iflc niy, h i thdng day nghe b i t dau hinh t h i n h theo
p h i p c h l v i quy cu He thdng GDNN VN chfnh quy -bude dau hinh thanh, Giai doan GDNN trong khang chiln chdng Phip v i Mi (1945 -1975): Chu quyen dde
l i p d i n tde thudc v l nhan dan Viet Nam N i n GDNN
e d v i p h i t trien;
-Thdi klGDNNVN p h i t trien(1975-2010), bao gdm giai doan: Glal dogn bao c i p (1975 -1986), giai dogn md cfla (1986 - 2000) v i giai doan phat trien (2001-2011);
d i n tdcWIt Nam bat dau khdi phue v i phit t r i l n kinh te, GDNN dupe quan tam hdn v i gifl mdt vj trf quan trpng trong su nghiip phat trien nhan lUc de thUc hien cdng nghiip hda, hlln dai hda dat nUdc
S 6 8 1 - T H A N G 6/2012* 3 7
Trang 2Sa 66 phdn k\ qud trlnh phdt triin GDNN VN Cc/cSu lao d^ng Nlin a<fl TbHIM Ijch sU/ct/cdu truyin nghi
Thdl M GDNN VNtU phdt
ThCicdngcith^
Hl^p t i c g i i n don
2.87JTCN~>inTCN
m TCN-> 1858
Glal dogn truyen nqhl kllu b i t chudc Glal do9n truyin nqhl kllu phu&nq hdi
Thdl kl hinh thdnh GDNN VN chfnh quy
Cdng trUfrng thit cdng - b i n ctf khi
Cdng trUffng thu c6ng cd khi h o i
1858 >1945
1945-^1975
Glal dogn GDNNVN budrc diu hinh thinh Glal dogn GONN VN \dn I4n trong cuPc
khing chiln ching Phip v i chdng Mi
Thdi kl GDNN VN phdt triin
Tien cdng nghiep 1975-*^ 2011
- GDNN VN giai doan bao cj(p(1975 -1986) -GDNNVN giai doan p h i t trien (2001-2011) Cic thdl kl eua Ijch sfl GDNN VN cd t h l tdm t i t
nhu b i n g tren
3 Nhflng n i t d i e trUng t h d i kl GDNN VN tU
p h i t (2879 TCN-1858)
Thdi kl n i y bao gdm hai giai doan:
3.1 Giai dogn truyin nghi kieu bit ehudc
Cin cfl v i o hinh t h i i lao dpng k i l m sdng v i co
c i u td chflc biy d i n cCia ngudi Viet cd cung vdi nhflng
di chf khio ed co t h l goi v i n h o i lao dpng thdi ki n i y l i
hinh thfle b i t ehudc tu nhiln (Unconscious Imitation)
Die d i l m cdng cy lao ddng k i l m sdng cfla ngudi vupn
thuat ghe deo thd so tren nguyin l i l u d i gdc, 6it cudi
Do nhu cau tim thQc i n d l sdng, ngudi vupn p h i i sQ
dyng va b i t chudc nhau due deo dung cu thd so d l
nem, tat, sin b i t thfl va h i i lupm t r i i ciy Giai doan
nay keo d i i tfl 30 d i n 1 van nam TCN (tfl thdi dd d i cd
d i n cudi thdi dd da glfla khi kl t h u i t m i l ra ddi) D i n
hinh,thQ cdng nghiep p h i t t r i l n d i n mfle tinh vl, d i l u
luyen; truyen n g h i chuyin t h i n h dang b i t chudc cd
y IhQe (Conscious Imitation) Xa hon, tinh dieu luyin
eua n i n v i n h o i Quynh V i n cho d i n Ddng Son da
chflng td p h i i cd k i i u t r u y i n n g h i k i m c^p, chpn Ipc
mdi trao chuyin dupc cic kl n i n g tinh vi Cic n g h i
thu cdng chu yeu sin x u i t tgi eic gia dinh trong cdng
xa ndng nghiip, chUa di d i n dang chuyin mdn h o i
cQa cdng xudng, Sau n g i y mua ndng nghiip, mdt sd
c i n h i n hoae gia dinh l i m them eic n g h i gdm, d i t ,
dd go, son, dan lit, Ndi b i t cd n g h i due ddng, luy^n
kim p h i t t r i l n cao den thdi ki Ddng Son d i trd t h i n h
mdt nginh sin x u i t dde lip, t i c h khdi ndng nghi|p
v i cd d i l u kien chuin bj t i i n I l n cdng xUdng T i t e i
If do tren l i b i n g chflng cho t h i y rd sudt thdi kl l$p
qudc cua ngfldi Vilt cd (2879 TCN-111 KN) d i truyin
n g h i dfldi hinh t h i i b i t chudc v i kern e|p e i t h l
3.2 Glal dogn truyin nghi kiiu pbudng h^ (crafts men's guild trade) (111 TCN-1858)
Thdi kl phong k i l n keo d i i g i n 20 t h l kKtiflU
TCN din 1858) Trln co sd II l u i n cfla vile p h i n kl qui
trinh p h i t t r i l n GDNN thl k l l u truyen n g h i phUdng hdi d V i l t Nam d i k l o d i i t f l 257TCN d i n 1858.Tn/6c
khi bi Phong k i l n phuong Bic x i m chiem (111 TOI),
xa hdi Viet Nam d i b i t d i u ed sU phan h o i giai cip Tfnh c h i t e i n h i n cfla phuong thfle sin xuit t^iln
n i n t u hflu t i i s i n d i n d i n n i y nd Tren co sd dd, si/
p h i n h o i giai d p n g i y c i n g siu Co c i u x i hdlVi^t Nam thdi ki n i y ed tfnh c h i t phfle tgp, ddng thdi vdi
CO c i u lao ddng trong thdi kl n i y chfl y i u i i c i tiilthO cdng v i hi^p t i e g i i n dcm D i n t h l kl thfl n i m vile
s i n x u i t b i t d i u ed tfnh d i y chuyin tflc l i hinh thanh
CO c i u lao ddng k l l u cdng trudng thfl cdng Chlnh
eo c i u lao ddng n i y da cho ta t h i y hinh thfle truyin
n g h i trong thdi kl phong k i l n V i l t Nam l i kern cip theo k i i u phUdng hdi Cic n g h i thfl cdng phit triin manh cd n h i l u t h p dat mfle tinh x i o nhu nghe dit, dfle binh khi, ddng t h u y i n c h i l n v.v H i ndi - 36 pho phUdng - mdt d i u tich minh chflng eho CO ciu lao ddng phUdng hpi rSt sdm cfla ngudi W i t Nam Thdl
Lf - Trin d T h i n g Long hinh t h i n h 61 phUdng Thdl
t i l n L I 6 T h i n g Long (Iflc dd l i Ddng Dd) dope chia
t h i n h 36 phUdng, dd l i nhflng phudng hdi sin xutit
v i budn b i n Khdi niim 'PhUdng' thdi U- Tr&n l i mdt
bd p h i n thu^c trung t i m thuong mgi Idn, da hinh
cdng x u i t h i i n d k h i p vQng ndng thdn tfl XhiA Tran
(Idng Mo Ldi- Idng ndn Id) Mdt sd trung t i m diinh tri,
b i n nhU: Long Bien (Hd Bdc) da dupc td chflc theo
phudng PhUdng thudng dupc dinh hinh bdi nhflng ngUdi cflng l i m n g h i , sdng chung hoae g i n nhau,
Trang 3cCing s i n x u i t ra mpt sin p h i m hoae cic bp p h i n
lien quan den sin p h i m Moi l i n g cd t h l cd nhiiu
phudng n l u d i n l i n g cd nhieu n g h i , Nhflng phUdng
niy thudng cd tinh c h i t n h i t thdi vi du phudng ciy,
ciy, git,,, di lam thue cho ngudi khie Xong thdi vu
Chuong V i cd nhflng l i n g ndng, mdi t h i n h vien tam
gic viee ciy, cay sang mpt ben, d l ddn thdi gian sin
xuit nhflng m i l h i n g thfl cdng m i sin p h i m cfla hp
ehl dupc xa hdi tieu thu trong mpt thdi d i l m nhat
djnh, t h i m chf moi nam chf cd mdt djp, vf dy nhu l i n g
lim p h i o Binh Da (Hd Tdy) s i n p h i m cQa ho cht tieu
khdng l i m ndng do khdng cd ruPng, ngudn thu nhip
duy n h i t cQa ho l i mat h i n g thu cdng nhu cic l i n g
dfle ddng Ngu Xa (Hd Ndi), l i n g Chudng (Hd Ddng)
chuyen l i m ndn ta Die diem t r u y i n n g h i phudng
hdi XhiA phong k i l n thudng ed d i e trung l i ngudi day
v i ngudi hpe deu x u i t phat t d nhu c i u lien k i t nhau
ve cung mpt hudng chuyen mdn hay mdt quyen Ipi
sin xuit Co c i u lao dpng gom eic t h i n h phin: e i
t h l (thu cdng cd the), hiep t i e g i i n don nhung chua
phii l i CO cau cdng trUdng thu cdng Chinh vi the, eic
niy (craftsmen's guild) ehua eo d i y du tfnh chit cua
phudng n g h i t h u i n luy chf mdi l i "phudng thdi vy",
Thue t l , nhuTig ngudl t h p thfl cdng, nhu tren da md
t i , hp thuc s u x u i t t h i n la ndng d i n , lam ndng theo
mfla vu, khi h i t mda vu tflc la luc ndng nhan hp mdi
l i m thp thu cdng NhQng ngudi thp n i y g i n ket lai
quyen Ipi sin xuat, khdng ed tinh dn dinh l i u dai
Cdng cu lao dpng cua ngudi lao dpng suol thdi ki nay
vin chu yeu l i dung co bap v i b i n g nhflng cdng cy
thd so dan tiA n i n g suit lao dpng rat thap
4 IMotsonhanxet
Nhin Igi thcri ki dau cfla Ijch sfl GDNN VN v i suy
ngam ta cd the rQt ra nhflng b i i hpc ndi b i t sau day:
Do CO cau lao dpng kiem sdng va hinh thai td
chflc xa hpi, thdi ki dau cfla GDNN VN mang tfnh tU
ngh4 kllu b i t chudc v i giai doan hai truyin n g h i
kiiu phudng hdi
Kllu truyin nghe b i t chUdc cfla td lien ngUdi
Vilt dat h i l u q u i r i t thap: Do tfnh b i t chUdc trUe t i l p
v i bSng p h i n xg t u nhien, khdng ed tinh khii q u i t If
lu^n; day cho c i t h l tflng ngUdi mdt, khdng truyin
thu h i n g logt dupc
Kllu truyen nghe phudng hdi cd tfnh cd l i p vl t u
tudng gifl bf m i t n g h i rieng, dan d i n tfnh fch ki, c i
nhin, khdng dupc truyen b i rdng rai cho nhin din
trong nudc, dS dan d i n thattruyin mdt sd nginh nghi
thfl cdng tmyin thdng quan trpng Mfle dd truyin
n g h i v i n l i c i m tay chf vile n i n viee d i o tao mpt ngudi ra lam thp chinh m i t rit nhilu thdi gian vi cdn phii phy thupe v i o cdng vige Do dd, viec hpc nghe cung rit b i p benh v i khP phit huy duoc sU sing tao vdi nhflng m i u ma ft dupc cii t i l n do tfnh gia trudng eua thiy cung i n h hudng rit Idn d i n viee truyen nghe Hon nfla, cie phudng nghe truyen thong vdi nhQng sin
p h i m tinh x i o khPng dupc sU khuyin khich phit triln eua chlnh quyen phong kien, Thp lanh n g h i mdt mat
bi b i t vao phyc djch eho trieu dinh, mot mat bj dinh chat lupng cao khdng duoc phep tieu dung rpng rai trong nhin d i n ma chi cd vua mdi dUoe dung v i cung khdng duoc xual ra nUdc ngoai Nha nUde phong kien khong l i m eho d i n giau nudc manh ma edn keo ngupe
sU phat trien eua dan ldc
TAIUEUTHAMKHAO
1 Bennett Charles A, History of Manual and
Industrial Education up to 1870, U,S.A, 1926
2 Nguyen DQc, Suhinh thdnh vd phdt trien cua
Gido due chuyin nghiip trong cdc ngdnh ki thudt cdng nghiip Viit Nam, De tai Nghiin cflu khoa hpc, Vien
Nghien cflu Dai hpc va Giio due chuyen nghiep, 1992
3 Nancy H,Kane, Definitions of terms in
Vocational and Praaical arts edutcation, American
vocational association
4 Le Van Giang ~ Nguyen Duoc - Nguyen Hoic
- Nguyen Tuy, Lich sQ Dgi hqc vd Trung hqc chuyin
nghiep ViitNam.TU \ieu nghien cflu, Vien Nghien cQu
Dai hpe va Giio due chuyen nghiep, 1985,
5 YoshioMuto, History of Industrial Education in
Japan, Japan, 1959
6 Duong Trung Qudc, Viet Nam nhung sQ kiin
lichsd(1919-1945), NXB Giao due, 2000
7 Van Tao, The ki X - nhQng vdn di lich sQ, NXB
Khoa hpe Xa hdi, 1984
8 Bui Vin Vupng, Ldng nghe thO cdng truyen
thong Viet Nam, NXB Van hda, 1998
9 Vd Thj Xuan, Qud trinh phdt trien Gido due
nghe nghiip Viet Nam Luan an Tiln si, Vien Khoa hpe
GiioducViet Nam, 2002
SUMMARY
The author provided an overview on the various stages of TVET education in Vietnam, especially the initial stage with unique characteristics and historical milestones Through this article, its writer has analyzed social characteristics, labor stnicture, occupational structure; and drawn some historical experience lessons for the sake of long-term development of TVETeducatlon