NGHieNCliuQ MAY KHiA CANH SINH HOC, JAM LI, XA HOI GOP PHAN XAC DINH CAU TRUC HE THONG GIAO DUC PHO THONG 1 Datvande Gi^o due pho thong (GDPT) cCia na6c n io cCing de ra giao due to^n dien, cSn ddi, h[.]
Trang 1MAY KHiA CANH SINH HOC, JAM LI, XA HOI GOP PHAN XAC DINH CAU TRUC HE THONG GIAO DUC PHO THONG
1 D a t v a n d e
Gi^o due pho thong (GDPT) cCia na6c n i o cCing
de ra giao due to^n dien, cSn ddi, h i ! hda giSa c^c
va nang lac, c^ nhSn Vti xa hoi, truyen thdng dSn tgc
v^ van hoa nhan loai [2] NghTa la n^n gi^o due phJi
c6 sil menh'Vdm phdt trim hodn toan nhCfng nang life
s3n c6 cua cac em" de trd th^nh nhu:ng "ngifdi cdng
ddn tot, ngudi loo ddng tot, ngudi chien si tot, ngudi
cdnbg tot cua nude nhd" (Ho Chi Minh) theo rT\ong6g\
cua xa hoi, dap irng yeu cau cua thdi dai
Hoc sinh (HS) pho thong la mot t | p hcfp nhCng
tr^ em, thanh thieu nien tCr 6 - 7 tudi den 1 8 - 1 9
tudi, vdi nhCfng giai doan phat trien va dac diem sinh
|[ - the chat, tarn li, xa hoi khac nhau ve chat Do vay,
phi/ang phap, Ccich td ehCrc giao due cung can phSi
t h a y d d i c h o p h u hopvcii sif phat trien euaddituang
g i i o due Do chinh la mot trong nhCfng co sis quan
trong cua su phan cap, bac hoc, phan hoa, hudng
nghiep, phan ludng trong va sau GDPT
- D.B Enconhin: "7dm lihoc tri em Id khoa hoc
nghien ciiu nhCfng quy lugtphdt trien tarn licda tri va
nhdng dac diem tam li trong cac giai dogn phdt trien
khdc nhau" [4, tr 408];
' L.X VUgotxki: Giao due va sii phat trien cCia
HS 1^ hai qua trinh le thuoc Ian nhau, tuong tac Ian
nhau ma tCr do tao ra SLT phat trien tarn If cua HS
Quan diem cua ong Id phai hieu sii phat trien cua
tr& de giao due kich thich vao "viing phdt trien gan
t r i e n [ 8 , t r 2 n - 2 1 3 I ;
Nhu vay, td chiJc he thdng GDPT cung nhu c^c
hoat dong giao dye rat can dJa tren co s6Tam li hoc
v^ cac khoa hpc li§n quan
Gi6i han cua bai viet nay chi nham gi^i dap van
de dat ra: Yeu c l u "doi mcli can bdn va todn dien"
n^n giao due nude nha nhU Nghi quyet Dai hoi XI
03ng Cong san Viet Nam d ^ ra, c6 can ddi m6i he
thdng GDPT hien nay hay khdng? Tai sao? N^n ddi
m d i n h u t h e n a o ?
2 Mot so li giSi va chon \\ia
2.1 Vest/phat trien sinh IfluTa tuoi c6a HSpho
<hdttg
PGS.TS MAC VAN TRANG in$n Khoa hgc Glio dye Vift Nam
- Tir 6 •- 11 tuoi: Tr^ Idn ehSm, c h k , k h i cSn
dot, ddng deu (moi nam tang ehCrng 3kg, cao them chCtng 5cm); Nao p h i t trien nhanh, nhung van trong
q u i trinh milein h6a (myelinisation), tiic 1^ phat trien
vd ho^n thi^n cic dudng t r u y i n dSn tde do cao d i m
b i o cho hoat dong cua tri nao dang gia tang { d moi con ngudi c6 khoing 10 tl te bao than kinh, moi te bao CO nhi^ng ket noi vdi cie te bao than kinh khic,
m i so ket noi p h i t trien v6 han Cic tua, nhanh ket noi tao ra cic dudng truyln d i n dugc mielin hoa, d l dat tdi dudng dan truyen cao toe, cung cap thong tin khong han che cho hoat dong tri nao); SU p h i t trien nao bo cung dong th6i la q u i trinh p h i t trien cac ban cau nao trai de vCra hoan thien vL/a phan hoa sU khac biet c i the trong cac giai doan tiep theo
- Til' 12 - 13 tuoi: c6 sU p h i t trien bung no ve hinh the: d cic nucrc phuonglay, cac em g i i thay ddi
nhanh t i / 1 0 - 11 tudi va cham lal vao 1 3 - 1 4 tudi; doi vdi chau A, cac em gai thay doi hinh the manh vao 1 2 - 1 3 tudi va cham lai vao 1 5 - 1 6 tudi Cac em trai cham hdn gai chC/ng 2 - 3 nam Giai doan nay c6 nhieu thay ddi ve hoat dong cua he tim mach, than kinh, noi tiet gay nen nhCfng mat can ddi ve sinh li~theehatva nhCfng khCing ho^ng tam linhat djnh
Q u i trinh do se dn dinh dan vao tudi 1 6 - 1 7
-TCr 18 tuoi: la thdi k) phat trien chin ve mat sinh
hoc, tao khei nang de ngUdi thanh nien cd the tham gia vao cae hoat dong eua ddi song [3, tr731 - 732]
- Ket q u i nghien eCfu eua Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam (2006) "Cic chi so co ban ve sinh li va tarn liHS" cho thay:
- Phdt trien chieu cao vd cdn nang:
Tuoi/
Chi SO
11 t u o i
1 6 t u o i
Chieu cao (cm)
Nam: 135,0
NCf: 137,1
Nam: 158,8 NCf: 148,2
Can nang (kg)
29,6
47,9
Dac diem noi bat
Phat t n e n cham, ehcic, hai hoa, cdn non.y^u DSy t h i , phat t r i e r nhanh, mat cSn doi = > dan fin dinh
St II-THtNG 1/2012.1
Trang 218lu6i Nam: 161,0
NO: 149,7
52,6 (3nd[nhcanddi, hai
hda, dang chin v4
sinh h9c vS tim 11-x3h(JI ,
Hi^n tuong gia t6c p h i t tri^n khi^n d i y thi sdm
han (khoing 1 5 - 2 0 n i m sdm l&n m<it n i m ) da di^n
thOc nhung lal dang di^n ra d cic nude dang p h i t
tri^n (cd t h ^ do dinh dudng t6t hon, di^u ki^n c h i m
s6c y t^, t i c ddng xa hdi ) Hi&n nay, thi^u ni&n Vi&t
Nam day thi sdm hon 1- 2 nam so vdi eich d i y 20
• Kohlberg eho rcing:
+ Tr§ 7 tudi d^n day th) (12 tudi), chCi y^u phit
trl^n nhdn t/iiifc => Tiiu hoc;
+ Tii day thi (13-15 tudi) trd di, chu y l u ph^t
trl^n sinh hoc, tdm II, nhdn tbuTcxd h6l => Trung
hoc [3, tr 448]
Theo hai tdc gid ndi tr^n c6 thixdc dinh tCfa tu6l GDPTn^n chia hai giai dogn: Tiiu hoc (6 din 12 tuSi); tin2-13 tu6i trd di td giai dogn gido due Trung hoc;
- Howard Gardner cho rSng trong q u i trlnh
g i i o dye c6 suchfn mudi k h i c nhau d cic loai tri tu#
Loaitrftui
NgdnnqCf
Khflnq gian
Logic loan hoc
Am nhac
Than hinh vSn dflnq,
Li^n nhan each
NftinhSncaeh
Qudtrinh trituf
Nhay eAiTinq6n nqU
C3m nhSn khdnq gian chlnh xac
TLT duy tri'fu tUong, logic
Nhay cam vdi am thanh, qial di§u
cam nhan van d$nq cO th^
cam nhSn tam trang, tSm If ngUdi khSc
Hi^u tha'u ban than, di^u chlnh bSn than
thIch Crnq vd( hoSn canh
Nqb4 nqhiip phii hap
NhA tho, nhS van, nha bSo
Kl sU, tao hinh, di^u khSc
Nha Toan hoc, khoa hoe
Nhac si, nhaccflnq
Vu cdnq, van dflnq vi^n th^ thao Chlnh khaeh, chuy^n qia xS h6i, nhS tri liSu D^ thinh c6ng trong cu^: ddi
nam, nhung cung se on dinh nhu tr6 c h i u Au trUdc
diy
Tom Igi:
- Tit6 -11 tuoi: Tri Idn chdm, chdc khd cdn doi,
dong deu (moi nam tang chUng 3kg, cao thim chCing
5cm); He than kinh v5n trong qua trlnh mielin hda vd
phdt trien, hodn thi§n, phO hop vdi phdt trien chdm,
chdc, hdi hoa, todn dien cua HS Tieu hoc;
-Thieunien 12- 16 tuoi: ddy thi, phdt trien bung
no, mdt cdn doi, mot so gap khCing hodng vi sinh II,
tdm IL.;qud trinh phdn hda, cu the hda, cd the hda cao
vi phdt trien ca the, sinh I(th6n kinh khlchdt, cd tinh
Qud trinh dd on dinh ddn vdo tuoi 16, cd ca sd cho
phdn hda, hudng nghiip, phdn ludng cho HS Trung
hgccasd(THCS):
- Dau tuoi thanh niin 17 - 18 tuSi: phdt trien
sinh li, tam li on dinh "chin tdi" vi moi mat, phdn hda
ro dgc diem sinh hoc, nang lilc, xu hudng, kiiu nhdn
cdch, tao ca sd cho phdn ludng, hudng nghiep, chon
nghi, yiu duang cua HS sau THCS
2.2 Vikhia cgnh tdm UlCra tuoi
a SU phdt trien tri tui
• J Piaget chia cic giai doan p h i t tri^n nhdn
thuTc cua tr§ em ra nh U sau:
+ 0 - 2 tudi: cam g i i c v i n dong;
+ 2 - 6 t u d i : t i l n t h a o t i c ;
+ 6 - 1 2 tudi: thao tac cu t h ^ => Tieu hgc6ndm;
+ 12 tudi t r d ien: thao tac hinh thCfe => Trung
hoc
khic nhau, ddi vdi cic c i n h i n khic nhau [3, tr 380]:
b Hoat ddng chu dao vd cdc giai doan phdt trien tdm II
' D.B Enconhin; "Van de trung tdm cua Tam II
hoc tri em Id van de dong lucphdt trien' Ddng luc 36
ehinh l i hoat dong cua tri, thdng qua quan h f vdi
ngudi Idn, vdi t u each dai dien - mang trong mlnh toan bd su phong phu m i l o i i ngudi da ti'eh luy diioc [4, tr, 429],
- Tr§ p h i t trien qua nhiJng giai doan khic nhau,
"Moi giai doan duoc ti'nh theo thdi kl dd mdi quan
h§ nao vdi thuc tai l i chu dao, loai hoat dong ndo
Id chu dao" 14, tr.427] Hoat ddng chu dao chfnh la
hoat dong tao ra e i u tao mdi, chat luong mdi, dae diem mdi cua giai doan p h i t trien do ei5a tr& IVIot
sd n h i nghien cCtu theo quan diem tSm If hoe hoat ddng cho rSng nhCfng hoat dong Uu the/chCi dao
p h i t trien qua cic giai doan nhU sau:
+ Vudn tr^; ehc^ vdi 66 vSt;
+ M3u giio: chdi vdi ban qua cic trd chci ddng vai; + HS Ti^u hpc (nhi ddng): hoat ddng hoe t i p ; + HS THCS (thi^u nien): hoat ddng v i giao lUu vdi nhdm ban;
+ HS THPT ( d i u tudi thanh nien): hUdng nghif p, khuynh hudng s6ng
- Pham Hoang Gia: HS phS thong deu lay hoat
ddng hoc tap lam ccfsd phat trien, nhUngcddacthCi:
+ Nhi ddng: htrdng tritue=> Tieu hoc;
+ T h i ^ u n i # n : h a d n g t d m tinh => THCS;
+ T h a n h n i § n : h U d n g ngh4nghiip = > Sau THCS
Trang 3[7,tr.1151
c Suphdt trien tdm II dao dCfc, xa hdi
- Kohlberg p h i n t(eh suphdt trien dao d&ccOa
tri:
+ Mac V Dao dufc dinh hi^dng tri^ng phat v i
tuan thu, mong chd nhdng khen thudng (6 -10
tu6i)=> Tieu hoc;
+ MUc2: Dao dufc ddng t h u i n : t u i n theo nhdm,
da sd (cd Cing ho v i p h i n ddi ) (thieuniin)=> THCS;
+ Mifc 3: Dao dCfc theo nguy^n t i c : dinh hudng
theo giao udc, chu^n mue xa hdi, nguy^n l i e luong
tam c i nhan (thanh ni&n}=> Sau THCS
- Selman: SU p h i t tri^n khia canh tdm iixd hdi
cua tri:
+ 3 - 6 tudi: n h i p vai vien c i n h khdng p h i n hda
(matudng );
+ 6 - 8 tudi: n h i p vai qua thdng tin xa hdi;
+ 8 - 1 0 tudi: n h i p vai qua p h i n i n h b i n t h i n ;
+ 1 0 - 1 2 tudi: n h i p vai traoddi nhieu vai (mdi
hoan canh mdt khic);
+ 1 2 - 1 6 tuoi: n h i p vai xa hdi (cd tinh k h i i q u i t
cac tieu chuan nhdm, eong ddng) [3, tr 484]
*^ Tom lai, sy p h i t tri^n t i m l i d cac c i the khdng
dong deu, nhung cic nhdm tudi cd nhQng dac di^m
chung:
-6-11/12 tuoi phdt trien todn dien, cdn doi, hdi
hoa; hieu biet vd quan hi vdi tong the tU nhien, xd
hdi, con ngudi bdn thdn; cd hdng thu hoc tap Dong
ca uu the: nhan thi^c vd duac ddnh gid tot; "cdi tdi ben
ngodi' => Tieu hoc;
-12 - 15/16 tuoi phdt trien nhdn tht^c sau di vdo
bdn chat cua sU vdt (phdn hda, phdn tich thuc hdnh,
trdi nghiim) ve tU nhiin, xd hdi, bdn than; vuat qua
khOng hoang tuoi ddy thi, trd thanh con ngudi biet tU
y fhiit, tu ddnh gid, tu diiu chinh bdn thdn trong cdc
quan hi xa hdi; ddng ca Uu thi: tu khdng dinh; "cdi toi
bin trong" => THCS;
-16-18 tuoi dinh hinh nhdn cdch theo mau li
tudng do bdn thdn chon lua; hoc tdp, hudng nghi
nghiip, tinh yiu, khuynh hudng xa hoi, ddng cauu thi:
thanh dat; "cdi tdi xd hdi" theo li tUdng cd nhdn chon
lua => Sau THCS
TCr dd eho thay: gido due can ton trong suphdt
trien 'tU nhien" ddm bdo bin vQng, khdng nin theo
kiiu "dot chdy giai dogn"
C3n ndi them ve v3n de nhan eich HS cd the
"tang tdc" hoc nhCfng kien thu:c khoa hoc t u nhien,
eong nghe mdi, cd tri thiJc va k^ nang hien dai d t u d i
thieu ni^n, nhUng de hinh thanh nhdn cdch - mdt
con ngudi cd bdn ch6t van hda, xd hdi it ra cung phdi
qua tuoi 16 mdi trudng thdnh vi "nhdn cdch tdm II" (cd
khd nang tUy thiJtc, tu diiu chlnh, tu kiim sodt hdnh
vi mdt cdch y thCfc) vd 18 tuSi trd lin mdi chin tdi vi moi mat di trd thdnh "nhdn cdch cdng ddn" "nhdn cdchxd hdi" VI hoc l^ch, hoc t i t n6n cd hi#n tuong c6
being c i p cao chua chic cd n h i n eich v i n hda Tdm lai, g i i o dye l i su nghi&p"tr6ng ngudi" khdng n^n nhu trdng ciy, cd i h ^ bi^n ddi glen, kich thich sinh trudng sdm de cd nang suit cao, hinh thCfc, mSu m i dep m i khdng tinh d^n h i u q u i l i u d i i
2,3 Vemdtxdhpi
- Cht/ong trinh ddnh gid hoc sinh qud'c ti'(PISA)
duoc ti^n h i n h tCr nam 2000, nay md rdng ra g i n 100
nude "B6 tuoi IS duoc col l i dd tudi k^t thuc giai doan gido due bit bu6c d h i u h^t cic nudc t h i n h
vi&n OECD." Myc dich tdng q u i t cCia PISA l i kllm tra xem 15 tudi, k^t thuc giai doan g i i o dye b i t bupc HS
da duoc chuin bi de d i p dng nhu'ng thich thQc sau
n i y d ^ n m L f c d o n i o " [ l , t r l l ]
- Thay doi ndi dung, phucfng phip, phuong ti^n, hinh thOfc g i i o due dien ra trong pham vi n h i trudng, it tac ddng xa hdi hon la thay ddi he thong
Kinh nghiem lich si^f cho thay: Giio dye c i n "doi mdi trong on dinh" [6 tr.43}, nhat Id vi he thong GDPT vd
(Ngudi Phip cai trj Viet Nam da khdng tim each
"ddi mdi" he thdng g i i o due Nhogiao m a x i y d u n g mdt h§ thdng "trudng Tiy" song song ton tai Sau
do, Nho hoe t u suy tan Khi ta tiep q u i n Sai Gdn (1975), thay chinh quyen cu, nhUng he thdng GDPT eua che do cu 12 n i m van giCf nguyen chf thay ndi dung)[6]
- GDPT Id hi thong con trong he thdng g i i o dye
quoc d i n , thay ddi he thdng GDPT se t i c ddng den thay doi day chuyen c i c he thdng khic Dong thdi,
no Cling t i e ddng den moi mat cua ddi song xa hdi
Do dd, can rat than trong tinh t o i n moi mat
- Nbd trUtfng Id mot thlet che gdn v6l eong
dong ddn ci/, khdng the thieu Tuy nhien, bo tri he thong CO khac nhau: TrUdng m6m non vd tieu hoc
phai g i n vdi dja ban dan cU de ti^n dua ddn tr^ va phdi hop gia dinh, nha trUdng, cdng dong trong giao dye tr^ (hi&n nay q u i thieu trUdng v i hoc t r i i tuyen
qua nhieu, gay them rdi nhieu); THCS cung g i n vdi dja b i n dan cU nhung t h o i n g hcfn; Sau THCS,
trudng khdng nhat thiet gSn vdi dia b i n eutru; Hoc khic nhau:THPT,THPT chuyen biet,Trung hoc nghe, trudng nghe, Trung cap chuyen nghiep, Bd tuc van hoi Nhu vay, sau THCS cd the p h i t trien nhieu loai trudng, d i p ijfng nhu eau va k h i nang hoe tap cd tinh
p h i n hda cao v i lien thdng cho nhieu "kieu, loai" HS khic nhau, nhung khdng p h i vd h# thdng GDPT [6, tr.45]
(Xem tiip trang 52)
Trang 43 Quyit dinh sd 1229/QD-TTg, ngdy 22/7/2011 vi Phi duy$t Di dn quy hoach tdng thi, ndng cao ndng It/c
vd chdt luqng ddo tga cua cde eo sd ddo tgo bdi dUdng trang cdng an nhdn ddn din ndm 2020
4 Klyiu Hpi thdo khoa hqc: '65 ndm Xdy dung vd phdt triin cda Hqc viin An ninh nhdn ddn'
SUMMARY
The author has presented the important rale played
by science research on lecturers; and suggested some specific measures in order to strengthen capacity in science research of lecturers with a view to contributing
to strengthened training quality In people's police academies and universities
trudng, VI viy, sau khi d i dUpe nghiem thu, co quan
q u i n li c i n phdi hpp vdl chd n h l | m d l t i i thdng b i o
eho cie don vi giing day trong hpc viin, trfldng dgi
q u i nghien cflu tren cie tgp ehl, tren mang Lan dl
cie don vi g i i n g day kip thdi tham khio, v i n dyng
v i o g i i n g day cung nhu eie hoat ddng chuyen mdn
khie cfla don V! mlnh
TAIUEUTHAMKHAO
; Bdo cdo sd 5094/X11 (X14), ngdy 28/6/2011 vi
Tong kit 40 ndm ddo tao dgi hoc trong iQc iQqng cdng
an nhdn ddn
2 Chuang trinh so 10/CTr-BCA~Xl 1 ngdy 13/9/2011
vi Phdt triin gido due ddo tgo trong cdng an nhdn ddn
giai doan 2011-2015
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiitiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiitiiiiiiiinniiMMiMiiniiiniiiiiiMiiiiiiiMiiiiniiiin
I (Tiip theo trang 3)
MAY KHiA CANH SINH HOC, TAM LJ
- Oliu klin kinh ti, vdn hda, xd hdi dtdm vimd
vd vi md deu i n h hudng siu sic d i n p h i t t r i l n g i i o
due Do dd, xiy dung he thdng GDPT p h i i tfnh t o i n
ki eie dieu kien d i m b i o , n h i t l i eic ngudn lUe tfl
phia N h i nude, n l u khdng chi l i nhflng k h i u hieu
duy y chi,
3 Ket l u i n
Vdi nhflng die d i l m sinh If, t i m If, xa hdi cua HS
nhu da trinh biy, ed t h l chia GDPT ra eic b i c hpc:
a Tieu hpc 6 n i m ( d i n 12 tudi) v i sau dd l i
Trung hpc cho den 18 tudi (J Piaget, Kohlberg );
b Giao due b i t bude 10 n i m ( d i n 16 tudi) + 2
nam (18 tudi) cho mdt bd p h i n (khoing 40%) I l n
THPT ed p h i n hda siu theo xu hudng v i n i n g Iflc
Phin Idn HS sau THCS b i t budc (16 tudi) se ra eie
hudng d i o tao n g h i , Trung hpc ki t h u i t , n g h i i p
vy (A Kossakovi'ski, f^/1ac V i n Trang, ), Md hinh n i y
d i n g tham k h i o eho GDPT sau 2020;
e Tilu hpc 5 nam + THCS 4 n i m + THPT 3 n i m
= 12 nam cfla he thdng GDPT hien h i n h l i tUong ddi
phfl hpp vdl d i e d i l m p h i t t r i l n cua HS v i d i l u k i l n
kinh t l , chfnh tri, van hda, xa hdi hien nay d i n 2020
He thdng n i y cflng phu hpp vdi xu hudng cOa da sd
cic nflde p h i l t r i l n t r l n t h l gidi [5]
Cii c i n "ddi mdi c i n b i n v i t o i n di§n" l i npi
dung g i i o due, cieh day, cieh hpc, phuong ti^n d i l u
k i l n g i i o due, cieh t d chflc, q u i n If g i i o due p h i i phu
hpp vdl die d i l m Ifla tudi v i tgo nhflng d i l u k i l n eho
sfl p h i t t r i l n tdi flu cfla HS ddng thdl tao ra n h i l u
eon dudng p h i n hda mgnh sau THCS mdt cieh h i l u
q u i d l phfl hpp vdi sfl p h i n hda cfla HS, d i p flng
nhflng ddi hdi cfla thi trfldng lao ddng trong nude v i hdi n h i p qudc t l ,
TAI LIEU T H A M KHACTRfCH D A N
1 Bd Giio due v i D i o tao, Sd tay PISA, LUu
h i n h ndi bd, 2011
2 8d Giio due v i D i o tao, Mdt s6 dao ludt vi gida due cua nude ngodi, Ban Soan t h i o l u i t Giio
due H i Ndi, 1996
3 Nguyin Van Ddng, Tdm//hpcphdf triln, NXB Chfnh trj Quflc gia H i Ndi, 2004
4 N h i l u t i c g i i , Tdm II hgc Llin Xd NXB Tiln
Bp, 1978
5 Dfl Ngpc Thdng, Cdu tn)c bdc hqc vd thdi luqng gido due trang nhd trudng phd thdng, Bio c i o
c h u y i n d l Hdi t h i o v l h i thflng g i i o due phd thdng,
V i l n Khoa hpc G i i o due V i i t Nam, 2012
6 Mac V i n Trang, Xd hdi hoc gido due, NXB
DHSP, H i Ndi, 2011
7 V i l n Nghien cflu P h i t t r i l n Giio due, Llludn
vd thuc tiin xdy dung chiin luge gido due vd ddo tgo,
KI y i u hdi t h i o , 1997
8 L.X VUgdtxki, Tuy^n tdp Tdm IIhgc, NXB Giio
dye, H i Ndi, 1997
SUMMARY
The writer presents key findings on physiological characteristics of school students, i.e height, weight and psychological characteristics such as intellectual development; key activities and stages of psychological development; the development of social and ethical psychics