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PHiN Hd, i l l iiip CHO lot m mm m m v ^ Jk ooi i s i oit 121
Q TS PHAN TH! THANH H p r - KHLTU THANH TUY^T Lg*
Dqy hqc (DH) hien dql ehu frqng den vifc rSn
luyfn ede kr ndng (KN) eho hqe sinh (HS) thay
vi dqy kiln thue nhu frude ddy, chu y den
duqc h/ng dd'l h/qng HS di kich thieh sy ehu dqng,
sdng hao eua HS; ddng thdl khde phye nhifrig 15
hdng kiln thue, KN edn fhllu d moi HS Mqt frong
nhifrig KN co bdn HS edn rfen luyfn frong qud frinh
hqe tdp vd frong cufc sdng do Id KN so sdnh,
phdn Ifch, long hqp Cde KN ndy ed i h l dupc rSn
luyfn frong cde mdn hqe khde nhou, thdng quo
ede phuong phdp dqy hqe (PPDH) nhu: gidl quylt
vd'n d l , kr thuqt dfng ndo, ede hoqt d f n g khdm
phd, su dyng cdc bdi tdp Hnh hud'ng (BTTH) bdi
Viet ndy d l edp vlfe su dyng cdc BTTH d l rSn
luyfn KN so sdnh, phdn tieh, tdng hqp eho HS
frong DH phdn Tiin hda - Sinh hqc (SH) 12
1 DH bdng Hnh hudng
1) Khdl nlim linh hud'ng Cd nhllu djnh
nghTa khde nhou ve Hnh hud'ng Theo Tir diin Tling
Viet, Hnh hud'ng Id todn f h l nhirng sy vlfe xdy ra
tql mft dja d i l m , frong mft thdl glon ey f h l , bude
ngudi to phdi suy nghT, hdnh d f n g , dd'l phd, Hm
cdch gidi quyet Tinh hud'ng cung ed t h i duqe
hilu Id sy md td hoy frinh bdy mft frudng hqp cd
that frong thye t l hodc md phdng nhdm duo ro
mqt vd'n d l chua duqe gidl quylt vd quo dd ddl
hdi ngudi doc (ngudi nghe) phdi gidl quylt vd'n
d l d d ( l )
2) Tinh hud'ng DH vd PPDH bdng llnh
hud'ng Theo Boehrer: «Tlnh hud'ng Id mdt cdu
chuyin cd cd't chuyin vd nhdn vdt, Ilin hi din
mqt hodn cdnh cy thi, lu gdc do cd nhdn hay
nhdm, vd thudng Id hdnh ddng chua hodn
chinh Dd Id mdt cdu chuyen cy thi vd chi Hi't,
chuyin net sd'ng ddng vd phuc tqp cua ddi thi/c
vdo Idp hqc" (2)
Tinh hud'ng duqc duo vdo DH thi/dng d dudi
dqng nhifrig bdi tdp nghien ciru Hnh hud'ng (BTTH)
Ddc diem ndl bdt cuo loql hinh bdi tdp ndy Id
«xocfy quanh nhifng si/ kl$n cd that hay gdn gui
vdi ihi/c li trong dd chua di/ng nhOng vd'n di vd mdu thudn cdn phdi duqc gidl quyit" (Center for
Teaching and Learning of Stonbrd University, 1994) M f t bdi tqp nghien cuu finh hudng tdt, theo nhu Boehrer and Linsky cdn phdi frinh bdy duqe nhifrig vd'n d l cd Hnh khiSu khieh vd hjo duqc sy thdu edm vdl nhdn vqt ehinh (3)
Theo Nguyin Hiiu Lam: uPhuang phdp linh
hudng Id mdt kTlhudI DH hong dd cdc ihdnh id chu yiu cua nghiin cdu hnh hudng duqc Mnh bdy vdl nhifng ngudi hqc vdl cdc mi/c dfch minh hqa hodc cdc kinh nghlim gidl quyil vd'n di" (4)
Phuong phdp hqe bdng edeh nghiSn euu Hnh hud'ng (Cose shidy) gid'ng nhu Hm cdch gidi quylt mft bdi todn nhdn thue ey thi M f t flnh hud'ng duqc Id'y Idm vl dy phdi Id flnh hudng ed vdn d l fhyc sy Dd Id flnh hud'ng chuo du thdng tin d l ngudi dqc ndm bdt vd phdn tich M f t finh hudng fhu vj thudng gid'ng mqt edu chuyfn ed y l u td khdm phd md ngudi vilt tqo ra nhdm Ifl eudn sy quon tdm cuo bqn dqc
3) Cdc yiu id cd'u ihdnh BTTH DH bdng
phudng phdp flnh hudng Id ddt ro eho ngudi hqe
edu hdi «6qn si Idm gi Irong llnh hud'ng ndy? Vi
vqy, mdt finh hud'ng frong DH thudng boo gdm ede ySu i d co bdn sou:
Mdt ngO cdnh ihdl: Cde finh hudng frong DH
thudng duqe thilt k l frSn nin mft ngu cdnh cd
thdt Tir dd, ed the dieu ehinh mft sd ehl Hit nhdm don gidn hod finh hud'ng hoy tqo duqe md'l llSn
hf flnh hud'ng vdl li thuyet vd qud frinh vdn dyng fri thue eOa ngudi hqe Tuy nhlSn, Hnh hudng frong
DH phdi ed do Hn edy coo, vi khi ngudi hqc nghl ngd ve Hnh ihye eiia Hnh hudng thi sy chii y vd Hnh nghiSm tuc cua hq se gidm vd PPDH finh hud'ng se khdng phdt huy duqe tdc dyng
Ndl dung ihdng tin vd dif kl^n: Mqt finh hudng
*Tn«i{6filiKS<pMiUN4i
" Ifc riti CM IlK Tap ehi Glao due s6 2 9 3 (in i 9/aoia)
Trang 2phdi eung cd'p cho ngudi hqc vd'n d l vd nhifrig
ihdng Hn cdn fhllt de gidl quylt duqc vd'n d l d'y
Nhifrig du lifu d ddy ed f h l chi don gidn b nhifrig
chi Hit, dir kifn duqc d i l n dqt bdng b l , mqt bdng
b i l u , nhifrig fdl lifu iham khdo, hinh dnh minh
hoq, m f t doqn bdng hoy bd't eii mdt fu lifu
ndo khde cd f h l frq giup ngudi hqe frong qud
frinh gidl quylt vd'n d l
Mdt kit thuc mdchua dqng van di: Vd'n d l Id
frung tdm Id hqt nhdn eua Hnh hudng Vdn d l
gql ra ddl hdi ngudi hqe phdi flm tdi, suy nghT,
phdn Kch, so sdnh, ddnh gid d l gidi quylt finh
hudng Vi vdy, hdu hit cdc Hnh hudng d i u cd
mft kit thiJc md dudi dqng mft edu hdi nhdm
hudng ngudi hqe d i n vd'n d l cdn gidl quyet eOng
nhu tqo d i l u kifn eho ngudi hqe ed f h l flip cqn
vd gidi quylt vdn d l theo nhllu phuong hudng
khde nhau ehu khdng bj gd bd, ep bufe dl theo
mft phuong hudng ey f h l ndo cd
2 Thidt k l vd su dyng BHH d l r f n luyfn
KN so sdnh, phdn tfch, tdng hqp frong DH
phdn T i l n hda (SH 12)
1) Thiil kiBTTH gdm cdc budc sau: Budc 1:
Xdc djnh mye HSu chuong, bdi; fiudc 2 Phdn Heh
nfl dung chuong, bdi d l xdc djnh cdc don vj nfl
dung cd f h l fhllt k l duqc cdc Hnh hudng DH; Budc
3: Diln dqt Hnh hud'ng dudi dqng bdi tdp; Budc 4:
Kilm djnh Hnh hud'ng DH dd duqc thief k l
Vf dq: Thilt k l BTTH DH n f l dung «Co quan
h/ong ddng* frong bdi Cdc bdng (hung hin hda
(SH 12)
Budc /: Xdc djnh myc HSu bdi hqe: Mi/c hiu
kii'n thuc: Sou bdi hqc HS phdi thye hifn duqe
cdc n f l dung: Phdn blef vd b y vi dy minh hqo
ede CO quon: h/ang ddng, luang h/, thodi hda;
phdn Kch sy h/ong ddng frong cd'u hao ehl trudc
cua mft so lodi dqng vdt ed xuong sd'ng; so sdnh
sy gid'ng vd khde nhau frong qud frinh phdt friln
phdi ciio ede lodi d f n g vqt thuqe ede nhdm phdn
loqi khde nhou; y nghTa cua cdc bdng ehung dio
li sinh v f t hqc frong nghlSn cuu Hen hdo; phdn
Kch bdng chung t l bdo hqe vd sinh hqe phdn h/,
y nghTo cdc bdng chung frong nghiSn cuu mdi
quan hf thdn thufc gluo ede nhdm sinh vdt Mi/c
hiu KN: RSn luyfn KN so sdnh, phdn tich, long
hqp; hoqt d f n g nhdm
Budc 2: Phdn Heh nql dung bdi d l xdy dyng
duqe BTTH Id Ca quan h/ang ddng
Budc 3: D i l n dqf tinh hud'ng dudi dqng
bdi tfp
Tap ehi Glao due so 2 9 3 (ki i • >/aoia)
Hinh 1 Xuong chi hvdc cua mdt so lodi dgng v^t cd xuong sd'ng
Trong gid hqc, GV ySu cdu HS quan sdf
hinh I (SH 12), thdo ludn vd frd b i ede edu hdi: Nhdn xit cd'u tqo xuang chi hvdc cua cdc lodi hren? Gidl thfch mdi quan hi giua cdu tqo vd chuc ndng cua xuang chi trudc?
Sou khi thdo ludn, y kiln cuo ede nhdm nhu
sou: - Nhdm I: Cd'u tqo ehi frude cde lodi fren
hrong h/ nhau nhung do ehung thufc cdc k)dl
khde nhou nSn chirc ndng rd't khde nhau; - Nhdm
2: Cdc sinh vdt ndy Id cdc lodi khde nhau nSn cd'u
hjo chi frude cuo chiing rdt khde nhou ddn d i n
chuc ndng rd't khde nhau; - Nhdm 3: Do ehl fri/de
ede sinh vdt ndy thye hifn nhirng ehiie ndng khde nhou nSn cd'u tao cuo chung phdi bien ddi theo
hi/dng phii hqp; - Nhdm 4: GV ySu edu nhdm 4
nhdn xet y kiln cuo 3 nhdm frSn: Klf luqn coquan hrong ddng Id gi? Cho vi dy khde vd cho bilt eo quan hrong ddng cd y nghTo gi frong filn hdo? Nhu vdy, flnh hudng d ddy Id ngudi hqe phdi
h; ddt minh vdo nhdm thu 4 d l nhdn xet y kiln
Clio 3 nhdm khde vd rut ra kit ludn v l kiln thuc
eo quon tuong ddng
Budc 4: Kilm djnh finh hud'ng: NSu finh hud'ng
cho HS xu li nhdm ddnh gid edeh diln dqt, su dyng h/, d f khd vd ddng thdl rSn luyfn KN so sdnh, phdn tich, tdng hqp cho HS
2) Su dqng BTTH di rin luy$n KN so sdnh, phdn tich, ldng hqp hrong DH phdn Tiin hda
- SH 12 THPT Chung tdi dd xdy dyng quy frinh
gidi quylt mft flnh hud'ng theo ede bude sou:
Budc 1: Tilp edn finh hud'ng, xdc djnh nhifm vy
cdn fhyc hifn: HS nghiSn ciru flnh hudng, h/ dd xdc djnh n f l dung, nhifm vy phdi gidl quylt;
Budc 2: Phdn tich flnh hud'ng de flm ro ede mdu thuan frong finh hud'ng; Budc 3: Su dyng cdc
thdng Hn, du kifn dd eho, phdn Kch, suy ludn,
tdng hqp d l gidi quylt Hnh hud'ng; Budc 4: Riit
ra kef ludn v l BTTH
Trang 3Vf dq: DH nql dung «Ca quon tuong ddng'
frong bdi Cdc fcdng chifng lien hda - SH 12 THPT
(mi/c 1) trang trudc)
Hoql ddng 1: GV phdi phli'u hqc ldp cd
BTTH cho cdc nhdm, yeu cdu HS nghiSn ciru,
thdo ludn nhdm vd gidl quyet BTTH
Hoqt ddng 2: HS thdo ludn nfidm vd glal
quyil BTTH, GV hudng dan HS nghlSn ciiu fdl
lifu vd Hin hdnh thdo ludn, gql y khi cdn fhilt giup
HS hf gidi quylt finh hudng vd rut ro kit ludn
Budc 1: HS tiip can tinh hud'ng Cde nhdm
nghiSn euu BTTH, xdc djnh n f l dung kiln thue
dang d l edp Id eo quan hrong ddng, 4 nhdm HS
thdo ludn v l cd'u h;io chi trude cuo mft sd lodi
d f n g vdt vd chiic ndng cuo ehi frude Nhifm vy
eua nhdm b ddng vai frd HS nhdm 4 phdn h'eh y
kiln cuo 3 nhdm frong Hnh hud'ng vd rut ro kit
lufn vd fhu nhdn kiln thiic v l eo quon hjong ddng
BtA5c 2: HS ihdo ludn, phdn Ifch cdc mdu thuan
Irong BTTH Bude ddu HS fy nghlSn eiiu, sou dd
thdo luqn nhdm Vdn d l mdu thudn frong vi dy
ndy dd Id: ede hinh dnh trSn d i u md h3 cd'u tao
chi trudc cuo cde lodi dqng vqt khde nhau, nhung
xuong chi frude Iql cd mft so ddc diem cdu tnic
gid'ng nhou, mqt so dilm khde nhou vd thye hien
ede ehiic ndng khde nhau
Budc 3: Sir di/ng cdc thdng fin, dif klin dd
cho, phdn Ifch, suy ludn digldl quyit hnh hud'ng:
HS hf phdn h'eh thdng Hn, 6u kifn d l gidi quylt
flnh hud'ng, sou dd d l xud't trudc nhdm cuo minh,
thdo luqn frong nhdm vd Hm gidi phdp td'l uu
- Cde thdng fin, di/ lifu dd cho: franh vS edu
friie xuong chi trudc cde lodi khde nhou; cdc lodi
fren ed mdi frudng sd'ng khde nhau; phuong thue
sd'ng khde nhou; cd'u h?o ehl frude ed nhifrig dilm
khde nhou; ehiie ndng chi fri/de khde nhou d ede
lodi khde nhou
- So sdnh, phdn h'eh, tdng hqp cde dir lifu d l
duo ro duqe nhifrig hi/dng gidl quye't khde nhou
eho vdn d l duqe ddt ro: Phdn tich cd'u friie xuong
ehl frvde cdc lodi gdm: xuong cdnh, xuong quay,
xuong fry, xuong cd lay, xuong bdn tay, xuong
ngdn hay; Quon sdt, so sdnh, tdng hqp chi ra
nhifrig d i l m gid'ng nhau vd khde nhau v l cd'u tqo
cuo ehi trudc cde lodi: diem gid'ng nhou glira
xuang chi ede lodi Id d i u cd cd'u triic nhu nhou
Phdn tieh vd gidl thieh sy Gid'ng nhau:
xuong chi frude cuo ede lodi deu cd sy phdn hdo:
xuong cdnh hay, edng tay, bdn toy, ngdn hay d i l u
dd chiing hS ede lodi ed ehung ngudn gdc hi mdt
eo quon d kadi td Hen; Khde nhau: sy phdn hda
cuo xuong bdn, xucmg ngdn d ede b d i i h l h If n
sy thieh nghl vdl cdc d i l u kifn sd'ng khde nhou
Tdng hqp ede du kifn dd phdn tieh vd nhfn
xSt y k i l n ciio 3 nhdm frong vol frd Id HS
nhdm 4 Nhdn xet cdc y kiln ciio 3 nhdm: Nhdm
1 ed mf t y dung dd Id cd'u frde xuong chi cua cdc
lodi frSn cd cd'u fruc tuong hf nhou, nhi/ng y sou
chuo ehinh xdc vi Hiyc ro d ddy cdc lodi sd'ng frong ede d i l u kifn sd'ng khde nhou nSn xuong chi frirde ed sy biln ddl d l thieh nghl vdl ehiic
ndng eua chung; Nhdm 2: y kiln nhdm 2 chua ehinh xdc; Nhdm 3: nhdn xSt dung nhung ehua
hodn todn ddy du, vi chuo nhdn xet v l sy gidng nhou frong cd'u fruc cOo xuong ehl frude cdc lodi
Budc 4: Rut ra kit ludn: Xuong chi cde lodi
frSn Id coquan hrong ddng Coquan hrong ddng
Id ede eo quan cd chung ngudn gdc hi mft co quon d kadi td HSn, mdc dii hlfn tql chiing cd chirc ndng khde nhou, vd ed f h l ed cd'u hjo, hinh thdl khde nhou Vi dy: sy h/ong ddng frong cdu tao ehl cuo trude mqt so lodi thu
Y nghTo eiio vifc nghlSn ciru eo quon hrong ddng frong filn hdo: Co quon tuong ddng phdn dnh sy Hin hdo diln ro theo cdc hudng khde nhou Quo fhdl gian ddl, hi lodi gdc dd phdn hda thdnh cdc lodi khde nhou Tu dd, cd t h i rut ro kit ludn
Id todn b f sinh gidi do dqng ngdy noy cd chung mft ngudn gdc
Hoqt ddng 3: Thdo ludn cd Idp vd kil ludn:
GV eho ede nhdm HS phdn tich edeh gidi quylt flnh hud'ng cuo nhdm, cdc nhdm khde nhfn xft
vd kit ludn v l khdl nifm eo quon tuong ddng; nSu vi dy minh hqa; y nghTo eiio vifc nghifn ciiu
CO quon h/ong ddng frong Hin hda GV nhdn xft hoqt ddng cuo ede nhdm, rOt kinh nghifm cho gid hqe sou
Nliu vdy, sou khi gidi quylt ede BTTH, HS dd phdi phdn Kch ede mdu thudn, ede thdng Hn, dCr lieu dd eho, so sdnh, si;y ludn vd tdng hqp d l gidi quyet Hnh hudng Thdng quo dd HS sS rfn luyfn duqe KN so sdnh, phdn tieh, tdng hqp
• •
DH bdng sii dyng cde BTTH b mqt frong nhifrig bifn phdp DH h'eh eye theo hudng hinh thdnh
ndng lye hf hqc, hf nghlSn eiiu cho HS - mft frong
nhifrig dilm y l u hifn nay d nhd frudng phd thdng Mudn b m td't, vd'n d l ddt ro b phdi xdy dyng ddl ngu GV cd nhifrig KN eo bdn xdy dyng vd sii
(Xem hip h-ang 53)
Tap ehi Glao due so 2 9 3 (lu i >/aoia)