a u A N Li GIAO DUC DAI HOC GARHEGIE VA VAN DE P H A N lOAl DAI HOC TAIVli^TNAM TS LE O O N G PHLTCfNG* 1 Ljch SIX hinh thanh khung phan loai dai hpc (DH) Carnegie Tie''''u ban DH Carnegie dupe Quy Andre[.]
Trang 1a u A N Li GIAO DUC
DAI HOC GARHEGIE VA VAN DE P H A N lOAl DAI HOC
T A I V l i ^ T N A M
TS LE O O N G PHLTCfNG*
1 Ljch SIX hinh thanh khung phan loai dai
hpc (DH) Carnegie
Tie'u ban DH Carnegie dupe Quy Andrew W
Camegie visu phat trien ciia day/jpcthanh lap ndm
1967 ydi myc tieu ngiiien cdu va de xud't giai quye't
cac van de cua he thd'ng giao due dai hpc (GDDH)
Hoa Ki Tie'u ban nay ngay lap tdc da phai dd'i mat
vdi mdt van de cd tinh he thdng: khdng cd mpt he
thd'ng phdn loai hQu hieu de' phan biet cdc tmdng
DH va cao ddng (CO) ttieo nhQng chieu do phu hpp
nlid't vdi cdng vipc cua cac tmdng Bdt dlu tQ 1970
tie'u ban nay da xdy dyng mot he phdn loai mdi eho
phu hop vdi myc tieu phdn tich ciia minh Ba nam
sau tieu ban nay da cdng bdlln dlu tien bang phdn
toal cae tmdng DH va CO nhdm "giup icii eho eac
ca nhdn va td'chdc ttiyc hien nghien cdu ve GDDH"
Phien ban dlu tien ciia bang phan bai mang khd
nhieu did'm tuong tu vdi quy hoach td'ng the'GDDH
eua bang Califomia nam 1960 trong xem xet sd
mang ciia cae co soGDOH
Bang phdn bai cac tiudng OH vd CD cua Camegie
da nhan manh vao sy da dang cua cdc co sdGDOH
va tao ra each nhin nhdn suda dang dd trong khi so
sanh Nd cho phep ttiyc hien so sanh hpp Ii giua cac
tmdng cd ddc diem chung hoac rieng Chinh vi vdy,
eae nhdm/jDhan nhdm dupc ttii^ ke sao cho dat dupc
dp ddnp nhlt xet ttieo chuc ndng cua nha tmdng vd
ddc diem cua dpi ngu sinh vien (SV) va giang vien
Ndi each khae, eac co sd gido due dupe nhdm lai ttieo
cai ma hp lam va ngudi hp day Be lam dupc viec nay
cac chuyen gia phai xem xet cdc dQ lieu thyc ve kieu
toal va so k/png bdng elp, kinh phi nghidn cuu cua
lien bang, dac ttung chuong ttinh va each lya ehpn
SV va su chuan bj cho nghien cdu sinh
Bang phdn k>ai cua Camegie bao gom tat ea cac
CO sd GDDH cd cap bdng va da dupc kie'm djnh cua
Hoa Ki va ed sd lieu bao eao trong He thd'ng thd'ng
ice ticti h(^ veg'iao due sau tn/ng figc cila Bd Giao
dye Hoa Ki cung nhu eac sd lieu ve chi tieu cho
nghien ciifu dupc Quy khoa hgc quoc gia thu thap
trong Khao sat ve chi tieu nghien ciiu va phat trien
tai cac tn/dng BH va CD
Top chi Gido due so 302
Cho tdi nay Bang phan bai Camegie da dupc
xuat ban lln lupt vao cac nam 1973,1976,1987, 1994,2000,2005 va 2010 Trong mdi lln edng bd, cac CO sd GDDH dupc phdn loai dya trdn cdc sdlldu cua hai ndm hpe ngay tmde dd
2 Ket cau cua bang phan loai Bang phdn toai phien ban 2010 bao gom cac phdn loai sau: - Chuang trinh dao tao (CTDT) bdc
OH vd CD (Undergraduate Instmctional Program);
- CTDT sau OH (Graduate Instmctional Program);
- Dien tuye'n sinh (Enrallment Profile); - Dipn SV hpc trinli dp OH va CD (Undergraduate Profile); - Quy
md va bdi canh (Size and Setting); - Phdn loai co ban (Bask; classification)
1) Phan loai theo CTBT bac BH va CB Cac
CO sddao tao (OT) dupc phan nhdm theo cac CTDT
CO vd OH khdng xet tdi cac CTDT sau DH cd ttie'
cd tai tmdng Phln phdn loai nay dua vao 3 thdng tin CO ban: trinh dp (OH hay CD), ti Id cac chuyen nganh nghe ttiudt va khoa hpc cung nhu chuyen nghiep, va tuong quan OT CO/OH vdi OT sau DH trong cung nganh Cac so sanh dd'i chieu dupc ttiuc hien theo Bang phdn toal CTDT (Classification of Instmefional Programs - CIP) cua Bd GD
2) Phan loai theo CTBT sau BH Phdn toal
CTDT sau OH the' hien dac die'm eija cac CTDT sau
OH vdi luu y tdi sy k^ hpp ci/a cac chuong trinh ttiudc eac nganh hpe khae nhau Viec phdn loai duoc thyc hien tren co sd cac ttidng tin ve sd bang da cap (ttiac
sT, tie'n si), sd nganh hoc ttieo van bdng da cap va sdbdng phan ttieo nhdm nganh rdng
3) Phan loai theo dien tuyen sinh Viec phan
bai theo dien tuyen sinh eho ngudi dpc cd dupc each nhin khai quat ve dpi ngu SV cua cac nhdm tmdng
cd tinh tdi suket hpp ca SV CO/OH va SV sau DH Cac tmdng chi so SV OH/CO cdn dupe chia ttianli nhdm cap dp (2 ndm va 4 nam) Cac tmdng cd ca
OH va sau OH se dupc phdn theo ti 1^ SV eua hai
* Tnig tin NghiM oil giao die dai hocid nghi igki^, Vi^i MK* ViftNaa
(ki2-l /2013)
Trang 2cap dp nay tinh ttieo SV quy dd'i toan phln ttidi gian
(Full-Time Equivalent - FTE) Ti Id nay cho ta ttiay
dupe "trpng tarn" cua sd SV
4) Phan loai dien SV hoc trinh do BH va CB
Cach phdn b^i nay md ta khdi SV OH/CD ttieo ba
ddc tmng: - Ti le SV toan phln/ban phln ttidi gian;
- Ode tiyng ket qua cua SV lln dlu tien hpc OH nam
thu nhat; - Ti Id SV chuye'n sang tmdng khae hpc
tie'p Moi khia canh nay phan anh nhQng khde biet
nhd't djnh trong SV OH/CO Cae sd lieu nay khdng
phan anh chat lupng ciia giao due tai tmdng
5) Phan loai theo quy mo va boi canh Phdn
loai nay md ta quy md va dac tmng eu tni ciia SV
trinh dp CD/DH Chinh vi the, cae co sd chiOT sau
OH se khdng xud't hien trong phdn loai Cac tmdng
4 nam dupe phdn thanh bd'n nhdm nho theo sd SV
quy doi toan phln thdi gian (FTE) va ba nhdm theo
ddc did'm cu tm cila SV Td't ca cae phdn nhdm nay
khdng bao ham y nghTa ve chd't lupng gido due
6) Phan loai cabin Khung.phan bai eo ban la
bd phdn quan trpng nhlt vd dupc biet den nhieu nhat,
dupc xdy dyng va lien tue phdt trie'n tQ nam 1970 tdi
nay Theo each phdn bai nay, cae co sd GDDH dupc
phdn thanh cac nhdm chinh: - OH cd OT tie'n sT;
-OHcdOTthaesT;-OHOTcu'nhdn;-CO;-Cosd
DT chuyen nghiep; - Cae OH va CO eua eae vung
ttiie'u so
Theo each phdri bai co ban cua Camegie, thi:
- Cac BH cap bing tien s/'la eae tmdng trong ndm
hpe 2008-2009 cd it nhat 20 tie'n sTtdt nghiep (khdng
tinh cac bdng tie'n sT ehuyen nghiep nhu JD, MD,
PhannD, DPT, etc.) Khdng tinh cac tmdng chuyen
nghigp va cac tmdng cua eae vung ddn tde thie'u so
Cap dp nghien cQu dupc phan anh theo 3 phan
nhdm (khdng phan anh chd't lupng hay tim quan
trpng) tren co sd tinh toan chi tidu cho nghien cuu
khoa hpc va kT nghp (S&E), lyc lupng nghien ciiru va
sdbdng tien sTda cap: + OH OT tie'n sT, nghien cQu
rat nhieu; + OH DT tien sT, nghien cQu nhieu; + DH
DT tien sT, nghien cdu
- DH DTthac s/'ne'u chua de'n 20 tie'n sT va cd it
nhat 50 thae sTfd'f nghiep narn 2008-2009 Quy md
kjn neu ed hon 200 thac sT tdt nghiep Quy md vQa
neu ed 100-199 thac sTtdt nghiep Quy md nhd neu
cd 50-99 thae sT tdt nghiep Trong so nay ed tinh tdi
eae tmdng chuyen nghiep hay chu ye'u OT sau OH
(nhieu bang sau OH hon la bdng OH)
- Cac tn/dng DTcunhin neu cd chua tdi 50 ttiac
sT t6( nghigp va ti 1$ cu nhdn chie'm hon 10% toan
bd sd td't nghiep trinh dp OH va thd'p hon
(undergraduate degrees) Neu sd eu nhdn nghe
ttiudt va khoa hpc chie'm hon nua sd tdt nghiep se xep vao nhdm "Nghe ttiudt va khoa hpc", cdn khdng gpi la "da finh vyc"
Tn/cing CD la eac co sd DT cap bang CD
(associate) la ehinh, neu cd cu nhdn ttii sdbdng cu nhdn chie'm khdng qua 10% sdbdng dupc cap ra (trd cae DH va CO cua cac vung thie'u sd va eac co sdOT chuyen mdn)
Todn bd vide phdn nhdm eua Camegie dupc ttiyc hien hoan toan bdng sd lieu thu cap, khdng he cd thu nhdp sd lieu rieng Cac sd lieu chinh lay tu cac
bang cua He thong thd'ng ke tich hgp veg'iao due
sau tmng hgecua Bd Giao due Hoa l<i
^ Tuy khung phdn loai Camegie dupc xdy dyng de'dap Qng cac yeu clu nghien ciiru la chinh nhung
nd da tro thanh mdt he phdn bai co ban dupc nhieu nhdm su dyng cho nhieu cdng vide Ngay nay, ket qua phdn loai theo Camegb dupc coi nhu id uy tin ciia eae co sd GDDH Hoa Ki, dupe nhieu td chQc khde (vi dy nhu US News and Worid Report) lay lam mdu myc khi xep nhdm Mot sdtdchuc elp kinh phi (tai trp) da lay ket qua phan nhdm nay de' lam tieu
chi danh gia de xuat Mdt sd bang si dung phdn
nhdm nay de' lap edng thde phdn bd' tai chinh cho eae tmdng Nhieu to' chQc xep hang (rangking) lay cac nhdm nay lam co sd de' xep hang ttieo nhdm Ode biet, cd nhieu bang da nd luc dlu tu dd' cac
tn/dng DH cua mint) len dupc nhdm Tier 1 (OH OT
tien sT, nghien ciifu rat nhieu) Co bang nhu Minesota
da laiy nhdm Tier 1 lam nhdm OH nghien cuu
3 Mptsosuy nghT ve phan loai DH tai Viet Nam Khung phdn loai Camegie hay mdt sdhd ttidng phdn bai DH cua Hoa Ki deu lay cae tu lieu ehinh ttidng (cua eae co quan quan Ii hay cdng bd chinh thuc cua cac tmdng) de'phdn tich tinh toan Cac sd lieu nay deu la sd cdng khai, khdng cd sd lay rieng
vi myc dieh rieng De'dam bao tinh minh bach va cdng bdng, cae sd lieu se dupc sur dyng nhu da cdng
bd va neu khdng cd sd lieu cdng khai ttii cac tmdng
se khdng ed tdn trong phdn loai Dieu nay ttiuc day van hda cdng khai sd lieu va giam dupc cac cupc tiBnh cai ve sd lieu ttiyc Day chinh la mdt trong nhung did'm ye'u cua he thd'ng GDDH Viet Nam khi chung
ta cd rait nhieu sd lieu khae nhau, thdm chi cd luc cdn mdu ttiudn vdi nhau
Phdn bai chi nhdm tim ra ddc tmng ciia eac nhdm tmdng, khdng phai vi muc dich quan K nha nudc Cae don vj lap phdn bai, dac biet la cde td'ehue phi chinh phu nhu Camegie, khdng tham gia quan fi nha nude nen khdng bj anh hudng bdi ehinh sach hay
uu tien chinh saeh cua chinh quyen Phdn bai do
(ki2-1/2013) • Tap chi Gido due so 302
Trang 3don vi phdn loai lap cdn sil' dyng la quyen cua ngudi
sii' dyng thdng tin Tuy nhien, qua khung phan bai
cua Camegie ta thay neu phdn loai cd khoa hpc, cd
ludn cQ rd rang thi se dupc cac co quan quan fi va
xd hdi sQdyng nhu mdt he ttidng ehinh thde
Phdn bai theo each lam cua Carnegie khdng
phan dnh van de chat lupng cua nha trudng ma chi
mdt phln nao cac khia canh chat lupng Ody la dieu
eung dupc Camegie khang djnh trong phan md ta
ve phuong phap phdn loai Chinh vi vdy khdng nen
nhin nhan day nhu la tieu chuan kie'm dinh hoac mot
hinh thde "kie'm djnh" Khdng nen mao nhdn rdng
cQndm vao nhdm nay ttii hon cac tiirdng thude nhdm
khae Cac phdn nhdm ehi phan anh dac trung cua
cae tmdng, va gian tie'p qua dd the' hien trpng tdm
cdng vide cua nhd tmdng
Phdn loai DH tao dupc ddng luc cho cae tmdng
phd'n ddu Qua thye tien cua Camegie va ca mpt sd
khung phdn loai (khdng phai xep hang) khde, ngudi
ta da thay dupc Id cdc co sd GT ed dupe each nhin
rd hon ve hoat dpng cua nha tmdng eung hinh dung
dupc nhi?ng ddng thai cin cd dd'thay dd'i tam nhin,
su phyc vy cac nhdm dd'i tupng uu tien Tiiy theo sd
mang eac tmdng khi chuye'n dupc vj tri (nhdm) cua
minh trong eac bang phdn loai se cd eo hpi eao hon
trang thu hut ngudi hpc, ngudi day hay nhd tai trp
Phdn loai OH la mdt vide lam khdng diimg yen
ma tu ban thdn nd cung phat trie'n cung vdi sy phat
triln cua xd hdi, dap ung ttiay ddi eua hoan canh eung
nhu dp lue cda xa hpi dd'i vdi cdng tac phan loai
Camegie ludn dieu ehinh cac nhdm eua minh mdt
each rd rang, tranh hieu nhim trang sir dyng ket qua
nen dUpc eac to' ehdc xa hdi tin cdy, sir dyng nhu
chud'n myc chung
Cac tidu chudn phdn loai hien tai ciia Camegie
khdng hdn phu hpp vdi cac OH Viet Nam (vi du nhu
kinh phi nghien cdu khoa hpc va kT nghe danh cho cae
tmdng OH ciia ta hien ttiua cdc OH IHoa l<i rat xa)
Chinh vi vdy, chung ta can xdy dyng he thd'ng phdn
loai rieng eua Viet Nam tren co sd tham khao each
lam eua Cranegie va mdt sd td chuc khae, sat vdi
dilu kien Viet Nam hon He thd'ng phdn bai OH eua
Viet Nam cung nen dupe xay dung ddc lap tuong
dd'i vdi edncj tae quan fi nha nudc Trudc mat cd the
thi did'm de k/a ehpn va tim ra eae ye'u td phu hpp
nhd't cho khung phdn bai Viet Nam •
Tiki li^u tham khdo
1 Carnegie Commission on Higher Education A
Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
Berkeley, CA: Andrew W Camegie Foundation for
the Advancement of Teaching; 1973
2 Minnesota Statutes, 136 (2007) National Center for Education Statistics The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (tham khao 25/11, 2012, t?i http://nces.ed.gov/ipedsA
3 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (2010) Methodology - Basic Classification (tham khao 25/11, 2012, t^i http://classification.s carnegiefoundation.org/methodologv/basic.phpl
SUMMARY
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has published in 1973 the first classlfica-Uon of higher educaclasslfica-Uon instituclasslfica-Uons This classHlca-Uon has helped to create a comprehensive view on the diversity of higher educaUon in the US This Clas-sification has been revised many times since in or-der to reHect the various changes in the system This ClasslficaUon has become de facto standards for clas-sification of higher educaUon in the US and intema-Uonally This article briefs the history of Camegie Classification oflnsUtuUons of Higher Education as well as the major components of the 2010 Classifica-tion as way to conceptualizing higher educaClassifica-tion sys-tem Based upon this the author proposes approaches for higher educaUon classification in Vietnam
Giao due dao dire
(Ti^ ttieo trang 20)
tde, vdi nhan dan va vdi eon ngudi tu trong con tim
vd khdi dc, trpn ven sudt ca cudc ddi
Trong giai doan hien nay, hpc tap va lam theo tdm guong dao due Ho Chi Minh trong sinh vien, nhd't la tdm guong ve Idng nhan ai, vj tha, khoan dung, nhdn hau, het myc vi con ngudi eua Ngudi la dieu het sue ein ttiiet vd ein tie'p tuc trie'n khai manh
me trong eac nha tmdng Q
(1) (2) (4) H6 Chi Minh Toan tap, tap 12 NXB Chinh
tri qud'c gia, n 1996
(3) (6) H6 Chi Minh Toan tap, tap 4 NXB Chinh tri
qu6cgia,n 1996
(5) H 6 Chi Minh Toan tap, tap 5 NXB Chinh tri
qu6cgia,ii 1996
SUMMARY
Ho Chi Minh was not only a moral but also emi-nent moral unparalleled This has brought ideas and morality of a person with vitality In order to become useful to society, future masters of the country, the young generaUon of Vietnam in general and students
in particular need to study and follow the moral ex-ample of Ho Chi Minh, and special goodness charity, altruism, tolerance, kindness, because people run out of ink
8 Tap chi Gido due so 302
•(ki2-1/2013)