TllP TUC DOI MOI PHDUNG PHAP DAY HOC UCH SÛ GOP PHfin nflne cno CHAT unriiG DHV HOC eo mOo NRung nim gan diy, vi''''n d l dd''''i mdi phuang phip day bpc Ljch sd (PPDHLS) d tmdng pho ttidng da dupe trid''''n[.]
Trang 1TllP TUC DOI MOI PHDUNG PHAP DAY HOC UCH SU^
NRung nim gan diy, vi'n d l dd'i mdi phuang
phip day bpc Ljch sd (PPDHLS) d tmdng
pho ttidng da dupe trid'n khai manh md, giup
vide day hpc ljch sd (DH LS) cd nhung bude tid'n trie'n
dang ke v l nhin ttidc, ndi dung v i phuang phap day
hpc (PPDH) Song, thuc tidn DHLS ndi chung, dd'i
mdi I^PDH ndi ridng van edn nhieu nan giai, khidn cho
qua ttinh dS mdi PPDH khdng dat hidu qua nhumong
mudn Ngoii ra, khi saeh giio khoa (SGK) dd'i mdi
each bidn soan v l kenh chd, kenh hinh, nay sinh vi'n
d l giio vien (GV) ehua du dp siu v l kiln thde de
hudng dan hpc sinb (HS) khai thie kiln thde chim
trong SG K, din tdi hidn tupng nhoi nhet vol vang hope
cit xen chuang trinh Han nda, G V chi tip tmng vao
cac bii hqc ttdn \dp it quan tim din vide td' ehdc cic
boat dpng ngoai Idp Vipc kid'm tra, dinh gii trong
DHLS tuy ed chuyen biln nhung vin edn nhung han
che; ehua chu y dd'n vide hie'u kiln thde, phit trid'n tu
duy dpc lip v i ren luyen kha ning lap lupn, kTning
ttii/c binh bd mdn cho HS; thim ehi ehi mang tinh
hinh ttidc, khiln HS coi thudng bdmdn, hpe dd'i phd
Td nhdng vi'n d l ndu tren eho thay, PPDHLS d
tmdng phd'ttidng da dupe ehu trpng dd'i mdi, nhung
chua manh me v i ehua dap dng dupe ydu elu dao
tao Oilu nay xuat phat td mdt sd' nguyen nhin sau:
- Quan niem chua dung vebd mdn Td ci'p quan li
dd'n GV, cha me HS va HS deu col LS la mdn hqc
phu Vi viy, vide dlu tu v l easdvpt chat, thdi gian cho
day, hpc bd mdn ehua nhilu; van edn mdt sd' GV
kiem nhidm DHLS Hon nda, khi bude vao tmdng
tmng hpe phd'ttidng, cha mp HS va HS da xic djnh
khd'i thi vao dpi hpc (da soHS thi khoi A v i D, cdn rit
it hudng ttieo khd'i C), nen HS tip tmng vao hpc eac
mdn se thi dai hpc, dd'i phd vdi cac mdn hpc khae
(frongddedmdn LS); - GVLS dugc dio tao td nhieu
ngudn, chuang trinh v i chat lupng dao tao cd nhilu
khic biet, nen chat k/png G V khdng ddng dlu Khdng
it G V edn non ylu v l ea chuydn mdn LS va ning luc
supham; y ttidc ttaeh nhidm nghi nghiep khdng eao ;
- Do dieu kien kinh tecua G V edn nhieu khd khin,
ndn mpt sd'GV LS chua ehuyen tim tip tmng chui'n
bj bii giang; tim tdl de dd'i mdi PPDH
38 Tap chi Gide due so 301
GS TS N G U Y I N TH! C O l
Nhung vi'n neu trdn dit ra ydu cau cap bich phai tie'p tue ttiuc bidn damdl PPDHLS manh mdhon nOa I.DoimdJ phuong phap tien hanh b i l hoc LS Bil hpc LS la hinh ttidc eo ban cua vide td ehdc qui trinh thd'ng nhait gida day hpc cua GV v i hpc t^p cua HS Nhidm vu cua bai hpe la thuc bidn mdt phln chuong trinh SGK, tdng budc hoan thanh muc tidu mdn hpe, cap hpc v i khda trinh Tid'n hinh bai hpc LS
la tat yd'u va bit budc trong vide DH d tmdng pho thdng (1) Hidu qua DHLS phu thupc phan Idn vao hidu qua tiing bii hpc, vi viy, mudn nang cao hipu qua bai hpc LS phai dd'i mdi PPDH va cd the thdng qua cac bidn phip:
1) Van dung ca'u true bai hgc mem deo theo kieuDHneu va'nde "DH neu van delimcttu tudng
DH ehu tn/ang lim eho HS nam chic kidn thde tren casd tdehdc, hudng din hg tim tdi, nghien edu chd khdng phii bi dgng chd thay giio truyen thu cho"(2)
G id hpe neu vi'n d l cd y nghTa die bidt trong vide hinh thinh kiln ttidc tren eo sd boat ddng tu duy tich cue,
ddc lap Clia HS DH ndu vi'n d l gdm: trinh biy neu vi'n de, tinh hudng ed vi'n cfe v i bii tip neu van de
(biitip nhin thde), tddd GV cd ci'u tme bil hpc nhu sau: -Oat mue dieh hpe tip tmdc khi HS nghien edu bai mdi (din dit HS vao tinh hud'ng covin diva neu bai tip nhin ttidc); -Td'chdc eho HS glal quylt vi'n d l (neu phuang phap tidp nhin thdng tin, dit ciu bdl gpi
md, ket hpp trinh bay ndu vi'n de, hudng din HS khai thie thdng tin, td'chdc trao dd'i, dim thoai ); - Kilm tra boat ddng nhan thde cua HS de dinh gia mdc dp ITnh hdi tii lieu, kit qua boat ddng tu duy dpe lip v i trinh dp nam kien ttidc LS eiia HS; - Ra bai tip v l nha detiep luc hoan ttiien vipc hinh thanh kiln ttidc, ren luyen kTning va kha nang tu duy cho HS
2) Xac dmh dung kien thuc ca ban, su dung
da dang, kethgp nhuan nhuyin, hgp licac PPDH
Trong DHLS, chicd the lam cho HS nim vung nhiing
kiln ttidc CO ban M uon viy, GV can hieu rd 'Ki&i thde cabin li kidn thde tdiuu, cin thiet cho viec hie'u biet eua HS veLS (The gkii va din tdc) Ndgdm nhieu yeu
* Khoa tick sir, Tr«ti{ Dai hoc nr phan Ha Nfi
(kil 1/2013)
Trang 2td sukign LS.cic nien dai, dia danh LS, nhin vitLS,
dcbidu tugng khiin'4m LS, eicquyluit, nguyen li,
phuang phip hgc tip, van dung kien 0jdc'{3) Mudn
xic dinh duqic kiln ttiuc co ban, GV cin hiin ttiu
nguydn tie m i cic nha giio dgc LS d i dua ra; su
dungda dpng, kit hqp nhulnnhuyen,hqp licac PPDH;
can ehu ^tdi dung lupng cua phuong phip
3) To chuc cac hoat dgng hgc tip vi ket hgp
nhuui nhuyin, hgp li khi tien hinh bai hgc LS Cd
ba dang td'chdc cie boat ddng hpc tip: toin ldp, nhdm
v i cinhin Mdi dang dlu ed uu diem v i ban ehl, GV
cin k^htjf) nhuan nhuyin, hpp li khi tiln hinh bii hpe,
euttil: -Hoatdgngcinhin&casdnen tang diHS cd
ttie ttiam gia cic boat dpng td' nhdm hoic toin iap
(ehinh la boat ddng tu hpc d nha va trdn k^ eua HS);
• K^ hgp hogt dgng nhdm vdieinhankh\ GV hudng
din HS tim hid'u eae ndi dung khd, phde tap, da duoc
ttinh biy tuong ddi dly du trong SG K (hopt ddng nhdm
ddiy tiiudng l i phit hien kiln ttidc vdi eie nhidm vu
khic nhau); • K^ hgp hoat ddng nhdm vdtca'fcpkbi
hudng din HS gialquy^ bai tip nhan thuc vdn ndidung
khd (giai quylt mpt nhipm vu hpc tip)
Vifc kit hpp eie dang boat ddng trong DHLS ed
tie dyng phat huy tinh tieh cue eua HS, giup HS lao
ddng tieh cue, nghidm tue bing tri dc dudi su hudmg
din eua G V d l chilm ITnh kiln thde Mat khae, cung
ed tie dpng giio dgc HS thii dp lao ddng chuydn ein,
tinh kidn nhin, tinh than tap the va phit trie'n toan
dipn Song, mud'n thue hipn td't, ein bao dam cic ydu
clu quy djnh v l ndi dung v i PPDH
4) Td'ehue tdi hoat dgng tuhgc cua HS dtren
kip Tu hpc la nhin td'quylt djnh chi't Iuang hpc t|p,
ti/hpc trong tmdng phd'thdng la tuhpc cd hudng din
Vi vpy, boat dqng tg hqc ciia HS ed nhung die did'm
ridng, thihidn ca dtren Idp va dnha Tuhqe dtrdn kip
la nhdng boat dpng tunhin thde khi nghe GV giang,
do la: - Tudliu ehinh khi nghe giang; - Chpn k?e kiln
ttiiic dd'ghichep;-Tutra Idi eiu hdi ciiaGV;-Su'dgng
SGK khi GV ydu eau;-Kit hpp cac thao tie nghe, ghi
chep, suy nghT
Td' chuc tdt boat ddng tu hpc d trdn kirp se kich
ttiich tinh tich cgc, bung thueiia HS trong vipcti/ehilm
linh kiln ttidc; ren luypn cie kTning hoc tip ndi ehung,
h/hpc ndi ridng v i giao dgc HS tinh than tugiae, y chi
vupt khd trong lao dpng hpc tpp Oe phit ttie'n boat
dpng ti/hpc dtren kip, GV CO the ndu cau hdi, cho HS
ttao dd'i thao lupn, hudng din HS sudung SGK
2 Da dfng hoa cac hinh thiic to chuc DHLS^
/ ; Phat trie'n hofit dgng tu hgc dnha Tu hpc o
nha trong hpe tip LS l i s u tilp ncS mdt each togc bai
(ki
1-1/2013)-hpe trdn Idp Trong boat ddng nay, HS phai tt/ hoan thanh cie bii tip, yeu eau G V dua ra sau eac l i i i hpe
trdn kip, gdm: - Nim vdng tii lieu dihgc (nghidn cdu
lai vdghl va SGK de ttidng nhait va hid'u siu kiln ttiuc, tai hidn lai kiln thde, hoin thanh cic ciu hdi v i bai tap trong SGK, tu lim vide vdi ban do, tranh anh ngoii SGK, tudqe eac tai lieu LSvan hda trong tii Hdu tham khao, sach dpe thdm nhim hie'u rd ban kiln ttidc da
hqc, md rdng hid'u bid't); - Tudn tip theo su hudng
din cua G V; - Chui'n bicho bii hgc mdi (dpc v i tt/ghi
tdm tit ngin gpn nhi/ng van d l co ban eua bii viet ttong SG K; ghi lai nhung ndi dung khd hieu, die bidt la eie thuit ngu, khii niem; chui'n bj bai tip G V d i cho phgc vg cho bii hqc sip tdi )
To'chde td't hoat ddng tubqednha cho HSse gdp phln ning eao hidu qua DH bd mdn d tmdng phd' ttidng Tuy nhidn, GV can luu y: - Giup HS cdthai do dung v i y thde dupe mge dieh, nhidm vg cua vide h/ bpc d nha; - Nhldm vu giao ve nhi phai giy bung ttiu eho HS, dam bao trinh do chung eua ca kip; - Tao dieu kidn thuin Ipl (sich bao, tai lieu, ttidi gian ) d l
HS ed t h i t u hpc; - Ren eho HS ttidi quen, phuong phip tu hpc d nhi, thudng xuydn kid'm tta bii tip d nha de nang eao y thde, trich nhldm eua HS; - Khd'i K/png bii hpe, bii lam giao ve nhi phai dam bao vda duvivdasdcvdiHS
2) Ting cudng hoat dgng tham quan hgc tap tai thue dja, bao tang, nha truyen ttio'ng dia phuang khi dieu klen eho phep Bii hpc tai ttiuc
dia ve LS dan tde hay LS dja phuong cd y nghTa kin dd'i vdi vide giao dudng, giio dge v i phittrien HS Khi tiln hinh, GV can can edvio die tmng eua bil bpc
va tuan thii nhung ydu cau, dieu kidn quy djnh v l bii hpe tai thuc dja, bao ting, nha tmyln ttidng de dat hidu qua cao Npl dung ehii yd'u eua cac buH ttiam quan hoc tap la cung co kiln thde da hqc hoic chuan
b j cho vide hpe tip nghien cdu kidn ttidc mdi Oe dat kd't qua cao, GV phai td' chde chit chd, ttieo dung chuong trinh quy djnh, trinh lim vide tiiy tien khdng
ed klhoaeh, cung nhu nim vdng phuang phip, cich tid'n hanii divan dgng
3) Tang cudng cac hoat dgng ngoai khda, ttiuc hinh dehd trg bii hgc tren Idp Bii hpe ndi
khda v i boat ddng ngoai khda ed mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, eung giai quylt nhipm vu ehung cua bai hpc, mdt khda trinh hay chuong trinh ciia kip hpe, cap hpe Ngoai khda trong DHLS cd y nghTa kin vdi
HS v l cac mat, tuy nhien, can cd su giup dd cua xa hdi, gia dinh cic cap quan li Hinh ttiuc ngoai khda trong DHLS rat phong phu, da dang,songGVLS can
Tap ehi Gide due so 301 39
Trang 3nam vung PPDH bd mdn v l vi'n d l nay (Iga ehpn ndi
dung, chu d l , hinh ttiuc va each tiln hinh)
3 Sii dung da dang, kit hpp nhuin nhuyin
cac PPDH truyen thd'ng vdi phuang phap,
phuong tien DH hien dai
1) Sudung cae PPDH truyen thong theo tinh
that d^mdi Hien nay, GV ttiudng sddgng eac phuang
phip ttuyin ttidng: trinh biy midng, dodung tme quan,
SGK, cac tii lieu hqc tip v i mdi PPDH tmyln ttidng
dlu cd mittich cgc can kettiua va phit huy Vi viy, khi
doimdiPPDHLS,GVcdttid'ttigchien:kethppphuong
phip ttinh biy midng (midu ta, tudng ttiuat, giai ttiich )
vdi ndu eau hdi gpi m d d l HS trao dd'i nit ra nhin xet,
dinh gii; sddgng dd dung tn/c quan kit hpp vdi trao
da dam ttioai; hudng din HS sddgng SGK quakhai
ttiic bii vilt, kdnh hinh, tra Idi eiu hdi ; hudng din sd
dgng eie tai idu LS, vin hpe phu hpp qua cic eiu hoi,
bii tip deHS hieu siu, nhd Iiu, mdrpng kiln thue; gin
bii giang LS vdi ttiuc tieudc sdng dja phuang qua cic
biitpp v$n dung kiln ttidc, kTning
2) Su dung cac phuang phap, phuang tien
DH hien dai khi dieu kien cho phep
• Hge theo hgp ddng: l i mdt ho^t dgng hge tip
trong dd mdi HS duge giao mgt hgp ddng trgn gdi,
gdm cie nhiem vu (bii tip) bit huge vi tuehgn khie
nhau trong mdt khoing thdi plan nhi} dinh HS ehu
dgng vi dgc lip quy^dinh ve thdi gian cho mdi nhiem
vg (bii tip) vi Old ttf thuc hign cie nhigm vu (bai tip)
ddfieo kha ning eua minh"(A) 6 dd, GV la ngudi
ttiilt k l , xay di^g cic nhldm vg trong hpp ddng, td'
chde, hudng din HS nghldn edu, ki kit vathue hidn
hpp ddng theo ning lue, trinh dp va nhjp do hpc tip
Clia c i nhin nhim dpt dupe mgc tidu DH Thue hidn
hpc theo hpp ddng cho phep phin hda nhjp dp va
trinh dp Clia HS; tang cudng tinh ddc Ipp, hpe tap hop
tic ; GV ed co hdi hudng din, tao dieu kidn eho HS
dupc nhin vittigc hidn trich nhidm hpc tip cua minh
Tuy nhien, mud'n su dgng phuang phip hpe theo
hpp ddng, GV phai lua ehpn npi dung phu hop, luydn
tip dan de HS quen vdi phuang phap mdi va dau tu
tlidi gian khittilet klhpp dong
-DWrf(/a/J i^mpt hinh thde ma HS thue hien mdt
nhipm vg hpc tapphue hop, kit hop giua li thuyet va
ttigc hanh, thgc tien Nhiem vu nay dupe HS thue hien
vdi tinh h/ luc eao trong toin bd qua trinh hpc tap, ti)
xac dinh mge dich, lip klhoaeh dd'n vipc thgc hidn du
i n , thu ttiap ttidng tin, phan tich du lieu, klem tra, dilu
chinh, dinh gia q u i trinh va kit qua lam vide nhdm
la dang td'chdc boat ddng chu ydu Clia DH d u i n Oe
van dgng tot hinh ttidc niy, GV can lua chpn ndi dung
phu hpp v i hudmg d i n HS chui'n bj chu dio
40 Tap ehi Gide dye so 301
-OngdungcdngngheMng«nvaoQHlS\a.h\&\
phap tich cue gdp phan vao dd'i mdi PPDHLS hidn nay Song, vide ung dgng cdng nghd ttidng tin vio
DH ndi ehung, mdn/.Sndl ridng mud'n dat kit qua tdt can ket hop vdi eac phuang phap tmyln thdng va phu hop vdi dilu kien cu ttie d tdng tmdng phd'thdng
4 Tiep tuc thuc hien vlec klem tra, dinh gia theo yeu cau doi mdi
Kie'm tra, danh g'la cd y nghTa to Idn ve cie mat giaodudng,giao due va phit trid'n HS,ddng thdi, giup
GV tu danh gia dupe kit qua day bpc eua ban thin, thay dupc nhdng ttianh cdng va van de ein nit kinh nghidm, de cd cic bidn phip thich hpp nhim ning cao cha't lupng DH bd mdn Thuc t l , vide kid'm tra, danh gia trong DH LS dtrudngjihd'thdng hien nay da
ed nhilu chuye'n bidn, song vin ehua dap dng dupc ydu cau dit ra Vi viy, phai tidp tgc dd'i mdi vide kid'm tra, dinh gia v l cic mat quan nidm, ndi dung, hinh thde va phuang phap
***
Od'i mdi PPDH ndi chung, PPDHLS ndi ridng d tmdng phd' thdng hien nay la vide cin thilt; la bipn phap thidt ttiuc d l ning eao chit lupng DH bd mdn, gdp phan thuc hidn mgc tidu dao tao nhdng con ngudi phit trie'n toin didn dip dng su nghidp xiy dung v i bao vd Td' qudc Tuy nhidn, de tilp tuc thuc hidn dd'i mdi PPDH datketquaphalcd:quan nipm dung vivj tri mdn hpe; dpi ngu GV vung vang v l chuydn mdn
LS, li luan DH bd mdn; ydu nghi va mpt mdi tmdng
DH thuin loi a
(1) Phan Ngoc Lien (chQ bien) NguySn Thi COi -Trinh Dinh Tung Phuvng ph^p d^y hpc Lich sur,
tip 2 NXB Difi hpc suphpm, H 2009
(2) Thai Duy Tuyen Phmmg phip d?y hpc - Truyin
thdng va d6'i ni<n NXB Gido due, H 2010
(3) Phan Ngpc Lien (chii bien) Trinli Dinh Tung -NguySn Tti; COi Phmmg phdp day hpc Ljch sur,
tap 1 NXB Dgi hQC suphgm, H 2009
(4) Dur an Vi$t - Bi Day yk hpc tich cue - MOt stf phuvng phip va ki thuit day hpc NXB Dgi hgc su
phgm,H.2Q\Q
SUlkOAARY
Nowadays, changing the method of teaching, the method of teaching History also In high-school Is a urgent problem This Is a practical solution to Im-prove tie quantity of teaciiing this subject toward training comprehensive new people This article gives the reader some solutions to change the method of teaching history to improve the quality of teaching this subject
(kil-1/2013)