VA NHONG 1 0 0 1 TRONG DAY HOC CAD GDiP CDiND PDU a TRUONG PHO THONG T| ong he thdng ngir phdp hing Viet, Cdu ghep (CG) cdu ghep chinh phy (CGCP) Id mdt don vj ngdn ngir dupe cdc nhd nghien cuu quan t[.]
Trang 1VA NHONG 1 0 0 1 TRONG DAY HOC CAD GDiP CDiND PDU
T|-ong he thdng ngir phdp hing Viet, Cdu ghep
(CG) - cdu ghep chinh phy (CGCP) Id mdt
don vj ngdn ngir dupe cdc nhd nghien cuu
quan tdm h/ rdt Idu Mde du, quan niem ve CG
vd viSc phdn loai CG vdn cdn mdt vdi y kiln
ehua thd'ng nhd't, nhung frong qud trinh gidng
dgy, gido vien (GV) phdi lya chgn mot quan niSm
ngir phdp phO hop d l giup ngudi hpc tfnh hdi,
flip nhdn vdn bdn cho hop li vd thd'ng nhd't Bdi
viit chi ro mdt so y l u td ehi phdi trgt h/ sdp xep
v l chinh dung trude, v l phy dung sou, nhi/ng luu
y frong dgy hpc (DH) CGCP d trudng phd thdng
nhdm ndng cao chd't lupng DH tilng Viet, chd't
lupng hopt ddng giao t i l p ndi chung trong giai
dogn hiSn nay
1 Mdt sd yeu td' chl phd'i frdt t\f sdp xep ve
chinh dung hvdc, v l phy dung sou frong CGCP
Tdc gid Diep Quang Bon dya vdo quan
he ngir phdp khdi qudt gii/a cdc ve trong CG
chia CG thdnh hoi kip Idn Id: CGCP vd CG lien
hpp (CG ddng ldp) CGCP Id CG md quan he
ngu phdp giira cdc ve edu Id quan he khdng binh
ddng, do do frong cdu cd sy phdn biet menh d l
chinh vdi menh d l phy thudc Vd trgt ty cdc v i e d
t h i thay ddi ck> ngir ednh vd nhiem vy giao h i p
quy djnh: <iNdi dung mdi quan hi giira bai ve
cua CGCP cd quan be chdt che vol phep suy li
hgic, vi vdy trgt tu vi phu dung trude, vi chinh
dung sau dugc quy udc coi Id uu tien Nhung ve
phuong tiin su dung thi bai trgt tu deu binh ddng
vdi nhau, su dung trgt tu ndo Id do ngir canh vd
nbiim vu giao tiip quy djnh" (1)
Theo khdo sdt cua ngudi viit, trong cdc vdn
bdn nghe thudt, sy sdp xep trgt ty v l chinh dung
frudc coo hon trgt ty v l phy di/ng trude (theo
sou Id vdn bdn khoa hgc vd vdn bdn chinh ludn),
do ngdn ngu nghe thudt ed dde trung Id tinh
cd'u true, tinh hinh h/png cao, gidu sdc thdi b i l u
edm vd mang dde frung phong cdch ngdn ngir
riSng cua mdi tdc gid nen viee the hien cd'u true
Q ThS DINH Thj XUAN HANH
cdu, npi dung ngir nghTo trong cdu rdt phong
pho, do dgng
Qua mdt so cu lieu khdo sdt dirpe trong cdc vdn bdn nghe thudt, vdn bdn khoa hpc vd vdn bdn chinh ludn ed kilu CGCP vdi v l chinh dung trude, v l phy dung sou (trdi vdi trgt h/ thdng thudng Id v l phy dung trude, ve chinh dung sou),
cd t h i thdy cdc y l u td chi phdi tdi su sdp xep do cung nhu gid trj cOa chung trong mdt sd vdn ednh
ey thi
1) Yeu td tinh thdi: NghTa eua edu (nhu
Chorle Bally guan niem) bao gdm nghTa npi
dung menh ai (dictum) vd nghTa tinh thai
(modality) NghTa ndi dung menh d l Id y nghTo logic cuo edu, cdn nghTa tinh thdi b i l u hien thdi
dp, lap trudng vd tinh edm cOa ngudi ndi Dd'i vdi tilng Viet, mot ngdn ngir thudc lopi hinh don ldp, d binh dien ngir phdp thudng si/ dyng phuong tien trgt ty tu node hu tu de t n l hien y nghTo tinh thdi Vd y nghTo tinh thdi ludn ludn
cd mdt trong bd't ei/ mpt cdu ndo - k l cd frong trudng hgp khdng ed tinh thdi, thdnh phdn finn thdi Trong mdt cdu don binh thudng, viec xde djnh cdc phpm trO v l tinh thdng bdo, tinh vj ngi;, tinh tinh thai cd the dupe t i l n hdnh tuong dd'i d l ddng Cdn dd'i vdi CGCP, trong rdt nhilu frudng hpp ed xud't hien tinh thdi chu quan (the hi§n quan he giira ngudi ndi, ngudi v l l t vdi ndi dung cOa cdu hay ddi vdi ngudi nghe, ngudi d g c ) nhung khdng su dyng cdc tu tinh thdi, hodc cdc tieu tu tinh thai cudi edu
Vdy Idm t h i ndo d l cd t h i khdm phd ro cdc net nghTa tinh thdi trong cdc CGCP dd? Trong khi
dd, viec lya chgn mdt phuong Ken ngdn ngir frong giao f l i p boo gid cung Id mpt chiln luge cua ngudi ndi Vdn d l sdp xep cdc v l edu, do vdy cung khdng phdi Id hodn todn ngdu nhien Sy thay dd'i trgt hr ndy, chdc chdn ed mdt hieu Iyc giao Hip nhd't dinh dd'i vdi ngudi nhdn
* TrMi{ Bai kft KiMa kfc Xa kfi «a NIUii nil - BWH! Na N^i
Tap chi Glao due so 3 0 0 (kta-ia/aoia)
Trang 2Vidy (la): o-Chung tdi ngdi cd day Suongmu
vi dim ddy dde len qua nhOng khe vdeb go trdn
vdo nhd, ngung dgng trong nhung gdc tdi khong
cd boi dm eua Iua Ke Linh chdm chap rdt rugu
udng Khdng al glue gid mgt Idl, mde dii tdi ndng
Idng mudn blit flip edu chuyen" («Thung lung ngdn
suong" Bdo Vu TruySn ngdn hoy 199d)
CGCP d ddy Id CG nhuong bd - tuong phdn
Trdt h/ cuo hai v l edu Id v l chinh dung trude, v l
phy dung sou Ve phy f h l hien thdi dp, tinh edm
eua nhdn vdt tdi dd'i vdi ndi dung eua edu chuyen
dang dupe nghe vd dd chinh Id tinh thdi ehu quan
cOo cdu Ngudi vllt mudn ngudi dpc chu y tdi ve
phy - d i l u dupe nhdn mgnh - nen dd ehuyin v l
phy dung sou v l chinh
Neu thay dd'i Igi trgt ty eua edu thdnh: (lb)
^ d c dii tdi ndng Idng mudn bilt t i l p cdu chuySn
(nhung) khdng ai giyc gid mdt ldi, rd rdng gid tri
tinh thdi trong hoi edu dd khde hdn nhau Dilu
nhd'n mgnh vd sy hdi hop, mong chd eua nhdn
vdt tdi frong edu (1 b) dd bj gidm sOt hdn so vdi
cdu (la)
2) Ydu td thdng bdo: Holliday dd dua ra
khdi nl6m don vj thdng tin vd quan niem don vj
thdng tin Id mdt k i t cd'u dupe too ra tu hoi chuc
ndng, cdi mdi (the new) vd cdi cO (the given)
Chinh ngi/ ednh vd vdn ednh Id y l u to quy djnh
cd'u true thdng tin cOa phdt ngdn Mdi ngdn ngir
ed mdt phuong phdp rieng d l t h i hiSn thdng tin
cu vd thdng tin mdi trSn cd'u true ndi Dd'i vdi
tieng Vl6t, frdt ty tu, hu ti> vita Id phuong tht/c
ngif phdp vOa Id phuong tign de the hien thdng
tin cu, mdi Thdng thudng, ngudi ndi cd xu hudng
chpn cdi eu Idm xud't phdt diem cho nhdn djnh
vd d l phdn cd gid trj thdng bdo thyc sy (cdi
nfKSrl) ra sou Dd chinh Id mdt cdch to chuc thdng
tin thudn ti^n vd phu hop Trgt ty v l chinh dung
frudc v l phy trong CGCP cOng chju sy tdc ddng
cua y l u fd thdng bdo nhu vdy Ve phy dung
sou f h l hiSn tin mdi, khdng chi neu hien h/gng
md cdn gidi thich hien h/png, the hien thdng tin
quan frgng
Vi dy (3): «Mdt viin quan bai cd nhiiu vg
dd qudt ngd mdt thiiu phu An Nam vd dung
gdy song ddnh cbj din chit chi vi chi khdng
chju Idm vo le bdn"; Vi dy (4): «Mdt sT quan
khdc blip mgt be gdi bdng nhirng cdeh ddm
bao v6 eOng ghi tdm Bj truy to trude tda dgi
binh, hdn dugc trdng dn, chl vi ngn nhdn Id ngudi
An Nam' (Hd Chi Minh todn tdp, tdp 2)
Tap ehi Glao due so 3 0 0 (k> a • la/aoia)
Viec de v l nguyen nhdn dung sou, ve he qud dirng frudc dd tgo cho cd hoi edu sy ldp cd'u true, tgo dupe diem nhdn cho ndi dung, mdt thdng tin quan frpng gdy sy chO y d ngudi dpc Nhon d l
cua bdi vllt Id «Noi kbdnhuc cua ngudi phu nir
bdn x&' vd todn bd ndi dung eua nd tdp trung
duo ra nhirng con so, nhirng sy that dd xdy ro ddi vdi phy nir dudi dch chilm ddng, dd hd, khai hda vdn minh cOa thyc ddn Phdp Tdc gid
dOng trp Kr: chinh, chi, ngay, ed den de ddnh
ddu heu diem thdng tin Chi vi ehi ra nguyen
nhdn vd Id trpng tdm thdng bdo cuo edu (mdt nguyen nhdn khdng the ehd'p nhdn dupe, nhung
Id sy thdt dd xdy ra d mdt nude thudc dja - noi mpi quyIn Idm ngudi dd bj vi phgm mdt cdch frdng frgn)
3) Ydu td liin kit: Vdn bdn Id mdt he thd'ng edu frOc, trong dd ede cdu Id ede phdn tu Vd
«g;d tri eua bdtcuyi'u td'ndo do nbungyiu tod
xung quanh quy dinh" (F.De.Saussure) Cdu triic
vdn bdn ehi ra vj tri cOo mdi cdu vd nhirng mdi
quan hi, liSn hS cuo nd vdi nhtfrig edu xung quanh
ndi rieng vd vdi todn vdn bdn ndi chung Sy lien kit, chinh Id mgng ludi cuo nhi/ng mdi quan he, lien he dy Dilu dd ddi hdi moi cdu trong dogn vdn, frong vdn bdn phdi lien kit chdt che, phdi hpp hdi hdo vdi nhirng cdu xung quanh d l cd'u tgo nen mdt dogn vdn thdng nhd't, mdt vdn bdn hodn chinh
Dd'i vdi CGCP, khi dung dde ldp, riSng re
khdng eh ju sy chi phdi eua bd't cu nhdn fd ndo thi
viec lya chgn sdp x i p cdc menh d l (ede v l edu) nhu the ndo rdt de ddng, nhung khi ddt frong vdn ednh ey t h i , chung chju sy ehi phdi cOo nhdn
to lien kit (vdi cdu trude hodc edu sou) Cdn lya chgn mdt frdt ty sdp x i p cho phO hpp, khdng t h i h/ do hay hjy tien thay ddi
Vi dy (5): «Ldp hgc ngogi ngir budi tdi thdi
dd van dugc coi Id xa xi, nen cung khdng ddng Idm Md thdnh phdn Igi rdt chudn todn ddn cdn
bd dd tirng td't nghiep Dgi bgc, cd dng cdn dang ngdp nghe cdi bdng Phd Tiin sTtrong nude Thanh thu tdi bong thdy minh lip vi'hdn, mde du tdi dd
ed cdi bdng kisu logi uu" («Ndng vd tdi" Nguyen
Cd'm Huong TruySn ngdn hay 2001)
Trong vi dy ndy, cdu thu hai Id cdu neu sy kien Idm xud't phdt diem cho cdu tht/ bo (cd v l chinh dung trude, bdc Id k i t qud eua nhdn thuc, fri gide vd y chu quan cua nhdn vgf «fdi") Vi v l chinh bieu thj k i t qud nhdn thuc Kr cdu frudc
Trang 3dd, nen CGCP ndy, ddt v l chinh dung trude Id
hpp li TO «thdnb thu/' ddng vol trd kit ndi, chi
ddn frudc kit qud se xdy ra sou d i l u dd dupe
neu trude dd V l phy dung sou ehi y tuong phdn
vdi y chinh «indc dd tdi dd ed cdi bang ki su
logi uu", vdy thi cung ddu cd thua kem gi hp vd
le ro nhdn vgf tdi phdi fy tin han chi/? Nhung
d i l u ndy phu hpp vdi tinh cdch nhOt nhdt, ryt re
cuo nhdn vdt «fdi" vd hpp logic vdi kit truyen
khi nhdn vdt «tdi" phdi day dut, dn hdn mdi vi
dd d l cho chj Li phdi khd Ddi Igi trgt tu hai ve
cdu ndy se khdng phu hpp vdi hodn ednh vd
Idm mdt di tinh lien kit chdt che, logic giua hoi
edu nhu tdc gid dd vllt
2 Nhirng luu y frong viec dgy CGCP d
trudng phd thdng
I) Ndi dung CGCP frong ehuong trinh
phd thdng Chuong trinh tieu hgc trude vd sou
dd'i mdi d l u chuo phdn biet CGCP, CG ddng
ldp cho HS HS chi cdn phdn biet dupe sy khdc
nhau giira cdu don vd CG, ehu y tdi cdc thao
tdc thyc hdnh edu (ehu trpng ren kT ndng (KN)
St/ dyng ngdn ngu ehu khdng ndng v l li thuyet
Ngdn ngijr bgc vd Viet ngif bgc) Chuong trinh
tu THCS tdi THPT, tu ndm hgc 2002-2003 den
nay, ba ngi dung Tieng Viet, Vdn bgc vd Ldm
vdn dupe tieh hpp trong mot sdch Ngif vdn
(khdc vdi sdch gido khoa sou cdi cdeh ndm
198d Id mdt mdn hpc dpc ldp) Sy tich hpp
ndy nhdm myc dich gidm bdt npi dung, tdng
vif e thyc hdnh vd ndng cao viec ren luyen KN
nghe, ndi, dpc, v i i t cho HS
Dd'i vdi chuong frinh THCS, GV cdn luu y giOp
HS phdn biff rd CGCP vd cdu don ed thdnh phdn
frgng ngi/ Cdn coi Id CGCP nlu kit cd'u chO - vi
d cd hai v l deu ed chO ngir ddng nhd't (cung chung
mpt chu fhl), ed f h l tinh luge chu ngir cuo kit eau
ehu vj d v l ddu hodc ve sou (hodc tinh luge ed
hai cho ngi/) Vi dy: (6) Chinh vg ching Phdn
cung ehua hiiu nguyin do tir ddu md ed sy ki lg
dy, niu ndi ra chi id mang tiing Id mi tin dj
doan; (7) Vi dm, tdi phdi ngbi hgc Cd y kiln cho
rdng, thdnh phdn «vi dm" Id trgng ngir chi nguyen
nhdn vd ddy Id mdt edu don Nhung frong qud
frinh DH, ngudi dgy nen phdn biet cdc vi dy gidng
nhu vgy vdi edu don cd frgng ngir «vi" Cdu (7)
bilu thj hai sy tinh (sy tinh «d'm" vd sy tinh «phdi
nghi hoc"), cd cung chung mpt chu the Id «tdi"
Ddy Id CGCP (quan h^ nhdn qud), chu ngi/ cuo
v l nguy£n nhdn bj tinh lupe vi ed cung chu f h l
vol cho ngu d v l kef qud vd ed the khdi phye Igi
neu cdn Nhung cdu (8) «Vi hdn, tdi bi mSng oan", Id cdu don cd thdnh phdn frgng ngi/, vi
edu ndy khdng b i l u thj hai sy tinh vd v l nguySn nhdn khdng ed thdnh phdn ndo bj tinh luge Do
dd, thdnh phdn «v/ ban" frong cdu 8 Id fhdnh
phdn trgng ngir chi nguyen nhdn Tuong h/ nhu
vdy, (9): «Ni'u Id mdy, tdi se Id mgt vdng mdy
dm"- Id CGCP, (10): «td ngudi, tdi se chit cho qui buon^- Id nhOng edu don ed thdnh phdn
trgng ngu
Phdn ngif phdp d bdc cdu dupe tilp tyc ndng coo hen d chuang frinh THPT
2) Cdn chu y ki't hgp cdc phuong phdp dgy bgc (PPDH) phdt buy tinh tich eye cua
HS Thyc te dang d i l n ro Id HS sou khi hpc xong
phd thdng vd hpc tiep dpi hpc vdn cdn mde lot trong vllt cdu, tgo ldp vdn bdn D l HS cd htrng tho vdi cdc tilt hpc tilng Viet, ed KN dpc, viit
vd Idm vdn, trong qud trinh DH ede bdi ngir phdp (tu, cdu, vdn bdn), GV cdn chu y nhirng ydu cdu sou: - Xem xet kT ndi dung cua ede quy tdc vd cdc khdi niem khde cd lien quan; - Xet d i n nhirng
d i l u kien de thyc hien quy tdc; - Chi rd cho HS myc dich vd tdc dyng cOa tung quy tdc; - Cdn nhdc trong viec lya chpn ede thao tdc trong qud trinh hinh thdnh quy tdc Vi dy: lya chpn mdt vdi ngOf lieu ngay trong chuong trinh Vdn hpc
de HS phdn tich vd so sdnh, nhdn dien dilm khde vd d i ddng ghi nhd vdn dyng ede quy tdc khi st/ dyng hoy tgo ldp; cho thyc hdnh ngay
nhi/ng d i l u vira hgc de HS ndm virng nhi/ng
kiln thuc ngu phdp dd
GV cdn cho y k i t hpp mdt cdch nhudn nhuyin
vd sdng tgo ede PPDH khdc nhau (truyin thdng
vd hien dgi) sao cho phO hgp vdi HS vd phdt huy
khd ndng tu hpc, Kr sdng tgo cOa Kfng ed nhdn
Chdng hgn: Phuong phdp hdi - ddp (khdng dung nhilu edu hdi ehi kilm tra tri nhd thudn hjy, tdng cudng nhirng cdu hdi phdn tieh, khdm phd vd ty nghien cuu ); Phuong phdp thu thdp thdng hn (tgo eo hdi cho HS bdy td sy hieu bilt, tgp trung suy nghT vd ghi nhd bdi tdt hon); Phuong phdp fro chuyen ngdn (kilm tra kiln thuc vd thu hut sy chu y cuo HS); Phuong phdp neu vd'n d l vd gidi quylt vdn d l (HS tdng them sy hieu bilt vd dp dyng li thuylt vdo gidi quylt vdn d l cua thyc tien); Phuong phdp ddng vol (Idm cho gid hpc them sinh ddng vd HS d l ddng ndm bdt dupe ndi dung bdi hpc)
Tap chi Glao due so 3 0 0 (ki a • la/aoiai
Trang 4Trong cdc fief hpc ngu phdp v l CGCP vd
trdt ty cdc v l edu, GV cdn them mdt so bdi tdp
de giup HS phdn tieh dugc gid trj khdc nhau
cOo vife thay ddi trdt ty cdc ve CGCP HS se
nhdn dien dugc v l mdt ngif phdp, ngOf nghTo
vd y nghTa tinh thdi cua edu, ndng cao KN tgo
cdu GV cdn chu y d l HS st/ dyng cdc KN nhu:
phdn tich, nhdn dien, so sdnh, bien dd'i, st/o
chi/o vd too ldp Trong hodc sou khi HS Idm
bdi tdp, GV chdt Igi vd ndng cao kien thuc li
thuylt cho HS
« * Trdt h/ v l chinh dung trude v l phy ed t h i xdy
ro vdi td't cd ede kilu CGCP (nguyen nhdn, d i l u
kiSn, nhupng bd - tuong phdn, mye dich) Chinh
ViSc lya chpn, sdp xep ve chinh dung trude, v l
phy dung sou trong CGCP dd too cho edu vdn
dung trong ngu ednh mdt sy hop li, chinh xde
b i l u thj rdt rd d i l u md ngudi ndi mudn nhdn mgnh Khi tien hdnh hogt ddng DH d fren Idp,
GV cdn ehu y nguyen tdc tieh hpp, nguyen tdc phdt huy tinh tieh eye hpc tdp cua HS (bdng ede PPDH phu hpp) vd nguyen tdc luyen tdp thyc hdnh bdng nhieu hogt dgng giao tilp, thdng qua ede hogt dpng giao tiep Q
(I) Dicp Quang Ban Ngu'phap tieng Viet NXB Gido
cliic.H 1992
Tai li^u tham khao
1 X.I Dorxenko Cdc cdu triic cii phdp vdng lien tir
trong tieng Ueraina hifn dai Luan an Ti^n si, Kiev,
1981
2 D6 HCru Chau - Bui Minh Toan D?i cuwng ngfin
ng* hpc NXB Gido dvc H 2001
3 Nguyf n Van Hifp C a sir ngir nghia phin tich cii
phap NXB Gido due Viet Nam, H 2011
Giao due dao dire cho hoe sinh
(Tiip theo trang 18)
- GD thdi do dd'i vdi lao ddng: Giup ede em
nhdn thuc loo dgng Id ve vang Id cao quy Loo
ddng dem Igi hgnh phuc vd li tudng sdng cho
con ngudi TO dd b i l t giOf gin, quy trgng fhdnh
qud loo ddng, yeu lao ddng Bilt lao ddng, Idm
vige ty phye vy bdn thdn vd glOp dd gia dinh,
glOp d d ngudi khde Bilt lao ddng ty gide, cdn
cO, sdng tgo, cd ki ludt vd ndng sud't cao, bilt
nhdn thuc ddu tranh chdng Igl cdi ludi bieng, y
Igi, gian dd'i, Idng phi trong lao ddng cOng nhu
hpc tdp
(3D vi kT ndng sdng, mdi trudng sdng:
GD y thuc tdn trgng vd bdo ve ede gid trj vdn
hod cua nhdn logi, cua ddn tdc Thyc hien td't
cdc quy dinh, quy udc cua khu ddn eu Bilt
bdo ve tdi nguyen thien nhien, bdo ve mdi
trudng xung quanh
GDDD Id mdt trong nhirng ndi dung GD quan
trpng nhd't cho the hi tri, hopt dpng ndy cdn
dupe t i l n hdnh thudng xuyen, lien tyc, sud't ddi
nhung d mdi It/a tud'i Igi cd nhi/ng myc tiSu,
ndi dung, hinh thuc GD khde nhau D l qud trinh
GDDD cho HS cdc trudng THCS ndi chung, cdc
trudng THCS qudn Cdu Gidy ndi rieng dgt dupe
ket qud coo, ddp t/ng yeu edu cuo sy phdt trien
xd hdi cdn sy phdi hpp cuo bo y l u to: GD nhd trudng, gia dinh, xd hpi Ben egnh dd, cdn chO
y d i n y l u tdty GD cuo bdn thdn HS, chd't Iugng ddi ngu gido vien (dde biet Id ndng lye su phgm) tham gio GDDD, cdc hogt ddng eua
Dodn - Ddi •
(I) Trdn Dang Sinh - NguyCn Thj Thp Giio trinh
dao due hpc NXB Dpi hpc supluim, H 2008
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Bp GD-DT Difiu 10 trucrng trung hpc ca sa, trung hpc phd thong va cac trirang cd nhifiu cip hpc
2 Pham Khac Chuwig Ren luyen dao diic va y thiic
c6ng dan NXB Gido due, H 2001
.3 Pham Khac Chirong Mot so va'n de giao due dao due va giao due dao dire d truong phd thdng NXB
Gido due H 1995
SUMMARY
Morality education plays an extremely important role in the personality development of each human Education target, matters andmettmds defers in terms
of ages However, morality education at secondary school is significantly important Acknowledging this, recently, secondary schools in Cau Giay district fiave paid much attention to morality education andhave obtained some encouraging achievement Neverthe-less, facing the change of socio-economic status and
in order to fulfill the increasing requirement in country development, the morality education for pupil needs more simultaneous attention