NGHIEN CUU I THIET KE NOI DUNG HOC TAP THUC HANH Kl THUAT THEO QUAN DIEM DAY HOC TU0NG TAC TICH CUC I D I t v l n d l Thilt k l npi dung hpe tap (NDHT) thifc hanh ki thul t I I khiu quan trpng cda th[.]
Trang 1NGHIEN CUU I
THIET KE NOI DUNG HOC TAP THUC HANH Kl THUAT
THEO QUAN DIEM DAY HOC TU0NG TAC TICH CUC
I D I t v l n d l
Thilt k l npi dung hpe tap (NDHT) thifc hanh
ki t h u l t I I khiu quan trpng cda t h i l t k l bai day
thuc hinh ki t h u l t (THKT), lam d n ed 64 x l c djnh
vide lua chpn, van dung phuong p h i p day hpe
(PPDH) eij t h i eho ngUdi day Ngudi day mudn sd
dung d e PPDH, ki t h u l t day hpe tieh eifc h o i hoat
ddng nhin thde eho ngudi hpc, thi vide t h i l t k l
b l i day ein t u i n theo nguydn t i e dUa vao ngUdi
hpe v l hoat ddng cua ngUdi hpc,
Quan d i l m day hpc tuong t i c tfch cue
(TTTC) sd d i p dng 6ugc ydu c l u trdn trong vide
t h i l t k l b l l day THKT Bai v i l t n i y dUa ra nhdng
l u i n d i l m CO b i n ciia day hpe theo quan d i l m
TTTC, b i n c h i t cua ndi dung hpe tap THKT, t d
dd t h i l t k l NDHT thife hanh ki t h u l t theo quan
d i l m day hpc TTTC, dupe t i l n h i n h trdn co sd
d e nguydn t i e t h i l t k l NDHT, Idgic t h i l t k l
NDHT THKT theo hddng day hpc TTTC b i n g ele
hoat ddng hpc t i p TTTC,
2 Day hpc ttfcfng tac t k h ctfc
Day hpc TTTC n h l m c l i t i l n q u i trinh day
hpc theo hudng n i n g cao c h i t lUpng day hpe
thdng qua eleh day eda ngUdi day (llm eho
d c h day phu hpp vdi d c h hpc), tao hdng thii va
trich n h i l m hpc t i p cda ngddi hpc Ngudi day
dung k i l n thdc, kinh nghidm eda mlnh hudng
d i n ngudi hpc, "Ngudi day chl cho ngddi hpc eai
dfch p h l i dat, giup dd, l l m cho ngddi hpc hdng
thli hpc v l dua hp tdi dfch Chdc n i n g chfnh cua
ngudi day I I giup ngudi hpc c h i l m linh d e tri
thdc, hinh t h i n h ki n i n g v l ki x l o NgUdi day
phuc vu ngudi hpc" [4, tr.18] Mdi trUdng day hpc
r l t da dang v i phong phu, bao gdm mdi trudng
bdn trong ( t i l m n i n g , g i l trj, e l m x u c ) , mdi
trudng b i n n g o i i (thly, ban, gia dinh, x l hdi,
khdng gian, thdi gian ) Nhu vay, 'Mdi trUdng I I
t o i n bd d e y l u td v l ele d i l u kidn bao quanh,
I n h hudng, chi phdi ngudi day, ngUdi hpc" [6,
tr.l 18] Mdi trudng da trd t h i n h mdt trong nhdng
t i c n h i n cua q u i trinh day hpc
'Day hpc tUong t i c tteh cue la day hpe cd
q u i trinh tdong t i e n h i l u c h i l u gida ba n h i n td
ThS NGUYEN CAM THANH
Trudng Bai hoc Su pham Ha Nil chu dao: thay, trd va mdi trudng day hpc, trong
dd trd la trung t i m dupc khoi day tinh tteh eife, thay la ngudi td ehde, hudng dan, giup dd trd thUe hidn nhidm vu hpe tap, mdi trudng ddng vai trd I n h hudng, thieh nghi d i n thay va t r d ' [3, tr.22]
3 Npi dung hoc tap thtfc hanh k i thuat NDHT thuc hanh ki thuat la nhdng kiln thdc,
ki nang ngudi hpe can phli linh hpi va biln nd thinh kinh nghidm, k h i ning thue hidn eua b i n
t h i n phin Inh qua nang life thife hidn NDHT thife hinh ki t h u l t lam can ed d l ngUdi hpc dat ddpc mue tidu hpc tap (MTHT) do ngddi day t h i l t k l ,
04 ngddi hpe dat dupe d e MTHT thi ngUdl
day can phai t h i l t k l ele hoat ddng hpe tap tdOng dng vdi mue tidu, Ndi dung hpe tap ndi ehung
theo nguydn t i c hoat ddng 6ugc hieu la hinh t h l i
ddi tupng hoa eua mue tidu, tde la sif dien dat mue tidu dudi hinh thde d c ddi tdpng hoat ddng Nhu vay, ndi dung hpe tap I I ddi tupng eiia hoat ddng hpc tap Hpe tap THKT I I td hpp nhdng hoat ddng khie nhau ddpc ngudi hpc thifc hien nham chilm linh ddi tupng nhan thde, tri thdc, ki nang,
ki xlo Vi vay, NDHT thue hanh kT t h u l t ein thdng
qua MTHT 6ugc d i l n dat dUdi hinh thde d c ddi
tupng eOa nhdng hoat dpng thudc v l ngUdi hpe trong q u i trinh hpe tap nhd hoat dpng nhan thde (tu duy), hoat ddng ddi thoai, hoat ddng thao t i e
v l t chit, phdi hpp d c hoat ddng thao t i c v l t chit cua nhilu ngudi cimg ldc
4 Nguyen tac va logic thiet ke npi dung hpc tap thtfc hanh k i thuat theo quan diem ttfdng tac tich ctfc
4.1 Cacyeu cdu vd nguyen ticthuchien
Thilt k l NDHT thue hanh ki t h u l t theo quan
d i l m day hpc TTTC ein t u i n theo cac ydu cau va nguydn tie sau:
- D i m b i o mue tidu, chuong trinh mdn hpe Tranh tinh trang q u i t l i cho ngudi hpc, c i n phai
p h i n tieh rd thd bac, mdc dp cua ele loai muc tidu mdn hpc ( v l k i l n thde, ki n i n g , t h l i dp) de ngudi day v i ngudi hpe cd t h i hinh dung ddpc mdt d c h tudng minh c l i dteh can dat d i n sau
Sfi78-THANG3/2012«25
Trang 2ca NGHIEN CUU
moi ndi dung hpc, bai hpe, chuong trong chuong
trinh mdn hpc;
- Phat huy tinh tteh cue, tif life, ehii ddng, kich
thfch ngudi hpc tuong t i c vdi nhau, vdi ngddi day,
vdi tai lieu, vdi thiet bj thue hanh,,,
- D i m b i o ttnh k h i thi: phti hpp vdi trinh dp,
ning life su pham eua ngudi day, vdi die d i l m
t i m It Ida tudi, nhan thdc cua ngudi hpc, vdi co sd
v l t chit, quy dinh an t o i n lao dpng, npi quy
4.2 Logic thiit ki ngi dung hgc tap thUc
hdnh ki thugt theo quan diem dgy hgc tuang tic
tich cue
a) Xle djnh d i l u kidn tidn quylt
Xle djnh khi ngudi hpc nghidn edu NDHT nay
hp c i n ed nhdng kiln thdc v l ki ning nio Kiln
thdc, ki ning trudc dd m l ngddi hpe phli ed sd
dupe khai thic lam t i l n 64 giup ngudi hpe bUde
v i o nghidn cdu NDHT mdi
b) Huy ddng vdn kiln thdc, kinh nghidm, hilu
b i l t cda ngddi hpc
Mdn hpc thudng dupc t h i l t k l ndi dung kiln
thdc theo Idgic nhlt djnh, d i m b i o cho ngUdi hpe
cd du d i l u kidn d e t i l p tuc nghidn cdu nhdng v i n
64 hpe tap t i l p theo, ndi nhau trong chuong trinh
(kit thiic v i n 64 n i y l i d i l u kidn 64 nghidn edu
v i n d l sau) Dae bidt, NDHT It thuylt eiia mdn hpe
d l dupe hpc trude dd la eo sd r l t quan trpng 64
eho ngUdi hpe ed t h i hpc t i l p NDHT thife hinh,
c) Chia NDHT thifc hinh kT t h u l t tUong dng
vdi ele hoat ddng v l hoat ddng t h i n h phin eho
q u i trinh day hpe
NDHT thue hinh kT t h u l t phli 6ugc phin
chia t h i n h d e v i n de hpe tap tUPng ddi dde lap
(nhdng khli nidm, nguydn It, nguydn tic, phuong
phap, thao tic, ddng tic ), qua dd mdi x i y difng
dupe d e hoat ddng eu t h i
d) Thilt k l ele dang hoat ddng day hpe
Du kiln dupe elu true v l ttnh c h i t d e hoat
dpng m i ngudi hpc p h l i thde hidn Hay ndi d c h
khae l i d c hoat ddng thups mdi trddng bdn
ngoii ehda NDHT (ndi dung hpe tap l i ddi tupng
ciia ele hoat dpng cho ngUdI hpe), Oe md t l ndi
dung c i n gpi ra dupe c l u true, tfnh c h i t v i cudng
dp ciia d c hoat ddng, nhUng ele hoat ddng can
m i m ddo, linh hoat (tfnh md)
CIc dang hoat ddng trong day hpc chfnh l i
d c hoat ddng cda ngudi day tuong dng vdi hoat
dpng cua ngudi hpc, nhung quan trpng v i mau
ehdt la ele hoat ddng cda ngddi hpe, trong dd
c i n p h l i cd sU tdong t i c n h i l u chilu vdi nhau
(thly <-• trd, trd •<-» trd, trd <-• tai lieu hpe tap, t h i l t
bj thue hinh ) Vi vay, t d mong mudn ed hoat ddng eua ngudi hpc mdi dU k i l n hoat dpng eiia ngUdi day
Trong day hpe THKT, neu phan loai theo npi dung nhuthue hanh nhan bilt, phan tfeh kT thult, khio sit, chan doan ki thuat, kilm nghidm, thilt
ke v i thuc hanh theo quy trinh sin xult, thi vide
t h i l t k l d c hoat dpng day hpe thife hanh cung se
cd nhdng die trdng khae nhau Cac hoat dpng day hpe THKT gdm nhdng dang CO ban sau:
Hoat dpng ban dau cho bai day, Tao ddng
CO v i o bai, g l y hdng thu, t h i l t lap mdi giao tilp ngUdi day vdi ngUdi hpe, tao ehu y cho ngddi hpe, xle djnh mue tidu eho ngUdi hpe, giao nhidm vu,
k l hoach hpc tap
Hoat dpng on lai kien thtfc cu cd lien quan Vdi dang hoat ddng niy, tiiy theo ndi dung cu
t h i , ngddi day xle djnh pham vi kiln thdc cu lidn quan, hddng dan ngddi hpe eleh tim lai kiln thde
cu, CIc hinh thde eda hoat ddng niy cd t h i la sir tuong tie gida ngddi hpe vdi nhau qua truy bii, tuong tie gida ngddi day vdi ngUdi hpe qua eae
c l u hdi phi p v i n , trie nghidm, tuong tie gida ngUdi hpe vdi t i i lidu, t h i l t bj day hpc
Hoat dong lam mau Hoat dpng niy can phli chfnh xle, khoa hpe d l ngddi hpe ghi nhd, ngddi day ed t h i dung c l u hdi hole quan sit phin dng,
y kiln phin hdi t d ngudi hpc de lap lai nhdng gi
c i n thilt, Ndn ed kdm b i n trinh t u hudng dan thi/e hidn eho ngudi hpc Tao d i l u kidn eho ngddi hpe ngdi d d c vj tri de quan sat, ngUdi day trinh biy trUc quan,,, Cudi hoat ddng nay, ngUdi day cd dai didn ngddi hpc ldn thuc hidn dudi su hudng dan eiia ngUdi day v i ydu cau nhdng ngudi khac
ehii )f quan s i t d l rut ra nhan xdt v l diem quan
trpng, nhdng Idu y khi thdc hidn, ydu eau an toan nhu t h i nio.,,
Hoat dpng huan luyen phat trien ki nang
- Hoat ddng thue hinh cd hudng dan, khi dd ngddi hpc lam vide ddc lap hole l i m vide theo cap, nhdm nhd theo b i n hudng dan dupc cung elp td trUdc, dUdi sif giup dd v i giam sit chat chd cua ngudi day, ngudi hpc duoc phdp trao ddi vdi ban hole hdi ngudi day nhdng vudng mic, khd khan eho d i n khi hp cd t h i thife hidn edng vide mpt eleh an t o i n
- Hoat d p n g t h d c hanh lap lai d4 hinh thanh ki
n i n g , tdc la sau khi hpc x o n g m p t npi d u n g cdng vide n i o d d , ngUdi hpe can thUe hidn edng vide
Trang 3NGHIEN COU Q
dd lap di l i p lai nhilu l l n , hing tuan hole hing
t h i n g ThUe hinh djnh ki giup ngudi hpe thue
hidn edng vide nhu mdt thdi quen v i hinh t h i n h
k i x l o
Hoat ddng thtfc hanh cho ngtfdi hoc ttf
k i l n tao k i l n thtfc, k i n i n g NgUdi day eung
d p ele trp giiip, eho ngudi hpc trd ndn ddc lap
hon Td chde sif tuong t i e gida ngUdi hpe v i
ddi tupng hpc t i p , d4 gidp ngudi hpc xay dung
thdng tin mdi v i o c l u trde t u duy cua chfnh
mlnh d l dupe ngUdi hpe t u d i l u chtnh Ngudi
day dda ngudi hpe v i o tinh hudng cd nhdng
nghi v i n , khIm p h i v l d i n h gia cai m i hp da
b i l t Mudn vay, khi td chde q u i trinh day hpc,
ngudi day e i n l l m eho ngudi hpe bdc Id quan
d i l m ridng v l van di hpc t i p , hd thdng hda k i l n
thde v l khai t h i c kinh nghidm b i n t h i n n h l m
p h i t t r i l n nhan thde eda minh N h l t q u i n k i l n
thde mdi v i eu e i n ki n i n g p h i n tieh, tdng hpp,
so sinh, k h l i q u i t hda danh gia lai k i l n thde
cu, s l p x i p iai hd thdng k i l n thdc eho h o i n
thidn, chlnh x l e hon T h i n h q u i dem lai 11 su
thay ddi, d i l u chtnh, bd sung, v i n dung k i l n
thde v i o thifc t i l n , O l y 11 q u i trinh m i ngUdi
hpe p h l i thifc hidn ele thao t i e tU duy, l i m bdc
Id d c thupc ttnh, b i n chit, d e mat manh, y l u ,
tim ra mdi lidn hd gida ele y l u td, tinh hd thdng,
tinh md rdng cua k i l n thdc
Hoat dpng van dung sang tao (thdc hidn
du I n hole g i l l q u y l t v i n de) NgUdi hpc da
dupe hpc mdt sd ndi dung thife h i n h n h l t djnh,
ngUdi d^y dua ra ydu cau g i l l quyet, thUe hidn
mdt v i n d l eu t h i Cdng vide n i y ddi hdi ngudi
hpe p h l i Ida ehpn nhdng ki n i n g can thiet, dieu
chtnh hole ap dung ehdng theo ydu cau eda
cdng vide Cd t h i ydu eau ngudi hpe thde hien
ki n i n g trong nhdng d i l u kidn b i t thudng Dang
hoat ddng n i y can chuln bj sit vdi edng vide
thuc t l vl chdng dem lai Idng t u tin, lac quan cho
ngUdi hpc
Hoat ddng cung cd va kiem tra, danh gia
CIc hoat ddng d i n h g i l b i n g c l hai eleh, dd l i
do ngddi hpe t u thue hidn (ngudi day can dUa ra
b i n g cic tidu chf d i n h gil) v i ngudi day danh
g l l , NgUdi hpc t u d i n h gia p h l i dupc chd trpng
hon, hp t u d i n h gia b i n t h i n , hole danh gia ban
hpc n h l m mue dfch giiip hp t u nhan thde rd k i t
q u i hpc tap v l t r i i nghidm t h i n h edng cung
nhu t h l y duoc t h i l u sdt eua minh, Hoat ddng
d i n h g i l p h l i hudng v i o nhdng t i l n bd trong
qua trinh hpc tap, trong nhdng tinh hudng hpe tap phde hop, k i t q u i hpc tap, nang life thifc hidn cda ngudi hpc, t d nhdng k i t qua danh g i l
v i nhdng kinh nghiem sau danh gia, ngudi hpc
c i n thuc hidn mdt vai hoat dpng bd sung, ed tac dung luyen tap, rdn luyen ki nang v l cung cd b l l hpc,
5 Ket luan
De ning eao c h i t lUpng day hpe THKT, trUde
h i t phli ehii trpng d i n khau t h i l t k l NDHT, Day l i edng vide khd khan, v l t v l cua ngudi day, nhUng
nd giiip ngudi day t u p h i t t r i l n v i hoin thidn minh trong day hpc
Van dung quan d i l m day hpc TTTC d4 t h i l t
k l NDHT trong day hpe THKT dip-dng dupe ydu elu tteh cue hda hoat ddng hpe tap, nghidn edu
cua ngudi hpc, Tuy nhidn, d4 thifc hien dugc
d i l u dd thi ngddi day p h l i cd h i l u b i l t n h l t djnh v l quan d i l m day hpc TTTC, san sang d i u
t u thdi gian, cdng sdc eho vide t h i l t ke v i xiy dung b l i day,
TAI Lieu THAM K H A O
1 Dang Thinh Hung, Ki thudt thiit ki bdi hgc theo nguyin tdc hogt ddng Tap ehf Phit triln giao
due, (sd 10), Ha Npi, tr 6-11,2004
2 Nguyen VIn Khdi, Mdt so vdn di cabdn viil ludn dgy hgc thuc hdnh ki thudt, NXB Gilo due Hi
Ndi, 2001
3 Nguyen ClmThanh,Quon/jeg/d'ocdcthdn/)
phdn cda qud trinh dgy hgc theo quan diem dgy hgc
tuang tdc tich cue Tap chf Khoa hpe Gilo due, sd
73,2011
4 Nguyen Quang Thuin (djch), Jean-Marc
Denomme et Madeleine Roy, Tiin tdi mdt phuang phdp SUphgm tuang tdc, NXB Thanh nidn Ha Ndi,
2000
5 Nguyen Dde Trt (djch), Li lugn dgy hgc thUe hdnh nghi, NXB Cdng nhin ki t h u l t Ha Ndi, 1981,
6 Thai Duy Tuydn, Phuangphdpdgyhgctruyin
thdng vd doi mdi, NXB Gilo due Ha Ndi, 2007
SUMMARY
The paper reveals a fundamental point of teaching positive interaction view, the natures of engineering practice learning, and design learning content following the principle of design, logical design determined by the positive interactive learning activities
Slt78-THANG3/2812^27