1 rao doi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe Sir DUNG THU THUAT D A T CAU HOI DE TANG CUONG SlT THAM GIA CUA SINH VIEN VAO CAC HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP TIENG ANH TRONG LOP HOC DONG ThS NGO TH! KIM TH[.]
Trang 1Sir DUNG THU THUAT D A T CAU HOI DE TANG CUONG SlT THAM GIA CUA SINH VIEN VAO CAC HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP
TIENG ANH TRONG LOP HOC DONG
ThS NGO TH! KIM THANH
B^ mdn Anh viin Khoa Khoa hge Ca hdn Tnr&ng Dgi hgc Giao tiidng V$n ttii
Tdm tSt: Ldp ddng sinh vien hi4n dang Id mgt vdn di phd biin irong cde tnr&ng Dgi hge lgi Vi4t Nam Thue trgng ndy dd gd}> khdng it khd khdn trong v/pc day vd hge ddc bi4l la dgy hgc cdc mdn ngogi ngif Irong dd cd tiing Anh V&i sd lugng sinh viin thu&ng l&n han 50 lhi viec ldm lhi ndo de thu but loi da sd lugng sinh vien tham gia vdo qud Irinh dgy vd hgc Id mgt thdch thiec ddi v&i gido vien d^c bi4t Id Irong cdc hogt dgng giao tiip Vi vdy, qua bdi bdo ndy tdc gid mudn trinh bdy ve thu thugt dgt edu hdi nhu mgt phirang phdp ldm ldng su tham gia eiia sinh viin vdo cde hogt dgng giao nip trong gid hge tiing Anh cua cdc l&p dong Summary: Large classes have become a common phenomenon for higher education in Vietnam They pose a number of challenges to teachers of foreign languages, including English One of ihe great challenges in dealing with large classes with over 50 students lies in how to involve a maximum number of students tn a learning process in general and in communicative activities m particular The article, hence, will propose questioning technique
as an effective way lo increase students' involvement in English communicative activities
I BAT VAN HE
Dpy hpc khdng chi la qufi trinh truyfin dpi
kifin thuc mfi cdn la qua trinh thay ddi ddi
tugng sinh vifin td nhdng ngudi tiep nhpn
thdng tin, kifin Ihdc cua ngudi khfic mpt cfich
thy dpng thfinh ngudi hpc chii dpng, sfing tpo
Vi vpy, dl dpy hgc cd hifiu qua trong mpt Idp
dong sinh vifin ddi hdi ngudi gifio vien khdng
nhiing cd kifin thdc chuyfin mdn vdng vfing
mfi cdn phfii cd nhiJng ky nang, phuang phap
su phpm dfi lam viec vdi sinh vien nhu: ky
nfing quan ly Idp, khfi nang khuyfin khich sinh vifin tham gia vao bfii gifing, ky nang kilm tra dfinh gia hay tao dgng lyc cho sinh vien Vi vay, giao vifin khdng thfi dpy dpt hieu qufi cao hay Ihay dli sinh vifin cua minh ma khdng co
sy tham gia ciia hp Ndi mpt each khac, su tham gia cua ngudi hpc ddng mpt vai trd rfit quan trpng trong vific dfinh gifi su hifiu qua ciia qua trinh day hpc Hifin nay, trong rfit nhieu phuang phfip day hpc ngoai ngd hifin dpi, phuang phap dpy ngopi ngd Iheo dudng hudng giao tifip (Communicative Language
Trang 2Teaching - CLT) noi len Ifi mgi phuang phfip
lifin lien nhll, irong dd ngudi hpc Ifi trung lfim
ciia qufi Irlnh dpy vfi hpc, ngudi Ih^y ddng vai
Ird nhu m^t ngudi hudng dan, ngudl hd trg
Irong suol qufi Irlnh dd Vi vfiy, ngudi hpc
phfii c6 trfich nhi^ni vdl vipc hpc ciia mlnh,
chii dpng Iham gia vfio qufi Irlnh dpy vfi hpc
Tuy nhien, trong m^t Idp ddng, khdng phfii lit
ca diu tham gla; hiu hit hp chi ngll thy dOng
vfi chep bfii hau nhu khdng tham gla ddng gdp
vfio bfii hgc, ihpm chi cung khdng d$l cfiu hdi
cho gifio vicn khi cd van dc Thyc Irpng nfiy
ddi hdi ngudi gifio vifin phfii Ilm ldi cfic
phuang phfip dl thu hiil sy tham gia ciia sinh
vifin Mgi Irong nhdng phuang phap dugc xem
Ifi cd hipu qufi doi vdi Idp ddng Ifi phuang
phfip dpi cfiu hdi Npi dung dudi dfiy sfi trinh
bfiy vl phuang phfip nay vfi lir dd dua ra mgi
so ggi y cho gifio vifin khi fip dyng phuang
phfip dpi cfiu hdi
II NOI DUNG
1 Phuong phap dfit cau hdi (Questioning)
Dfit cfiu hdi lfi mpt phuang phfip dugc sir
dyng rpng rai vi nd ludn tpo ra dugc moi
Irudng Ifim vipc tich cyc ma cd thfi Ifim tfing
sy tham gia cua ngudl hgc irong suot qufi trinh
hgc Ur (1996:230) cOng da khfing djnh: ly do
dfi dpi cau hdi Ifi dfi gfin sinh vifin vdi tfii lipu
hpc tap mpt cfich tich cyc thdng qua Idi ndi
Vi vpy, sd dyng Ihii ihupl dfii cau hdi, gifio
vifin cd ihe Ifim sinh vifin nfing dgng hem, qua
dd Ipo CO hpl cho sinh vifin kfim Iham gia vao
bai hpc, ddng thdi khuyin khich sinh vifin ly
the hipn minh nhieu han
Cfiu hoi cd the dugc dinh nghTa lfi mgt
cau nham den ngudi nghe hope ngudi dge dfi
ily Ihdng tin Phuang phfip dfit cau hdi gdm cfic qufi trinh khfic nhau mfi gifio vien sd dyng
dl dua ra cfiu hdi vfi cfic lopi cfiu hdi mfi gifio vifin sd dyng dl hdi (Richards, C, J, Piatt, J., Plait, H, 1992:303) Trohg nhfi Irudng, cau hdi cua gifio vifin dugc coi Ifi mgi ggi y hay m$l ylu t l kich ihich dl chuyin lfii ngi dung
hgc din sinh vifin cQng nhu dc djnh hudng cho
sinh vifin nhdng nhipm vy hp phfii Ifim va cfich thdc lien hfinh nhipm vy dd
Theo Brown (1994), cau hdi ciia giao vifin cd bon churc nfing:
a Khuyen khich, dgng vifin ngudi hgc sii dyng ngon ngir Sinh vifin thudng ngpl tham gia vfio cfic cugc hgi ihopi hofic thfio lupn bang ngopi ngd Vl vay neu cfiu hdi dugc dua ra hgp ly sfi giup sinh vifin cam thfiy ty tin han trong vipc glao tiep bfing ngon ngd thu hai
b Giup gifio vifin nfim bfit dugc mde dp hicu bfii Clia sinh vifin Cau tra Idi cua sinh vifin lfi mpt cfich dfi gifio vifin cd thfi nhan ra
nhdng khd khfin ve sit dyng ngon ngu cung
nhu vl ngi dung bai hgc mfi sinh % ien gpp
phai, nhu hhiJng \an dfi VQ ngd phap, td vyng
hay ngd fim
«, Giiip gifio vifin bat dau mgt cugc Ihao lupn hay mpi sy lucmg lfic gida sinh vifin Nfiu khdng cd nhiing cfiu hoi ban dfiu nfiy, sinh
vien c6 Ihfi Ihd a vdi vai trd ciia minh trong
qua trinh thfio lupn
d Giup sinh vifin ty khfim phfi Khi stnh vifin tra Idi cau hdi, hg cd thfi tu phfit hien ra quan dilm cfi nhan ciia minh
Cd rat nhifiu lopi cau hdi ma gifio vifin sir dung trong qufi trinh dpy hgc cua minh Vl
Trang 3phuang dien ngdn ngd, theo Doff, A (1988),
cau hdi dugc chia lam ba lopi: cfiu hdi khong
cd til' de hoi, yeu cau tra ldi cd hope khong
(Yes/No questions), cau hdi cd td dfi hdi
(Wh-queslions) va cau hdi lya chpn ("Or" questions
or alternative questions) Mdi lopi cau hdi cd
mpt chirc nang rieng, Cau hdi khdng cd tir dl
hoi dugc sir dyng hipu qua de kilm tra sy hilu
bfii cua sinh vien Cau hdi lya chpn sir dyng dl
kich Ihich ky nang ndi; cdn cau hdi cd tir dl
hdi nham khuyfin khich sinh vifin trinh bfiy, sir
dung ngon ngd Ve mfil phuang phap, cd cfic
lopl cau hdi nhu:
- Cfiu hdi ddng/md (Closed and open
questions): Cau hdi ddng la cfiu hdi yfiu cfiu
cau trfi Idi ngfin nhu Yes/No hope cau trfi ldi
chl gom mpt lir hope mpt cum td, ngugc lai,
cau hdi md yeu cfiu cau tra ldi dai ban,
Vi du: Would you like to find a better
supplier? (Closed question)
How have you been after your operation"^
(Open question)
- Cfiu hdi hifin lhi va cau hdi Iham chieu:
cau hoi hien thj la cau hdi mfi ngudi hdi da
bifil cfiu tra Idi; cau hdi tham chifiu la cau hdi
dua ra thdng tin mfi ngudl dpt cau hdi khdng
biet trudc
Vi dy; What is the past tense of the verb
"go "? (cau hdi hifin thj)
How do you spend your weekends? (cau
hdi tham chieu)
- Cau hdi chi cd mot cau tra ldi diing/ cau
hdi CO nhieu cau tra Idi dung (convergent and
divergent questions) Cfiu hdi chi cho phep
mpt cau trfi Idi dung dugc sd dung dfi hdi ve
nhiing thdng tin, thdng so cy thi nhu: Where is the White House located? Cau hdi chfip nhpn
nhieu cau tra ldi dung Ihudng dugc sir dyng dl hdi ve quan dilm, gia thuylt hay sy danh gia
vfi mpt doi lugng nao dd nhu: Why is it important to protect our environment? hay Whom do you consider the greatest scientist that ever lived?
2 Mpt so ggi y danh cho giao vien vc vice
sd dung phuo'ng phap dat cau hoi mot each
CO hicu qua dc tang cudng sur tham gia ciia sinh vicn vao cac hoat dpng giao liep tieng Anh
2.1 Chudn bi truac cdc cdu hoi hay
Dfi lam cho bfii hpc difin ra trdi chay va giup gifio vien cd the truyen dat het cac npi dung chinh cua bai, gifio vien nen xay dyng Irudc cac cau hdi quan trong trong qua trinh sopn bai Cac cau hdi nay phai phii hgp vdi npi dung Clia bfii hpc, phii hgp vdi mpi ddi tugng trong mpt Idp ddng va cac cau hdi nen dugc sap xfip theo mpt Irinh ty logic Tat ca cfic ioai cau hdi trong bai hpc nen dugc sir dung nhu la mpt cfich dfi kham pha kien thdc ciia sinh vien
va cung la each de gifio vien thu nhan phan hoi thdng qua cac cau trfi ldi ciia sinh vien Vi du, nfiu mot sinh vien nao dd chua nam duac ngi dung bfii, giao vifin cd the hdi anh ta nhdng cau hdi thfi hifin, cdn ddi vdi nhdng sinh vien kha han cd the su dung cfic cau hdi tham chifiu
de phat huy het kha nang ciia hp Cac lopi cau hdi cd thi kich thich su tuong tac cua sinh vifin nhilu nhat la: cau hdi md (open-ended questions); cau hdi cd tir dfi hdi (wh-questions), cau hdi cd mot hope nhieu cfiu tra Idi dung (convergent/ divergent questions)
Trang 42.2 Dinh hir&ng cdu hdi
Gifio vifin cd Ihl fip dyng nhilu Ihu lhu§t
dfit cfiu hdi dl thich hgp vdi y djnh gifing dpy
cua minh Doff (1988:27) dfi dua ra bin
phuang phfip dua ra cfiu hdi: hdi lln lugt lirng
sinh vien, dl sinh vifin ty nguydn xung phong
trfi Idi cfiu hdi, chpn mgi sinh vifin trfi Idi, hay
dl cfi ldp trfi Idi dong thanh Sd dyng phuang
phfip d$t cfiu hdi dli vdi Idp ddng giup sinh
vifin luon trong trpng thfii tinh tfio, irong lu the
sfin sfing Irfi Idi cfiu hdi khi gifio vifin yfiu cau;
dong Ihdi nhdng cfiu hdi nhanh cung sfi giup
Ipo hdng (hii cho sinh vifin Gifio vifin nfin
chgn sinh vifin irfi Idi mpi cfich nglu hdng dl
Ifim sinh vifin luon bpn rgn va d trpng ihfii
chuan bj trfi Idi cau hdi Nguyfin lfic ca bfin khi
si> dyng phuang phfip nay la gifio vicn phfii
dua ra cau hdi Irudc, sau dd mdi gpi sinh vifin
irfi Idi, nhu vpy sinh vifin se nfim bfit dugc cfiu
hdi vfi cd thdi gian de suy nghTve cau tra Idi
2.3 Ddnh thai gian de chd cdu ird ldi
Cfin cd vfio tdng loai cau hdi, gifio vifin
nfin dfinh thdi gian dfi chd cfiu Irfi Idi Cfiu hdi
cang khd lhi Ihdi gian chd cfiu Irfi Idi nfin
nhifiu han Nhu vpy, gifio vifin sfi nhpn dugc
nhilu cfiu irfi Idi hon td phia sinh vifin Thdi
gian chd dugc quylt djnh sau khi cau hdi dugc
dua ra Cfin cd vfio trtnh dp cua sinh vien cung
nhu dg khd ciia cfiu hdi, gifio vifin cd thfi quylt
djnh mgt each Iinh hopt nen tfing hay gifim
thai gian chuan bj ciia sinh vifin
2.-/, Dpi cdu hoi ldn lu0 moi idn chi duo
ra mpt cdu hoi
Vipc giao vifin hdi hai cfiu hdi hay nhieu
hon tai ciing mgt thdi dilm cd thfi gfiy ra sy
liing tiing cho sinh vien, vi hg khong cd du
Ihdl gian de suy ngliT vfi khdng bifit nfin trfi Idi cfiu hdi nfio Irudc Vi vpy, gifio vifin nfin trfinh vi§c dua ra qufi nhilu cfiu hdi mpt Itic
2.5 Nhgn xet cdu trd lai cua stnh vien
Sau khi nghe xong cfiu tra ldi ciia sinh vicn, gifio vifin nfin dua ra ldi nhpn xfil vdl thfii
dg tich cyc vfi bao dung Khi stnh vifin dua ra cfiu trfi Idi, gifio vifin nfin khen nggi mgt cfich
khifim ton nhung chan thfinh vfi dfing tin cpy
Ldi khen vfi sy nhpn xfil rfit can thiet trong vipc dgng vifin, khuyin khich sy tham gia ciia sinh vicn Khi sinh vifin trfi Idi diing, giao vifin nfin chiic mirng hg Ngugc lai neu hg dua ra cau trfi ldi sai, gifio vifin cd Ihfi sda cfiu trfi Idi sai vdl mgt (hfii dg (ich cue hofic co (hfi giiip sinh vifin bfing cfich dua ra mgt so ggi y dfi hg
cd Ihl Irfi ldi Ipi Dilu nfiy se giup sinh vien khong cd cfim gific ngpi ngiing xau hd, vfin giii dugc Ihfii dg tich cyc tham gia vao bfii giang Dudi day Ifi mgi so ggi y cfich phan dng ciia gifio vifin ddi vdi cau Irfi Idi ciia sinh vifin: Cau Ira
ldi ciia smh vicn
Tot
Dung mgt phan
Khong c6 cfiu tra Idi
Phfin dng ciia gifio vifin
- Cfim an, dfinh gifi cao cau trfi Idi dd
- Hdi thfim dfi khuyen khich sinh vifin thfi hipn khfi nfing ciia minh
- D^l lpi cau hdi, yfiu cau sinh vifin lim thfim thdng tin trong bai dfi trfi Idi
- Hoi sinh vifin khfic de cd cau trfi ldi dfiy dii hon hofic nhpn xet vfi cau trfi Idi da dugc dua
ra
- Chd thfim
- Cho sinh vifin ca hgi trfi Id! sau, hudng cau hdi sang sinh vifin khfic, dfi nghj sinh vifin khfic ho trg
Trang 5III KET LUAN
Dpy tifing Anh cho ldp dong sinh vifin
ludn la mOt thfieh thdc doi vdi gifio vifin Nd
doi hdi giao vien phfii tim tdi, fip dyng linh
hoat cac phuang phap gifing dpy nhfim thu hut
loi da sy tham gia ciia sinh vien vfio qua trinh
dpy hpc Cd thi ndi, phuang phap dfit cfiu hdi
la mpt phuang phfip dfi fip dyng vfi cd hi^u qua
cao trong vipc tfing cudng sy tham gia cua
sinh vien Trong kliuon khi bfii bao nfiy, tfie
gifi da trinh bay so lugc vfi chiln lugc dpi cfiu
hdi, ddng thdi dua ra mgt so luu y cho gifio
vifin khi fip dung phuang phfip nfiy Tfie gifi hi
vpng bai bao nay c6 the la mpt tfii lipu tliam
khfio cd ich cho gifio vien dpy ngopi ngd ndi
chung va gifio vien lieng Anh ndi rifing khi
gifing dpy lpi cfic Idp dong
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Brown H D (1994) Teaching by principles:
An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy
London: Prentice Hall Regents
[2] Doff, A (1988) Teach English: A training
course for teachers Cambridge; Cambridge
University Press
[3] Richards C J Plait, J., and Piatt, H (1992)
Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied
Linguistics Longman
[4] Vr, P (1996) A course in Language Teaching:
Practice and Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press •
MOT SO NGHIEN CU'U
(Tiip theo trang 122)
III KET LUAN
Bai bao da gidi thifiu mgt sd nghifin cuu
ve vipc ly hpc ciia cac nha nghien cdu ngdn ngii cd tilng tren the gidi, Hy vpng bai bao nay sfi Ifi mgt nguon tfii lipu tham khfio bd ich cho glao vien vfi sinh vifin nham nang cao dugc Ilnh hi^u qua ciia vipc ty hpc vfi qua dd phan nfio giup cho chat lugng dao tpo ngay cfing tot han
Tfii li^u tham khfio
[1] Breen, M.P and S J Mann (1997), Shooting
arrows at the sun, London: Longman
[2] Cunningsworth, A (1984), Evaluating and
Selecting EFL Teaching Materials, London' Heinemann Educational Books
[3] Dickinson, i, (1992), Learner Autonomy 2:
Learner Training for Language Teaching, Ireland: Authentik,
[4] Rubin (1987), Learner Strategies: Theoretical
Assumptions, Research History and Typology, in Wenden & J, Rubin (eds) Learner Strategies in Language Learning, Hertforshire: Prentice Hall International
[5] Scharle A and Szabo A (2000), Learner
Autonomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[6] Sheerin, S (1997), An exploration of the
Relationship between Self-access and Independent Learning, New York: Longman,
^ [7] Shemenk, B (2005), Globalising Learner
Autonomy, TESOL QUARTERLY, Vol 39(1) pp 107-118,
[i] Wenden, A (1991), Learner Strategies for
Learner Autonomy: Planning and Implementing Learner Training for Language Learner, London: Prentice Hall Europe*