42»B@ 3'''''''' , Xm J B T V Si S64 2012 DemHoc Xac djnh mo hinh va each tiep can phu hgfp trong viec day hpc mon Van hoc Anh, IVIy cho sinh vien chuyen nganh Ngdn ngtir Anh Gf Trirofng Dai hpc Pham Van Don[.]
Trang 142»B@ 3''
Xac djnh mo hinh va each tiep can phu
hgfp trong viec day hpc mon Van hoc Anh, IVIy cho sinh vien chuyen nganh Ngdn ngtir Anh Gf Trirofng Dai hpc Pham Van Dong
Trong bii viit niy, tic gii trinh biy sa Idgc m^t si md
hinh, each tiip cin phi biin trong viic d^y vi hgc mdn
Vin hgc Anh, My cho ngudi hgc tiing Anh nhd ngdn ngd
thd hai hoic ngo^i ngd vi nhin xit vi cich biin so^n
mdt si giio trinh giing day Vin hgc Anh, My d mdt si
trudng dai hgc d Viit Nam Trin ca sd dd, tic gii di xuit
ve md hinh thd 4 vi nhdng ho^t ddng d^y hgc hd trg
nham phat huy tlnh tich ctfc cda sinh viin trong hgc tip
mdn hgc niy d Idp dai hgc chuyin nginh tiing Anh t^i
Trudng Dai hgc Pham Vin Ddng
DAT VAN DE
Van hpc gom ede t h l lopi truydn, thd, kjch dupe ddnh
gia cd gia trj nghp thudt chO khdng eh? ed gid trj gidi tri
(theo djnh nghTa cua 10 d i l n The Macmillan English
Dic-tionary [Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2003]: literature (noun):
stories, poems, and plays, especially those that are
consid-ered to have value as art and not just entertainment)
Ndi dung mdn Van hpc nude ngodi (vdn hpc Anh, My)
dupe gidi thieu eho sinh vidn dpi hpc chuydn ngdnh tieng
Anh bao gdm vipc tim hieu mdt vdi tdc phIm tidu b i l u
thude eac the loai da ndu TrUdc h i t , sinh vidn dupe ydu
cau xdc djnh dung k i l n thOc v l vdn hpc sO, t i i u sO tdc gid,
cdc trdo luu van hpc,„Sau dd, ngodi nhOng ydu d u vOa
hodn thipn nhOng ky ndng ngdn ngO sinh vidn cdn p h i i xdc
djnh dope gid trj nhdn vdn trong tOng tdc p h l m D l dpt
dope nhOng ydu d u ndy sinh vidn p h l l dpc, t h i o ludn,
thuyet trinh, d l dUa ra nhan djnh, phd phdn, dya trdn
kien thOe n i n vd kinh nghidm s i n g v l n cd, tO dd d l ddng
giai ma nhOng y nghTa da tang cua tdc phIm vdn hpc KJr
ndng viet cung dupe dp dyng nhIm khuyin khfch sinh vidn
d i l n dpi lai nhOng cam nhdn cua b i n thdn sau khi hpc
xong mpi tac pham (doan trieh),
Tuy nhien, xet ve thdi lUpng mdn hpc, trinh dp sinh
vien, ehdng tdi thIy can p h i i lya chpn md hinh vd cdch
tiep can phu hpp trong vide day hpc mdn Vdn hpc Anh, My
eho sinh vien chuyen ngdnh Ngdn ngO Anh tai TrOdng Dai
hpc Phpm Van Dong nhIm ddp Ong dope nhOng ydu cau
ve kien thOe, ky nang da d l ra
TS TRAN THJ MAI DAO
TrUdng Dai hpc Phpm Vdn Ding
NOI DUNG
1 M^t s6 md hinh vd cdch ti^p c$n trong gilng dpy
vdn hpc
1.1 Cdc md hinh gilng day vdn hpc
Carier & Long, Lazar (1991) cho ring cd 3 md hinh (model) khdc nhau trong gilng day vdn hpc cho ngudi hpc tiing Anh nho Id ngdn ngO thO hai hodc Id ngoai ngO (ESL/EFL)
1.1.1 Md hinh Vin hoi (The Cultural Model)
Vdn hpc chfnh Id nguIn sy kidn hodc thdng tin vd vl thl vide dpc tdc phIm ed khuynh hudng dya trdn vide nim bit thdng tin Vdi md hinh ndy, ngudi day se chuyin t i i kiln thdc
vd thdng tin d i n eho ngudi hpc
Md hinh vdn hod xem vdn b i n vdn chUdng (literary text) nhu Id mdt sdn phlm D i l u ndy cd nghTa Id vdn bdn van chUdng dupe nhln nhdn nhu mdt thdng tin v l nen vdn hoa dfch (target culture) Md hinh vdn hod cd nhidm vy xem xet
b l i cinh xd hdi, chfnh trj vd Ijch sO cd tdc ddng d i n tdc phlm, cdc trdo luu vdn hpc vd t h l lopi Md hinh ndy khdng yeu clu
v l nghidn cOu ngdn ngO cua tdc phlm Cdch tilp d n trong
md hinh ndy xdc djnh ngudi day Id trung tdm (teacher-centred)
1.1.2 Md hinh Ngdn ngd (The Language Model)
Md hinh ndy tim d i n mpt sy tich hpp g i n gui hdn gida ngdn ngO vd vdn hpc NgOdi hpc cd t h l ndng cao ky nang ngdn ngO bing vide sO dyng vdn hpc nhu id mdt nguon tai nguydn cda vide hpc ngdn ngO
Md hinh ngdn ngO hudng d i n myc dfch d$t trpng tdm vdo ngudi hpc Khi ngudi hpc tilp c$n vdn b i n vdn chUdng thi hp
ehd •)/ d i n cdch thdc ngdn ngO dupe sd dyng Trong md hinh
ndy ngUdi dpy ed the lya chpn de dat trpng tdm vdo ngQ phap
vd ngdn ngO (theo cdch da dupe trinh bay trong cdc gido trinh
day v l ngdn ngO) ho§c sis dyng vide phdn tfch v l phong each
(stylistic analysis) Vide phdn tfch v l phong each lien quan
d i n vide nghidn cdu cdc d^c trUdng v l ngdn ngd cCia van ban eho phdp ngudi hpc chuyin dich y nghTa eiJa vdn b i n - dilu ndy gidp cho ngudi hpc dpc vd nghidn cOu van hpc thdnh thpo hdn
1.1.3 Md hinh phit triin nhin each (The Personal Growth Model)
Md hinh ndy tpo cd hdi eho ngudi hpc lidn hp vd Ong xif
Trang 2Dauvi , 'aH(}C 5 0 4-2012
trode nhOng van de lien quan bang cdch lien hd vdi ddi song
eua b i n thdn Vi vay sy phdt triln v l ngdn ngO, tlnh d m vd
nhdn cdch deu ciing dupe quan tdm
Md hinh cung Id cdch tilp can dya trdn qud trinh (a
pro-cess-based approach) va co gang hudng d i n ngOdi hpc Md
hinh ndy khuyen khfch ngudi hpc bpc Ip quan dilm, d m xdc
vd nhOng kinh nghiem cda b i n thdn Nd hodng d i n sy tOdng
tdc giOa van b i n vd ngodi hpc bang tieng Anh khiln cho ngdn
ngO trd nen d l dang ghi nhd hdn NgOdi hpc dupe khuyin
khfch bien van b i n thdnh cda minh ("make the text their own")
Md hinh ndy nhan thay dupe nguon nang lupng vd tdn md
van hpc cd the cd de thay doi con ngudi Ddy Id Uu dilm cua
md hinh ndy
Trong ba md hinh ma Carter and Long (1991) dUa ra nhu
da trinh bdy tren ddy thl md hinh ngdn ngO vd md hinh phdt
trien nhdn cdch phy thupe l l n nhau C l hai md hinh nay d i u
dat trpng tdm ehinh vdo ngudi hpc
1.2 Cac each tiep cdn trong g i l n g day van hpc
Moody (1983:23) gili thfch ring t i m quan trpng eua cdch
tiep can Id "cung d p mdt edi khung, hodc mdt chuli nhOng
hopt ddng dupe sO dyng khi chung ta b i t tay vdo cdng vide"
("provide a framework, or sequence of operations to be used
when we come to actualities") Whitehead (1968) de cdp d i n
mdt nhdn to Id phll Idm sao de khuyen khfch sinh vien dpc
suit ddi Theo dng dd chfnh Id chpn each tilp epn ndo d l dpy
ngudi hpc van hpc Cd nhieu cdch tiep can khde nhau cd the
Ong dung trong vide day van hpc, tuy nhien cd 6 cdch tieu
bleu sau: cdch tiep can dya tren thdng tin, each tilp can dya
tren ngdn ngO, each tiep can hudng Ong ed nhdn, cdch tiep
can diln gili, cdch tilp can dao dOe - trill hpc vd each tiep
can phong d c h hpc
Them vdo dd, Richards and Rodgers (1986) lam rd them
rang cdch xO ly khdc nhau d mdi d p dp cua cdch tiep can ed
t h l dupe phln anh qua nhOng kieu loai hoat ddng khde nhau
vd nhOng cdch sO dung rieng biet doi vdi tOng kieu hoat ddng
Ve van d l ndy, Duppenthaler (1987) djnh nghTa mdt hoat
ddng (an activity) Id "bat cO vide gl dupe thilt ke de Idm tang
ddng ed hpc tap, sy tham gia vdo qua trinh hpc tap vd sy
tOdng tdc giOa nhOng ngodi hpc vdi nhau" ("anything that is
designed to increase students' motivation, participation in
the learning process and the interaction between learners")
Whitehead (1968) eho ring mdt trong nhOng y i u to ed
bin eua mdt chUdng trinh van hpc thdnh edng Id ngOdi dpy
phll quen vdi cae kieu ky thudt khde nhau eung nhOng hoat
ddng de khuyin khfch vd phat huy niem dam me vd kiln thOe
ve van hpc eua ngudi hpc
Cd the trinh bdy 6 cdch tiep can nhu da neu nhu sau:
1.2.1 Cich tiep can dtfa tren thdng tin (Information-based
Approach)
Carter (1988) cho ring cdch tilp can dya tren thdng tin Id
each day kiln thOe ve van hpc Ong eho rang van hpc Id ndi
cung d p thdng tin eho ngudi hpc Vi vpy, vdi viec dat trpng
tdm vdo ngudi dpy nhu Lazar (1993) ch? ra thl vdi lieu diem
ddt vdo ndi dung ngudi hpc se dupe yeu d u xem xet d i n yeu
to ljeh sd vd nhOng dac diem eua cdc trao luu van hpc tO gdc
nhln ve van hod, xa hdi, ehinh trj, ljeh sO cd tdc dpng den van
bin VI t h l lupng kiln thOe dau vao cua ngUdi dpy phii rat
phong phu NhOng hopt ddng tO each tiep can ndy cd the Id
nhOng bai thuyet gilng, gili thich, dpc nhOng ghi chd vd nhOng
binh pham trong sdch gido khoa hoac do ngudi dpy cung d p
NhOng hoat ddng ndy thudng de phyc vy nhOng ky kilm tra
(Carters McRae, 1996)
1.2.2 Cich tiip cin dtfa vio ngdn ngd (Language-based Approach)
Md hinh ngdn ngO nhIm dpt d i n sy thong nhit giOa ngdn ngO vd van hpc Carter (1988) khIng djnh rang each tiep can dya vdo ngdn ngO giup ngodi hpc ehd y vdo cdch sd dyng ngdn ngO eua tdc gii Lazar (1993) ch? ra ring cdch tilp can dya vdo ngdn ngO xem ede vdn b i n van hpc nhu la nguon tai nguydn cung d p eho vide rdn luydn ngdn ngO thdng qua hdng lopt cdc hopt ddng ngdn ngO hdn Id nghidn cOu van hpc vdi myc dfch thu nhdn sy kidn vd thdng tin Cdch tilp can nay xem ngUdi hpc Id trung tdm vd vl t h l cdc hopt ddng nho dy dodn (prediction), diln khuylt (cloze), s i p xIp thO bdc (rank-ing tasks), phdn vai (role play), ngam thd (poetry recital), diln ddn (forum), thao ludn cd t h l dupe sO dyng de tpo ra cd hpi sOdyng ngdn ngOtrong Idp hpc (Carter, 1996; Rosli, 1995)
1.2.3 Cich tiip can hudng dng ci nhin (Personal Re-sponse Approach)
Dilm nhln cua cdch tilp cdn hudng Ong ca nhdn la khdi gpi dupe sy hudng Ong eua ngudi hpc doi vdi van ban Rosli (1995) xdc djnh ring ly do eua diem nhan dd la thuc day va khuyin khfch ngudi hpc dpc bang each tpo ra sy k i t noi giOa chu de eCia van ban vdi ddi song vd kinh nghiem eua ban thdn ngudi hpc Hin/ela (1996) giai thfch rang sy hOdng Ong ch? mang tfnh ed nhdn bdi le nd lien quan den d m xuc va quan diem cua ngUdi hpc v l van ban van ehUdng Cdch tiep can ndy tap trung vao cae hoat dpng nhu Id thdo luan eac van de (question-discussions) (Rosli, 1995), nhOng hoat dpng ddng kjch dya tren quang d n h va quan diem eua van ban (Hin/ela, 1996) va hoat dpng dpng nao (brainstorming), tudng tupng theo hudng d i n (guided fantasy), thao ludn theo nhdm nho (small group discussions), khdm pha phan Ong cua ngudi hpc dya vdo doan viet ngan hope bai bao (journal) (Lazar, 1993)
1.2.4 Cich tiep can diin giai (Paraphrastic Approach)
Cach tiep can diln giai lien quan den y nghTa be mat eua van b i n NgOdi day khi dp dyng each tiep can nay se diln gili hoac ke lai cdu chuyen bang nhOng ngdn tO ddn giln hdn va tham chf dieh cdu chuyen sang nhOng ngdn ngO khde Rosli (1995) eho rang cdch tiep can nay thfch hpp cho nhOng ngodi mdi bat dau hpc ngdn ngO dieh bdi vl nd ed vai trd nho nhOng nac thang trong viec trinh bdy ehinh xac nhOng gid djnh nguyen ban cda tdc pham, cua tac gia ndo dd Cdch tilp can nay dupe dp dyng khi doi tupng ngudi hpc cd trinh dp ngoai ngO cdn thd'p Vi t h l , cdch tiep can nay cd t h l dope dung trong vipc h i trp ngudi hpc hilu hdn ve van ban NhOng hopt dpng dung trong cdch tiep can ndy ed the bao gom viec ngudi day ke lai edu chuypn hope bdi thd bang ngdn 10 ddn gian hdn, djch van ban sang tiing me de vd dpc ban djch da dope d i l n gili hope ngudi dpy cung cd'p nhOng ghi chu trong sdch bdi tap
1.2.5 Cich tiip can dao ddc - triit hgc (Moral-philosophi-cal Aapproach)
Cdch tilp can dao dOe - triet hpc bat nguon 10 mdt trong nhOng vai trd eua van hpc Id khac sdu nhOng gia trj dao dOe thdng qua viec gilng ve dao ly Trpng tam eua each tiep can ndy Id tim kiem nhOng gid trj dao dOc khi dpc mdt van ban van chUdng cy t h l ndo dd Sy nhdn thOc ve nhOng gid trj nay cua ngUdi hpc se ho trp eho vide hilu nhOng chu de eua nhOng van ban khdc Vi vdy, ngUdi hpc se cd the phan dnh edi hp dupe hpc dya vdo viec dpc mdt van bin van ehUdng cu the Theo Rosli (1995), each tiep can nay tuyen bo ve tinh chat quan trpng eua
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nhOng lya chpn ciia nhOng gid trj dpo dOc vd strilt l'^ in sau
nhOng vdn bin NhOng hopt ddng dupe dp dyng cd thi kit hpp
nhOng gid trj dpo dOc vdo culi cua nhOng bdi hpc vdn hpc,
nhOng bull suy ngim, ydu d u ngudi hpc llm kilm nhdng gid
trj trong khi dpc (Wang, 2003) vd khdi gpi sy ddnh gid cCia
ngudi hpc v l nhOng vide hp ndn ho$c khdng ndn Idm cdn cO
trdn nhOng vdn bin hpc dd dpc (Panwathy et al., 2004)
1.2.6 Cdch tilp cdn phong cdch hpc (Stylistics Approach)
Cdch tilp cdn phong cdch hpc hudng din ngudi hpc hilu
vd ddnh gid vdn bin vdn hpc td't hdn bing cdch kit hpp vide
phdn tich ngdn ngO vd phd binh vdn hpc (Lazar, 1993) Diiu
ndy cd nghTa Id ngUdi hpc dupe dpy cdch xem xdt hinh thOc
ngdn ngO (linguistic forms) trong vdn bin vdn hpc chuyin til
thdng didp din cho dde gll nhu t h l ndo Lazar (1993) tuydn
b l ring cdch tilp c$n ndy ed 2 myc tidu Trudc hit, nd gidp
ngudi hpc thlu hilu "^ nghTa cda vdn bin Myc tidu ndy cho
phdp ngudi hpc thodt khdi nghTa b l mdt cda vdn bin ("to look beyond the surface meaning of the text") ThO hai, nd gidp ngudi hpc md rdng kiln thOc vd nh$n thOe v l ngdn ngO Lazar (1993) d l xult cdc hoat ddng nhU Id ydu clu ngudi hpc xem xdt ky ludng mdt vdn bin vdn hpc bing d c h ddnh diu nhOng ndt d$e trung v l m$t ngdn ngO, trfeh ra nhOng diu mli cd thl gidp fch cho qud trinh hilu ^ nghTa v l Idm sdng td vdn bin (Carter, 1996)
Cd thl tdm tit nhdng ndi dung vd cdc hoat ddng trong tOng cdch tilp e$n trong gilng day vdn hpc nhu sau:
Yr'iucAii(C)
/ 2 I ('dch licji cdn Jira Iren tlu'm^ lin
Cl: Khai g<g\ thong tin tu ngudi hpc ve v5n bSn
C2: Giai thich noi dung ciia vdn ban irudc ldp
C3: Hdi de kiem tra kien thuc cua ngudi hpc dya vao
noi dung vua doc
C4: Cung cap cho ngudi doc thong tin nen
HOAT DQNG (A)
A1: Cau hdi kiem tra vipc hieu ihong lin A2: Bdi thuyit giang
A3: Dpc nhdng ghi chu co trong sach bai tap hodc lutai li^u phat ra
1.2.2 Cdch tiep can huong img cd nhdn
C5: Khuyen khich ngudi hoc lien he chu de vol nhiing
kinh nghiem ca nhan
C6: Khai ggi sir hudng ung cua ngudi hoc doi vdi van
ban
C7: Khuyen khich ngudi hoc bay td cam xuc doi vai
nhdng van de cua van ban
A4: Giai ihich vdn ban cho ngudi hoc A5: Viet cac bai bao
A6: Bai lap dong nao A7: Thao luan nhdm nho A8: Viet ve nhung cam \uc/ phan ung doi vdi nhCrng mpi van de nao dd
1.2.3 Cdch tiep can dua vao ngdn
ngQ-C8: Huang dan ngudi hoc bay td y kien doi vai vdn ban
C9: Xay dung nhung hoal dong ngdn ngO trong bai hpc
ve van hoc
CIO: Khuyen khich ngudi hpc tham gia tich cyc vao
qua trinh lim hieu y nghTa cua vdn ban
C l i : Ngudrj hoc lam vi?c vdi ban cung lop trong qud
trinh tim hieu y nghTa cua vdn ban
C12: Luyen tap ngdn ngiJ su dung vdn ban
A9: Thao lu^n nhdm A10: Cac ho^l dpng ngon ngiir (cloze, jigsaw puzzle, prediction exercises)
A l l : Tranh iupn A12: Cac hoat dpng trinh diSn (drama,role play,
1 oetry recital)
1.2.4 Cdch tiep can dien gidi
C13: Ke lai van ban de ngudi hoc hilu
C14: Su dung nhdng thuat ngO dan gian di giai thich
no! dung cau chuyen cho nguai hpc
Cl 5: Thao luan noi dung tac gia trinh bay trong vdn ba i
C16: Yeu clu ngudi hoc kk lai trinh lu cau chuyfn
A13: Djch vdn ban sir dyng ngon ngOr me de A14: Ke i^i cau chuyen
A15: Ngudi hoc diln giai nhirng ghi chu trong sach bdi tap/Ill lieu phat ra
A16: Ngudrj hoc kk lai cau chuyen truac lop
Trang 47.2.5 Cdc/? liep can dao due - Triit hoc
C17: Long ghep nhung gia tri dao due trong bai hpc
Cl 8: Hoi ngirai hoc \h nhung gia trj hp hpc dirge tir vdn
ban
C19: Yeu clu ngudi hgc tim kiSin nhung gia tri d?o ddc
tu van ban
C20: Nang cao viec nhan ihuc cua ngudi hgc ve nhirng
gia trj thu duge tir van ban
due
A17: Cung suy nghT ve chii de vdn ban A18: Thao luan nhOng tinh huong ve dao due A19: Ke cho ngirdi hgc ve nhirng gia trj dao
A20: Tien hanh cac hoat dgng tu danh gia
1.2.6 Cdch tiep can phong cdch hoc
C21: Hudng dan ngirdi hgc dien djch van ban bang each
chu y vao ngon ngCr ma tac gia sir dung
C22: Yeu cau ngudi hgc danh dau nhung dac trung
ngon ngu trong van ban co y nghTa quan irgng trong qua
trinh dgc van ban dd
C23: Hudng dan ngudi hgc tap trung vao ngon ngu ciia
van ban, khuyen khich nhirng nhan thuc ve mat ngon ngu
C24: Khuyen khich ngudi hgc thao luan ldp nghTa ngoai
ldp y nghia be mat cua van ban
A21: Xac djnh nhung dac trirng ngon ngu nhu tir vung, thi trong van ban
A22: Thao luan nhung y nghTa khac ciia van ban
A23: Trich dan nhung vi du tir van ban de minh hga
A24: Xac dinh nhirng tinh tir dimg de mieu ta nhan vat
(Ky sau: // Ttttfc te day hoc Vin hgc Anti, My vi nhdng de xua't tdphia ngtfdi day)
THU MOI VIET BAI, TIN, ANH DANG TREN
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