Pham Xuan Qui vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 106(06)''''61 65 THI NGHIEM VAT LY THAT, THI NGHIEM TlTOiNG TAG TREN MAN HINH VA CAC BIEN PHAP SU" D^JNG PHOI HgfP CAC LOAI THI NGHIEM TRONG DAY HOC VAT[.]
Trang 1THI N G H I E M VAT LY T H A T , T H I NGHIEM TlTOiNG TAG TREN MAN HINH
VA CAC BIEN P H A P SU" D^JNG PHOI HgfP CAC LOAI T H I N G H I E M
TRONG DAY H O C VAT L V
Pham Xuan Que', Nguyin Thj Thu Hk^' Tru&ng Dgi IIQC Suphgm Hd NQI 'Tru&ng Dal IIQC Suphgm - DH Thai Nguyen
TOM TAT
Hifin nay, giang day mon V^t ly is cic iru&ng pho thong vi nhieu ly do khic nhau mi cic loai thi
nghiSm v^t ly chua duoc chii y khai thic vi sir dyng diing miic Difiu niy di khien hgc sinh thy
dgng trong qui trinh hgc tap, anh hudng d^n chat lugng nim viJng kiln thirc ciia hgc sinh Hon
den sir sii dung phoi hgp cic loai thi nghiem, vi dy nhu: nguyen tic sii dyng phoi hgp cic loai thi nghiem; cic bien phap sir dyng phoi hgp cic lo^i thi nghi?m vi hinh thiic to chiic day hgc cin thay
viet niy, chitng toi se trinh biy mgt so vin de hen quan dkr\ thi nghiem vgt ly that, thi nghiem
tuong tic tren man hinh vi cic bien phip sii dyng cic lo^i thi nghiSm tr6n trong day hgc vat ly nhim phat huy tinh tich eye vi ning luc sing tao cia hgc sinh
Tir khoi Dgy hpc vdl ly, thi nghi?m thgl, thi nghiem tuang tdc tren mdn hinh, phoi hap cdc logi thi nghiem vdt ly
CAC LOAI THI NGHIEM VAT LY VA
CHUC NANG CUA THI NGHIEM TRONG
DAY HOC VAT LY
Cac Ioai thi nghiem vat ly
Thi nghiem (TN) vat ly (VL) la: "sir tdc dpng
cd chu dinh, cd he thong cua con ngifdi vdo doi
tupng cua hien thuc khdch quan Thong qua sir
phdn tich cdc dieu hen md trong do da dien ra
SIT tdc ddng vd cdc ket gud cua sir tdc dong, la
cd the thu nhdn duac tri thirc mai" [3j
Nhu vay, vdi each dinh nghTa tren, TN VL co
hai dau hieu ehinh do la:
- Doi lugng nghien ciru la hien thue khach
quan
- Trong TN dien ra sy tac dgng co ehii djnh
ciia ehu the nghien eiiu Ien doi tugng nghien
Cliu, lam bien ddi doi tugng nghien ciru theo
mue dich, trinh tu nghien cijru rieng eua minh
va nhan dugc cac ket qua tuang irng,
Co nhieu each phan Ioai TN VL, dua tren
nhirng tieu chi khae nhau se eo nhu-ng loai TN
khac nhau
Tel- 0983752675 Emad Nguyenhadhspind^mail.ci
• Neu ean cii vao mge dich Iy luan day hgc
cua TN, TN gom cac loai sau: TN bieu dien
va TN thyc tap ciia HS Trong TN bieu dien lai CO cae Ioai: TN md dau, TN nghien ciru hien tugng va TN eiing co Trong TN thuc tap Iai CO cac loai: TN true dien, TN thuc hanh va
TN va quan sat VL d nha [3]
- Neu dg"a vao moi trudng Iam viec eiia TN, la Iai CO the chia TN ra Iam nhu'ng Ioai sau: TN that va T~N ao
TN that la nhirng TN dugc thue hien Irong moi trudng phong TN TN that Iai dugc ehia lam hai loai:
+ TN Iruyen thong la TN trong do ngudi hgc thu'c hien TN d trong phong TN va khong co
sy ho trg ciia may vi linh, + TN that CO su ho trg ciia may linh la TN trong do viec tien hanh TN dugc thyc hien trong moi trudng phong TN va may linh dugc sir dung nhu la mgt cong eg ho trg viec thu thap va xir ly so lieu Vi dy: TN ghep noi may tinh
TN ao la nhu'ng TN dugc thyc hien tren moi
tru'dng may vi tinh, trong do dien ra su tuang tac ciia ehii the nghien ciiru len doi tugng
Trang 2Pham Xuan Que vd Dig
nghien cii'u bang vi?c chii the Ihao tac tren
man hinh thong qua he Ihong ban phim, con
chugt TN ao gom hai loai:
+ TN mo phong, la TN d do, doi tirgng
nghien ciru la mo hinh dugc md phong
+ TN ttrang \hz Ircn man hlnh (TTTMIt) la
IN ma d do, doi lirgng nghien ciru la doi
tugng Ihuc (dugc quay ho^c chyp Iai) dirdi
dang goc
Nhu vit> TN TTTMH la nhu-ng IN ma doi
lugng nghien ciru la cac hi?n tugng, qua Irinh
VL Ihyc dirge ghi lai (quay I^i ho^e chgp lai)
dudi dang gtic va dua vao may linh, bang
cong eg phan mem may linh, qua do ngudi
hoe se thao tac iren man hinh de luang lac vdi
doi tugng nghien ciru, lam bien doi doi Iugng
nghien ciru iheo cac mue dieh, trinh tg- nghien
CIJ'U rieng ciia minh va nhan dugc cac ket qua
luong irng
Chirc nang ciia thi nghiem trong day hoc
Vat l>
Trong day hgc VL TN co vai tro quan trgng
trong viec to chire hoat dpng nhan thiic tieh
cue, tu luc va sang Iao cOa bgc sinh (HS)
Chinh vi le do, trong qua trinh day hgc, TN
phai dam bao duge cac chire nang sau:
- Trinh bay Irudc IIS doi tu'ang nghien ciru
(cac qua trinh hay hien tugng VL) dudi dang
goc hay nhirng mo hinh khac nhau
- Thu thap cac thong tin ve doi tug-ng nghien cii'u
- Trinh bay cae thong tin Ihu thap dugc dudi
cac dang khac nhau
- Phan lich, xii ly cac thong tin theo cae myc
dich khac nhau
Ho irg HS de xuat gia Ihuyet \;in dk
nghien ciru
- Giiip HS kiem tra cac gia Ihuyet khoa hgc
(hay cac he qua dugc riil ra tir gia Ihuyet) [ I ]
Vdi nhirng chire nang tren, TN Iham gia vao
qua trinh day hgc vdi nhirng mue dich sau:
- Lam xuat hien van dk nghien cii'u, dinh
hudng hanh dgng, kich thich hiing thu hoc lap
VLciiaHS
- Minh hga kien thirc, qua do giiip HS co cai
nhin true quan ve doi tugng nghien ciiu
- H6 trg de xuat \kn de nghien ciiu; dua ra
nhOng dy doan, gia thuyet
- Kiem tra tinh dimg din ciia gia thuyet (he qua suy ra lir gia thuyet)
- Cimg c6 kien thirc ky nSng ciia HS (on lap, dao sau, md rgng va he Ihong hda, van dgng)
- Kiem tra kien thire, ky nang cua HS SU' DUNG PHOI HOP CAC LOAI THi NGHIEM TRONG DAY HQC VAT LY
N H A M PHAT HUY TINH TICH C U C TU LUC VA SANG TAO CUA HOC SINH Nguyen tac sir dung phoi hop cac Ioai thf nghiem trong day hgc Vat ly nham phat huy linh tich circ, tir lire va sang tao ciia hoc sinh M6i Ioai TN deu c6 nhiing uu, nhugc diem nhat dinh vdi nhirng chire nang, muc dich Iy luan day hgc khae nhau Chinh vi vay, trong qua trinh day hgc, de phal huy duae tinh lich cue,lu Iuc va sang tao ciia HS giao vien (GV) phai biet ket hgp, sir dyng phdi hgp cac Ioai
TN qua dd phat huy nhiiTig uu diem, khac
phue nhugc diem eOa tirng Ioai TN Nhung
khi sir dung phoi hgp cac loai TN trong day hgc VL phai dam bao nhirng nguyen lac sau: Chi su dung nhu-ng TN ao khi TN that khong giiip HS nhan thiic mgt each day du, chinh xac kien thirc vat li can nghien ciru hoae khong ho tra tot viec td chirc qua trinh boat dgng nhan thue eua HS mgt each tich cue, lu luc va sang tao
- Co the sir dung TN \ a sir dung phoi hgp cac Ioai TN d cac khau khac nhau ciia qua Irinh day hgc, cac giai doan ciia qua Irinh nhan thirc nhung phai dac biet luu y ehiic nang
ly luan day hgc ciia tirng loai TN de sir dung
TN cho phli hgp vdi tii'ng giai doan do
- Gan \ lec sir dgng phoi hgp cac loai TN vdi he thong cae hoat dgng tri tue-lhue lien eua HS trong qua trinh TN (thiet ke phuang an TN, lap
ke hoach TN, thu lap s6 lieu va xii' ly s6 lieu), qua dd kich thieh su tranh luan lich cue, ly luc
va sang lao ciia HS trong qua trinh hgc tap
Trang 3Cac bien phap sir dung thi nghiem that, thi
nghiem tirong tae tren man hinh trong day
hoc Vat ly nhSm phat huy tinh tich cue va
nang lure sang tao ciia hoc sinh
Nhiing bieu hiin cua tinh tich cite, tu- lax
trong hpc tap Vat ly cda hpc sinh
' Co hirng thu hgc lap, cham chu nghe giang,
hang hai tham gia phal bieu y kien, phal hiijn
dugc van de nghien ciru
- Tim each dgc lap, ly Imh hgi, giai quyet van
de hoe tap, ty may mo tim ra cac hudng khac
nhau de tim ra ldi giai hgp ly nhat cho van dk
can giai quyet
- Chii dgng van dung kien thiic, ky nang da
hgc khi gap linh hudng mdi, co sang lao trong
giai quyet van de, lim ra cai mdi, van dyng
kien thiic da hgc vao thue lien
Nhung bieu hien ciia ndng lire sdng tao
trong hpc tap Vat ly cua hpc sinh
- De xuat duoc gia Ihuyet hoac de xuat giai
phap giai quyet van de dat ra,
- Dua ra dvcac phuang an TN kiem Ira he qua
duge suy ra tir gia thuyet
- Thiel ke cai tien TN (trong qua trinh lam TN)
- Nang Iyc nhin nhan mpt van de dudi nhii'ng
goc do khac nhau, xem xet doi lugng d nhii'ng
khia canh, each giai quyet khac nhau, doi khi
mau thuan nhau de tir do tim ra cac giai phap
la, CO hieu qua phii hgp vdi dieu kien, hoan
canh ey the
Cdc biin phdp sir dung tlii nghiem that, thi
nghiem tieffng tdc tren mdn liinli trong day
hpc Vat ly nhdm phdt huy tinh tich ctrc vd
nang lire sdng tao cua hpc sinb
Tir nhiing bieu hien boat dgng nhan thiic ti'ch
cue, ty luc va sang tao ciia HS trong hge t§p VL
va chiic nang ciia tiing Ioai TN trong day hgc
VL, ehiing toi thay co thi sir dyng phoi hgp cac
loai TN va eae phan mem mo phong TN trong
day hgc VL nhim phat huy tinh tich eye, tu luc
va sang tao cQa HS bang eae bien phap sau:
- Sir dung TN that, TN TTTMH lam xual hien
vdn di nghien cuu Trong gian doan lam xuat
hien d HS van de nghien ciru, GV co the sir
dgng thi nghiem theo nhiJng bude sau:
+ GV md ta hoan canh thyc lien lao nen mgl tinh huong "gay can" va yeu cau HS du doan hien tugng xay ra
+ GV lam mgt TN bieu dien, hoac GV cho
HS lam mgt TN dan gian de HS thay dugc hien tugng diln „ khong phii hgp vdi dy doan ciia minh
+ GV hu'dng dan HS phat bieu van de ciia bai hgc Liic dau GV c6 the dua ra mirc dg yeu cau cao de HS co the ty lye phat bieu van de, sau do GV hudng dan va giam bdt kho khan cho HS de cuoi eiing HS phal bieu duae van
de nghien ciiu ([2][3])
- Sir dung TN that TN TTTMH di hd tra vice xdy dimg dir dodn de xual gia thuyel cua HS
Trong giai doan GV hudng dan HS xay dung
dy doan hay de xual gia thuyet, T>l co the dugc sir dgng theo cac budc sau:
-I- GV yeu cau HS dua ra du doan/de xual gia thuyet cho van de da dugc phat bien d giai doan trudc
+ Neu HS van khong dua ra dugc du doan/de
xuat dugc gia thuyet thi GV tien hanh TN de cung cap them cho HS ve hien tugng, qua trinh, moi lien he ciia cac dai luang trong hien tugng dang nghien ciru giup sinh vien khai quat duoc cac ket qua quan sal de dua ra dy doan([2][3])
- Cd the sir dung cdc logi TN that TN TTTMH ho trp qud trinh thiet ke phircmg dn
TN De qua trinh thiet ke phuang an TN dien
ra nhanh chong va hieu qua GV co the huong dan HS sir dyng cac Ioai thi nghiem, dae biet
la TN TTTMH de ho trg theo cac budc sau: + GV giiip HS nhan thirc ro dieu ma hg lien hanh TN de kiem tra va gpi HS nhd Iai nhu'ng kien thii'c va kmh nghiem lien quan + GV to ehirc cho HS (c6 the Iheo tCrng nhom) sil' dung T>J ho trg de de xual phuo'ng
an TN de kiem tra gia Ihuyet hoac he qua suy
ra lir gia thuyet + GV to chirc cho HS trao doi, phan tieh tinh kha thi ciia moi phuang an va ehgn ra phuong
an CO nhieu trien vgng nhat ([2][3])
Trang 4- Sit dung TN that TN TTTMH de kiem tra
gid thuyet hogc h(' qua suy ra tir gid thuyel
Khi to chirc cho HS dimg TN de kiem tra dy
doan/giii tluiyi-i GV ed Ihc ticn hanh Iheo
nhiing birdc sau:
+ GV djnh hirdng IIS lya chgn, bo tri dyng
ey, thiet bj TN, dy kien lien trinh TN, xiic
djnh ra nhirng hien tirgng, qua trinh can quan
sal bg so lieu can Ihu Ih^ip, cac phuang in xir
ly so lieu
+ GV hoac HS lien hanh TN dudi sy hirdng
dan ciia GV de kiem tra gia Ihuyet hoSc h?
qua duge suy ra lir gia thuyet ([2][3])
- Sir dung TN thai TN TTTMH frong giai
doan cung co, vdn dung kien thuc De HS co
the van dung dugc kien thire mgt each sang
lao, tam cho kien thiic ciia HS trd nen sau sac,
ben vii'ng, GV co the giao cho HS nhiing
nhiem vu doi hoi phai sii dung TN Ihco each
each sau'
+ GV giao cho HS nhiem vu doi hoi phai sii
dung thiet bj, dgng cy TN quen biel de lap rap
va tien hanh mgt TN mdi hay mgt phuang an
TN khac hoac sir dung thiet bj TN san co de
lien hanh TN theo yeu cau
+ GV giao nhiem vy doi hoi HS phai che tao
dyng eg TN va ticn hanh TN vdi no
Vdi cac each tren, GV co the to chirc hudng
dan HS sii dung TN trong giai doan van dung
kien thiic theo cac budc sau:
+ GV giao cho IIS nhiem vg doi hoi phai
su-dung TN de giai quyet van de dat ra
+ GV chia nhom HS, to chire eho HS thao
luan dc lya chpn, thiel ke, ehe tao dgng eg
TN, lap ke hoach TN
+ GV hudng dhi HS lien hanh TN, Ihu thap
vaxirly k^tquaTN([2][3])
- Sir dung TN TTTMH de hd tra qud trinh on
lap chudn bi bdi trirdc khi lai lap, irir&c gid
thuc hdnh cua HS Vdi dac diem ciia cae loai
TN tuang tac tren man hinh la moi trudng
lam vi?c dugc Ihyc hien tren may tinh, ehinh
vi v^y HS hoan loan co thi su dung TN ao de ehuan bj bai hgc trudc khi tdi Idp, trudc gid thyc h^nh TN tren phong TN hay trong qua trinh dn tap kien ihuc Dieu nay khong nhimg tiet ki?m thdi gian lam TN th^t eiia HS d tren Idp, Iren phdng TN ma con phal huy tinh lich eye va ly Iyc ciia HS trong qua trinh hgc tap
- ,S';/' dung TN TTTMH di hd Irp^ qud Irinh kiim ira, ddnh gid kien thuc, ky ndng cua HS (ky ndng thiet ki) Mgt vai TN TTTMH dugc
thiet ke co chirc nSng luu lai nhirng kel qua cLia vi?c lya chgn thiet bj, bo tri TN, bp so lieu TN, ket qua xir ly s6 lieu, cac ket Iu|n
d\xgc rdt ra hay cd them modun h? Ih6ng
cau hoi trdc nghiem khaeh quan de ngudi hgc
ty kiem tra, danh gia Vdi nhirng TN TTTMH cd chirc nang nhu tren hoan loan co
the dugc sti dgng dk hd trg qua trinh kiem tra,
danh gia kien thiic, ky nang cua HS KET LUAN
Nhu vay, TN VL that va TN TTTMH c6 thi tham gia vao cac giai doan ciia qua trinh day hge VL Dae biet, vdi TN TTTMH, vdi dac thii mdi irudng lam \ iec la ao (tren may tinh) nen tuy vao muc dich sii dgng TN khac nhau
(co tlie la TN nghien ciru khdo sat hi^n hrang hay T\ kiem nghiem) ma GV co the sir dung
TN TTTMH Iren phoi hgp vdi cac TN day hgc that (neu eo) de dap iing dugc muc lieu day hgc da de ra Them niia, HS cd the sir dung TN TTTMH de on tap, cimg co kien Ihirc d nha sau khi da hgc tren tdp, ly kiem kiem tra danh gia kien thiie; chuan bj bai trudc khi thuc hanh TN that, ly dn lap truoc khi thi va giam bdt Ihdi gian thyc hanh lai phong TN Ngoai ra, bai viet con phan biet dugc TN ao (TN TTTMH) vdi cac loai phSn mem mo phong TN va kha nang sir dyng cua eae phan mem md phong TN trong viec phoi hgp vdi cac loai TN VL nham phal huy tinh tich cue, tyc lue va nang Iyc sang tao cua HS trong qua trinh day hge
Trang 5TAI L l J U T H A M K H A O 2 Nguyin Biic ThSm, Nguyen Nggc Hung (1999),
To chuc hoai dong nhan Ihuc cho HS trong day hoc
1 Pham Xuan Q u i (2007), -irng dung cong Kd;/;! NxbDai hpcQu6cgia HJNpi,
, , , • , , , ^ , 3 Nguyen Dire Tham (chu bien), Nguyen Ngoc
nghe Ihong tin trong lo chuc hogt dpng nhgn ^^^^^ p ^ , ^ Xuin Q u i (2003), Phuang phdp thuc vdt ly lich cue lu chd vd sdng tgo", Nxb dgy hpc Vdl ly d Irudng phd thdng "Nxb Ba\ hoc
Dai hoc Su pham Su pham
S U M M A R Y
R E A L E X P E R I M E N T , I N T E R A C T I O N E X P E R I M E N T O N T H E C O M P U T E R
S C R E E N A N D M E A S U R E S C O O R D I N A T I N G T H E EXPERIIV1ENTS IN
P H Y S I C S T E A C H I N G
Pham Xuan Que', Nguyen Thi Thu Ha^*
Hanoi University of Ediicalion
^College of Education - TNU
Currently, because of many different reasons kinds of physics experiments untapped and underutilized in Physics teaching This made students passive in the leaming process, affecting the study the problem coordination of experiments in teaching Physics, for example: the principles of coordinating experiments, the measures coordinating experiments and how to change the form of will present a number of issues related to real experiments, interaction experiment on the computer screen and measures coordinating the experiments in Physics teaching to promote positive, autonomy and creativity of students
Key words: Teaching Physics, real experiment, interaction experiment on the computer screen, coordinating kinds of Physics experiments
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 15/5/2013; Ngdy phdn bien 04/6/2013; Ngdy duyet ddng: 26/7/2013
' Tel- 0983752675; Emad Nguyenhadhsptn@gmad.com