JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 75 79 This paper is available online at http7/stdb,hnue,edu vn CAI CACH GIAO DUC KI THUAT TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC NHAM DAP LTNG N[.]
Trang 1Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 75-79
This paper is available online at http7/stdb,hnue,edu.vn
CAI CACH GIAO DUC KI THUAT TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC NHAM DAP LTNG N I I O N G YEU CAU CUA CONG CUOC PHAT TRIEN KINH TE - XA HOI TRONG THE KI 21
Nguyen Khac Bmh
Vu Gido due Dat hoc, Bd Gido due vd Ddo tgo
Tom tat Dao tao ki thuat cd vai Ird quan trong trong sU phat trien cua moi quoc
gia Tuy nhien tIao lao kT thuat hien nay da hoc 16 nhieu bat cap, Bai bao nay phan tich nhflng nguyen nhan din din nhflng nhUOc diem ciia dao tao ki thuat Irong cac trUdng dai hoc hicn nay; nhflng nhUdc diem ciia sinh vien t6t nghiep cdc nganh kT thuat hien nay va nhflng cai each cdn thiet trong dao tao nguon nhan life chdt lifOng cao phuc vu cdng cuoc cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dll nudc trong thcfi dai ngay nay
Tie khda: Dao tao ki thuat, van hanh he thong, ki nang kien tao san pham
1 Mol dau
Trong cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt nfldc, nhiem vu ctia giao due dai hoc la dao tao ngudn nhan life chdi lUdng cao; Tflc la cac trfldng dai hpc phai dao tao nhflng sinh vien trd thanh ddi ngii ki sfl hien dai, lam viec cd hieu qua, cd nang lflc trong viec hinh thanh y tfldng, thiet ke, trien khai va van hanh he thdng, trd thanh nhflng chuyen gia ki thuat, co trach nhiem vdi xa hpi va cd xu hudng sang tao
Thuc hien dfldc cdng viec nay, Cac trfldng dai hpc phai dao ho nhu thi nao de dat dUdc hieu qua vdi tinh thdn khdi nghiep trong mdi trUdng phflc tap ve cdng nghe va doi hdi tinh ben vflng ngay cang cao Chung ta phai trang bi tot hdn cho cac smh vien ki thuat tfldng Iai nay bdng cai each giao due ki thuat mot each cd he thdng, toan dien, Bai bao nay
se phan tich thuc trang dao tao ki thuat cua cae trfldng dai hpc; danh gia ciia gidi doanh nghiep; nguyen nhan cua hien trang va nhflng cai each cdn thiel ddi vdi cac trudng dai hoc trong dao tao ki thuat
Ngay nhan bai: 25-12-2012, Ngay chap nhan dang 18-4-2013
Trang 22 Noi dung nghien curu
2 1 , T h i t c I r a n g ve d a o t a o k l t h u a l d c a c t r u f t n g d a i h o c
Theo truyfin lh6ng, ki sU dildc dao tao tit trudng dai hiic duoc chii trong ddn khji kiin Ihiic ki Ihual dii duoc ti6p thu, lich liiy 'Illy nhien, bat dSu vao cuoi nhiing nam 1970 cho tdi cudi nhflng nam 1990, gidi dai dien cdng nghiep bat d i u the hien mdi Io ngai ngay cang liing ve su chii Irpng nay trong giao due dai hoc Gidi doanh nghiep da len tiSng va
neu Icn indl quan diem dUOc ddng thuan rk ldn trong xa hdi la chii trong hdn den ki nang
Cli nhan, ki niing giao tiep, ki nang kicn lao san pham, quy trinh va he thdng NKiing nam
1990, xu hudng phe phan giao due ki thuSt hien tai ciia cac trUdng dai hoc ngay cang lan rdng C) MI cd tap doiin ldn da tao ra mdt thd lUc nham gay anh hudng den giao ducki Ihuat d bac dai hoc bimg each dua ra nhu'ng yeu cdu nang lUc mong mudn d mdi ngircli
ki su sau khi Idl nghiep IrUdng dai hoc 6 cac nude phat trie'n, cac doanh nghiep ciing da
cd nhii:ng phiin flng vc van dc nay Hp yeu cau cac nha trudng phai md cac Idp tap huan
va bicn soan cac chUdng trinh vd giao due ki thuiit do doanh nghiep dc xult Cac doanh nghiep cd the tham gia vao ciic co quan kiem dinh va cd quan chuyen mdn ve giao due Phan flng cua cac doanh nghiep niiy dii dem den sU hd trd trUc tidp ciia cac doanh nghiep danh cho cac dd xfldng cai each ve giao due Nd cung da hdi thiic Chinh phii day nhanh cai each trong giao due dai hpc nham dao tao ngudn nhiin lUc cho cdng cudc phat trien kinh iL'-xa hdi cua dat nfldc
Day khdng phiil Iii mdt nd lflc ngiiu nhien ma la phan flng nhat quan ve mpt vSn d6
ma gidi doanh nghiep cho Iii mdi de doa chinh ygu ddi vdi ngudn lUc dUdc tao ra tit cac Irfldng dai hoc Nhflng quan diem chung cua cac nha doanh nghiep la hp ludn nhan manh lam quan trong cfla nen tang khoa hoc ki thuat va kien thflc ki thuat va ddng thdi la nhiing
ki niing chu y£u bao gdm cac yeu td ve ki nang thiet kc, giao tiep, Iiim viec theo nhom, dao dflc, va ciic ki nang ca nhan vii Id chat khac ma sinh vit}n sau tdt nghiep phai cd
2.2 D a n h gla vc doi ngO s i n h v i e n I d t h u a t s a u t o t n g h i e p cua
d o a n h n g h i e p
Hicn nay, cac nUdc tren the gidi, dac biet Iii cac nfldc phfldng l a y , gidi doanh nghiep khong hoiin toiin hai ldng vdi hien trang giao due dai cfldng Su khdng hai ldng nay dildc phan iinh qua cac phe phan cua hp vao \ iec sinh \ ien tdt nghiep khdng the" dpc va viSt mJt each hieu qua, va khdng nam vitng phep tinh dai sd d mflc phflc tap trung binh Ngltclilci
sU mdi tdt nghiep dai hoc khdng the lam viec ki thuat cd hieu qua Ho da phe phan ve sii
pham diu ra ciia giiio due ki thuat cdn nhflng bat cap ring: "Hieu qud dau Uf cho dao Igo
ki thugt ngdy cdng kem, ket ijiid chtfa lirong xiriig vdi nguon life dtfdc dau tu: Sinh villi khdng nhtrng khong dtrgc ddo lao chudn mia ve kien Ilurc chinh qui, ma con hi hgn * '
CO hot tiep cdn vdi phgm vt kifn thtrc ki Ihudl: Do dd chira dgi dtrcic mot chieu sdu k!mn§,
ki thudt I d y nghia: Ki su mdi rg trudng thieu su hie'u biet ve tain quan Irgng ciia viec io ludng vd kiehi^ Ira chinh xdc: thiiu ddng life cgnh Iranh vd sir hen tri: hgn che ve' kinang giao liep: diieu ki liicit vd thieu kie'm mat trong IS loi Idm viec: khdng ddm chiip nhgn rii
Trang 32.3 Lich sur va nguyen nhan nhdng bat cap trong dao tao kT thuat cua cac triX(fng dai hoc
Nhflng nam 1950 la thdi ki bdt ddu ciia each mang khoa hpc ki thuat va tuyen dung cac nha khoa hpc ki Ihuat tre Nhflng nam 1960 cd the dfldc goi la thdi ki hoang kim, trong dd sinh vien dfldc dao tao tfl su pha trpn gifla dpi ngu giang vien la nhflng nha thflc hanh kl thuat cd tuoi va nhflng nha khoa hpc ki thuat Irc
Tuy nhien vao nhflng nam 1970, nhflng giang vien thuc hanh ki thuat da ddn ddn din tudl nghi huu va dpi ngii nay dUdc thay the bang cac nha nghien cflu Va cung tfl dd giao due kl thuat da cd sfl dich chuyen rd ret theo hfldng khoa hoc ki thuat He qua dfl kiln ciia su thay ddi vl boi canh va van hoa xay ra trong nfla cudi the ky 20 nay la dat giao due sinh vien ki thuat Iren mpt nin tang khoa hpc va chat che hdn, trang bi cho sinh vien doi phd vdi nhflng thach thflc ki thuat khdng ludng trUde dUdc trong tfldng lai Chung ta khdng phli nhan tdm quan trong cfla sfl thay ddi nay cung nhu ghi nhan nhflng ddng gdp to ldn ma cac thanh tuu trong nghien cflu khoa hpc ki Ihuat dfldc tao ra irong nfla cudi thi ky vfla qua Tuy nhien, he qua khdng chu y cfla sfl lhay ddi nay la sfl dich chuyen trong van hda cfla giao due ki thuat da lam giam gia tri cfla nhilu ki nang, thai dd quan trpng vdn dUde xem la dac trflng cfla giao due kT thuat cho din thdi diem dd Do vay, khdng phai la trung hdp ngdu nhien, ma cudi nhflng nam 1970 va 1980 cua thi ky trfldc, trong phdn ldn cac nfldc phat trien, gidi doanh nghiep bat ddu nhan thdy su thay ddi vl kicn thflc, ki nang
va thai dp cua sinh vien tot nghiep Ho da phe phan qua cac ldi binh pham va cac bieu Id
su lo ngai ddi vdi kha nang tUdng lai cua cac sinh vien ki thuat d cac trudng dai hoc
2.4 Thay doi nhan thu'c de cai each dao tao ki thuat trong cac trUttng dai hoc
TrUde tien, viec chflng ta cdn lam la xem xet lai nhan thflc vl ki thuat thUe thu, cai
ma chiing ta mudn ngUdi ki su iam trong cudc ddi nghe nghiep ciia ho, ddng thdi chung
ta lim each flng dung cdng nghe mdi cho phuong phap giao due Dd chinh la su cai each giao due ki thuat trong cac trudng dai hoc hien nay nham dap flng ddi hdi ciia cdng cudc phat trien kinh tl-xa hdi cua mdi qudc gia
Cai each giao due ki thual phai tra ldi hai van d l trong tam:
Giao due ki thuat phai lam nhflng gi? Va Giao due kl thuat phai lam nhu thi nao? Mdt ben la nhu cdu truyen tai khoi khiln thflc ki thuat khdng ngflng gia tang trong tflng ngay, tflng gid ma sinh vien ki thuat phai lam chii trong qua trinh dao tao d trudng dai hpc Mpt ben la yeu cdu ki su phai cd nhflng ki nang ca nhan, ki nang giao tiep rdng, cung nhu phai cd ki nang kiln tao san pham va nhflng ki nang cdn thiet khac de lam viec theo nhdm nham tao ra san pham va he thdng thflc thu,
Sfl mau thudn nay bieu hien sfl khac biet rd ret vl quan diem gifla cac nha giao due
ki thuat va edng ddng nhflng ngudi dang hoat ddng trong ITnh vuc ki thuat - nhflng ngudi
se tuyen dung sinh vien tdt nghiep ki thuat sau nay
Ngudi ki su chuyen nghiep la ngUdi da dat dUdc va hen tuc hoan thien kiln thflc, kT
Trang 4xa hdi bSng each lap Iuan, hinh thanh y tfldng, phiit trien va san sinh ra nhflng may moc t4 kidn true dang tin cay cd giii tri thflc tidn va kinh te Ngfldi kl sU cd kien thiic cang rdng, ngfldi ki sfl cang cd nhflng ki nang da dang va hoan chinh hdn va khi ngfldi ki sfl cimg co linh than cdng hidn nhicu hon, thi thanh qua dat dfldc se ngiiy cang cao hdn
Kidn thflc cua ngfldi ki sfl thflc thu khdng chi gidi han d nhflng dfl lieu cd dfldc mi
phiii CO hdn nhieu so vdi dfl lieu ki thuat thu nhan dUdc Trong khi mpt ngfldi ki su ngay nay chi cd the sfl dung cdng nghe thdng tin de tao ra bit ki dfl lieu niio trong choc lat thi ngudi ki sU Ihflc thu cdn hieu duoc mdi tudng quan gifla ciic dU lieu vii biet ciich khai thac vii xfl li nhflng du lieu lien quan tfldng xflng nhiim long hdp thiinh thdng tin radi de giai quvci van dc KI niing cua ngfldi ki sU thflc thu lii ki thuat giiii quycl van de thicI ke theo trinh tu, irong dd, nhflng nguyen tiic trpng tam eua khoa hoc vii ki thuat dflOc ap dung cung vdi su Siing tao va phiin xel ca nhan dat dfldc tfl quii irinh dao tao vii kinh nghiem thflc liln Hdn nfla, vi ciic thiinh lich ki thuat ludn dat dflOc trong mdi trfldng lam viec theo nhdm nen ki nang giao tidp la rii cin thiet trong vai trd cua nhan vien cung nhfl ngitcli liuih dao Thiii dp cfla ngfldi ki sU thUe thu iinh hudng trflc tiep den chat Ifldng giai phap ihiel ke Ngfldi kl sfl ihflc thu la ngfldi cd kha nang liinh dao nhdm thanh cdng vdi mot linh Ihin xiiy dflng phe binh va Ifl phe binh
De dap lai phan flng tfl cac doanh nghiep qua viec xem xet cac kien nghi ciia doanh nghiep phan anh vd yeu ciu diio tao sinh vien va tdng hpp ciic yeu ciu dd, yeu ciu cd ban ddi vdl giao due kl thuat phiii ihe hien d dau ra Ngfldi ki sfl phai cd kha nang: Hinh ihanh
y Ifldng - tridn khai - Thicl kd - Viin hiinh siin pham, quy trinh \ii he thdng phflc tap, co giii tri gia liing, trong mpt mdi trfldng hien dai, liim vice theo nhdm, Ngfldi ki sfl cd nang luc liim viec kl thuat Ho cin dflOc diio lao v6 nhflng llnh vuc niiy trong bdi canh mang lai cho ho ki niing vii thai dd de ho cd the Ihiet ke va trien khai Dieu niiy dfla chflng ta tdi yeu ciu diu lien cua chuong Irinh hoc trong cudc ciii each giiio due ki thual Trong boi canh cua giao due ki thuat, thi chung ta cd the dfla ra mdt ciich hop li chuan dau chi tiet ddi v6i vice dao tao sinh vien Chung ta cd the tra Idi ciiu hdi diiu lien lii: Sinh \ ien ki thuiit nen
dat dfldc kien thflc, ki nang, thai dd toiin dien khi rdi khdi trfldng dai hoc vii dat dfldc il
trinh dd niing lflc niio? Dd la nhu ciu cd ban va la cP sd cho nhung "danh sach kT nang" mil gidl doanh nghiep dc xuit cho cac nhii quiin li, ciic nhii giiio due trong diio tao dai hoc Nhflng gi ngfldi ki sU hien dai phai Iam la tham gia vao mdt viii hoac toan bd cac giai doan cua viec hinh thiinh y tudng, thidl kc trien khai va van hiinh Ve nguyen tac, co the diio tao cho sinh \ icn ciic ki niing va thai dd ki thuat trong khi ho tfl Iam viec vdi li thuyel kl thuat Nhung neu liim nhu viiy co Ihc sc khdng hieu qua PhUdng phap dao tao ki nang niio cho smh vii;n cd the tdl hdn la cach dat viec diio tao trong bdi eanh phat trien va trien khai san pham va hi; thdng - chinh lii bdi canh ma sinh \ icn sfl dung cac ki nang niiy Tfl dd, chung ta phai xem xel Iai tai sao chu trinh vdng ddi san pham, qua trinh, va
he thdng ki thuat khdng la bdi canh chung cua giiio due ki thuat hien nay Chung ta ciing
dc diing nhan thiiy dieu dd: bdi vi ddi ngu giang vien d cac trfldng dai hpc ki thuat it co nhflng ngfldi thflc hanh ki thuat ma phin ldn la nhflng ngfldi nghien cflu ki thuat Nhiing nha nghien cflu nay phat tnen kidn thflc khoa hoc ki thuat bing each tidn hanh nghien ciiu
Trang 5kT thuat thflc hanh, trpng tam dupe dat vao viec chl tao ra san pham va he thdng ki thuat thflc hanh, trpng tam dfldc dat vao viec chl tao ra san pham va he thdng ki thuat bang each phat trien theo each tiep can tich hdp, va dSy la each tiep can cd ban chdt ciia su hdp tac bang sfl nd luc cua ca nhdm ngfldi Ddng thdi, bdi canh mong mudn nay phai ludn chu trpng tdi vice xfl li cae nen tang ki thuat mpt each khdt khe Vi vay, chiing ta cdn phai thdy rang viec chuyen ddi giao due tfl bdi canh hicn tai sang boi canh mdi la mol su thay ddi vl van hda Chung ta phai nang cao ki nang ldn thai do ciia giang vien ki ihuat hien tai bdng each tang cfldng nang luc tdng hdp ciia hp
ThUc ra, mau thudn hien ed trong giao due kT thuat d nhieu nUdc la kit qua cua chinh sU chuyen dot nay Gdn day d mpt sd quoc gia, giang vicn ki thuat eua cac irUdng dai hoc la nhflng nha thuc hanh ki thuat xudt sac Giao due chu ylu dua vao thUc hanh va trang bi cho thUc hanh
3 Ket luan
Chung ta phai nhan thflc iai rang giao due ki thuat cdn nhdn manh nin tang ki thuat, ddng thdi tang cudng viec hpc hdi eac ki nang ca nhan, kT nang giao tilp, kT nang kiln tao san pham, quy trinh, va he thdng Ciing vdi cai each giao due dai hpc nham phu hdp vdi nhflng mue tieu mdi cua sfl nghiep phat trien cua mdi qudc gia, Cai each dao tao kT thuat phai dUdc coi trpng va phai di tien phong trong cudc cai each nay Tren nhflng nhan thflc nhu vay, chflng ta thdy rang cdn phai tiln hanh cupc cai each dao tao kl thuat trong cac trfldng dai hpc trong bdi canh hpi nhap, loan cdu hda, khoa hoc va cdng nghe phal trien
va thay ddi tflng gid
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Worthen, B.R., Sanders, J.R., and Fitzpatrick, J L., 1996 Program Evaluation:
Al-ternative Apprcmdies and Pracal Guideline Longman, New York, 1996
[2] Hd Tudn Nhflt, 2011, Bdu cdo tgi Hdi thdu xdy dung diifOng trinh theo phuang phdp
CDIO tgi TR Hu Chi Minh
[3] Bd Giao due va Dao tao, 2010 De ddn lgi Hdi thdo xdy dtfng cbudng irinb theo
phuong phdp CDIO tai TP Ho Cbi Mmh ndm 2010
ABSTRACT
Renovating of Enginnering Training in Higher Education lo Adapt
to the Need for Development of Economics and Society in 21"^' Century Training techniques have an importani role in the development of each country However, it has been revealed that there are many shortcomings in the technical training programs that now exist in Vietnam, This paper analyzes the causes that have led to these disadvantages in technical training in universities today as graduates of current indus-try and technical programs require better trained, high-quality human resources for the industrialization and modernization of the country in this day and age