QUAN L i GIAO MIC m m m TAC DONG CIIA HOI NHAP QUDC n DDI VOI CDNG TAC DAO TAD liqilliUDiTiilMUOIliWiMDILimMH ThS PHAIVI TUNG LAtVl* Trong bo''''icanh toan cau hda, detang nguon thu nhap qud''''c dan, mpt s[.]
Trang 1QUAN L i GIAO M I C
TAC DONG CIIA HOI NHAP QUDC n DDI VOI CDNG TAC DAO TAD
liqilliUDiTiilMUOIliWiMDILimMH
ThS PHAIVI TUNG LAtVl*
Trong bo'icanh toan cau hda, detang nguon thu
nhap qud'c dan, mpt sd nude ed dan so ddng
va lupng lao ddng (LD) duthua eao, ngoai nhiing
no luc tao them edng an viee lam trong nude, da lay
xua't khau lao dpng (XKLO) lam chien lupc qud'c gia
va Viet Nam cung khdng phai la ngoai le
Trong khoang 20 nam trd lai day, viee dua ngudi
LO Viet Nam ra lam viee d nude ngoai da dupe thay
dd'i cave hinh thirc lin ndidung.Dd la do suphat trien
kinh te - xa hpi (KT-XH) tren pham vi toan cau dang
cd su bien chuyen v i chat va khdng dong diu giira
eac nudcduatren cosdcuasuphattrien manh mevi
khoa hpc, kT thuat va edng nghe Su thang tram cua
cae nin kinh te (KT) thegidi ludn cdanh hudng khdng
nhd den "eon thuyen Viet Nam" tren "dudng ra bien
Idn" va cdng tac XKLD - nganh edng nghiep khdng
khdi tn/c tiep mang ngoai te v i eho dat nude cua chiing
ta cung khdng nim ngoai cac anh hudng dd Vi vay,
vai trd cua cdng tac quan li dao tao (DT) nguon nhan
luc chat lupng eao cho XKLD nhim thich iing va phii
hpp vdi nhimg ddi hdi thay dd'i thudng xuyen eua thi
trudng LD qud'c te (QT) la vd ciing quan trpng
1 Oac diem cua hoi nhap quoc te (HNQT)
Khai niem HNQT da xua't hien tir vai thap nien
gan day Hien nay, cd nhiiu each hieu khac nhau v i
khai niem nay, song quan diem tuang dd'i phd' bien
la: "Hpi nhap KTQT la su gin ket nen KT eua mdi
qud'c gia vao cac td'chirc hop tac KT khu vuc va toan
cau, trong dd cac nude thanh vien chju surang bude
theo nhtrng quy dinh chung cua ca khdi Ndi mdt
each khac, hdi nhap KTQT la qua trinh cac qud'c gia
thuc hien md hinh KT md, tu nguyen tham gia vao
cac djnh che va tai chinh QT, thuc hien thuan Ipi hda
va tu do hda thuong mai, dau tu va cae hoat ddng
KT dd'i ngoai khac" (1)
Trong bdi canh toan cau hda hien nay, hdi nhap
KTQT ton tai va phat trien nhu mdt xu hudng khach quan tat yeu, "gin vdi qua trinh van dpng ciia cac quy luat KT khach quan eiia phan cdng LDQT, chuyen mdn hda va tudo hda thuong mai, dau tu, tai chinh va viee hinh thanh chudi gia tri toan cau Ddng thdi, hdi nhap KTQT cung gin vdi qua trinh xa hdi (XH) hda
QT ve san xuat va thj tardng, la mdt qua trinh van
ddng tOfthap den eao va ngay cang d\irx, md rdng ca
v i quy md va pham vi, ca v i luc lupng san xuat va quanhesanxuaf (1)
Ban dau, XH hda gin vdi hoat dpng san xua't trong pham vi tiing qud'c gia vdi su chi phdl cua cae quy luat phan cdng LD va chuyen mdn hda Nhung khi luc lupng san xua't phat trien den mpt m uc dp nao
dd thi tinh chat XH hda dupe md rdng ra khdi pham
vi eua tiifng qud'c gia, lan ra eac qud'c gia trong khu vuc va tren toan the gidi Mdi qudc gia trong qua trinh phat trien diu nhan thay nhirng themanh eua rieng minh dong thdi cung tim ra dupe nhirng mat cdn han che Oac biet la khdng mdt qud'c gia nao, du trinh dp phat trien cao den dau, lai cd the tu dap irng duoe day du va dap ii'ng td't nhifng nhu eau cua ban than hp Do dd, hpi nhap KTQT da trd thanh van de
cd tinh chat quy luat trong qua trinh phat trien cua mdi qud'c gia Thuc te da chirng minh rang, nhirng qud'c gia cham t r i trong viee hpi nhap phai tra gia dit eho minh bing su tut hau
2 Nhirng tac dong cua HNQT doi vdi Viet Nam
va cong tac DT va quan liDT ngudi LD Viet Nam
di lam viee d nude ngoai Trong vdng ba thap ki gan day, dudi lan sdng toan eau hda, eac qud'c gia lan lugt cd chinh sach md ci/a thi trudng cho cae nha dau tu nude ngoai Qua
* Tnroing Dai lipc l(iiili doanh va cong nglie Ha Noi
Trang 2trinh hdi nhap KTQT da cd nhung tac ddng rat sau
sic den ddi sd'ng KT-XH cua mdi nude
Nhdng tic dgng tich cue:- Giup khai thae ed hieu
qua Ipi the so sanh cua eac qud'c gia, hinh thanh co
cau KT khu vuc va the gidi phii hpp, tao diiu kien
thuan Ipi va tang cudng phat trien cacquan hethuong
mai, dau tu va md rpng thj trudng xuat nhap khau;
- Tao su d'n djnh lau dai trong quan he giira cac qud'c
gia nhim hudng tdi muc tieu chung; - Hinh thanh eo
cau QT mdi vdi nhirng uu the v i quy md va nguon luc
phat trien, tao cdng an viee lam, cai thien thu nhap
cho dan cuvatang phue Ipi cho eacpng ddng; -Tao
dpng luc canh tranh, kich thich viee irng dung thanh
tuu khoa hpc cdng nghe mdi deae qud'c gia, tao dpng
luc dd'i mdi co cau KT, ca che quan li va tiet kiem ehi
phi ; - Diiu ehinh chinh sach cua tung qud'c gia de
tuong thich va phii hpp hon vdi ehinh sach phat trien
cua nhdm nudc/khu vuc/the gidi
Ben canh dd, nhiing tic dgng tieu cue co the xay
ra: • lao ra su canh tranh mang tinh QT khi hinh
thanh mdt thi trudng thd'ng nha't, gay xao trpn cac
quan he KT da dupe hinh thanh trong tung nin KT
eiia mdi qud'c gia Canh tranh gay git cd the dan tdi
pha san cae doanh nghiep (DN) hoat ddng khdng
hieu qua, gay ra that nghiep, te nan XH ; - Gay d
nhiim mdi trudng, can kiet tai nguyen do khai thae
qua mire eho muc tieu tang trudng KT ndng; - Nhifng
anh hudng xau v i van hda, an ninh, qud'c phdng
Ill sau khi ed chinh sach md cifa, Viet Nam da
nhanh chdng di nhirng bude di viing chic tren con
dudng HNQT Cac td'ehuc KT the gidi, cac djnh che tai
chinh QT danhanh chdng kit nap hoac khdi phue lai vj
tri cua Viet Nam trong CO cau eua minh nhu: Quytiinte
QT (MF), tvjgan hang the gidi (WB), Ngan hang phat
trien Chau A (ADB), Hiep hdi eac quoc gia Ddng Nam
A (ASEAN), Td'chu'e thuong mai the gidi (WTO)
HNQT tuy mdi bit dau nhung da mang lai cho
Viet Nam nhirng ket qua dang khich le: - Tao dieu
kien cho Viet Nam nang cao vi the ehinh trj, ngoai
giao va KT tren trudng QT, tranh duac tinh trang
phan biet dd'i xu, tao co sd d'n dinh va thuan Ipi cho
cac hoat ddng KT dd'i ngoai; - Gdp phan md rdng thi
trudng xuat nhap khau ndi chung va XKLO ndi rieng;
Thu hut dau tu va vien trp nude ngoai; - Giiip tiep
thu khoa hpc kT thuat va eong nghe quan li tien tien,
gdp phan OT dpi ngu can bd quan li va cdng nhan kT
thuat lanh nghi
3 Y nghTa, tam quan trong cua cdng tac DT nguon LD chat luang cao cua Viet Nam di lam viee d nude ngoai
Theo Td'ng giam doc td' chuc LDQT (ILO), cupc khung hoang KT the gidi nam 2008 keo theo nhifng
he luy khdn ludng cho cae qud'c gia Dong hanh vol suy thoai KT la giam dau tu va nhu eau tieu dung, keo theo su pha san eua eac DN va ti le that nghiep gia tang So lupng LD mat viee lam tren toan thegidi len tdi 20 trieu ngudi trong dded cae thi trudng ma LO Viet Nam dang lam viee Cae chii DN bude phai nhin nhan van de eo eau lai nhan su cho phii hpp de ton tai va tiip tuc phattrien Do dd, eac nha tuyen dung LO nude ngoai cung cd nhifng ddng thai thay dd'i trong phuong phap va yeu cau cao han trong viee tuyen chpn nhan cdng cho DN minh Day cung la thach thirc nhung cung la ca hdi cho cae DN cung u'ng LO ngoaj nude cua Viet Nam nhin nhan va danh gia dung nang luc thuc su eiia chinh minh de nang eao nang luc canh tranh Hon luc nao he't, cdng tac tuyen ehpn, OT va giao due djnh hudng eho ngudi LD trude khi di lam viee d nude ngoai cd y nghTa hit sijfc quan trpng:
- Dam bao uy tin, nang cao vj the eua LO Viet Nam tren thj trudng cung iing LDQT, ddng thdi giam thieu eac rui ro phat sinh cho eac DN XKLD va ban than ngudi LO
- Tang tinh chuyen nghiep cua cae DN lam cong tac XKLO: phai dau tu co sd vat chat (trudng Idp, ki tuc xa, khu the thao, nha xudng, trang thiet bj ) phii hap eho cac nganh nghi theo yeu cau; cd dpi ngO can bd quan li, giang day chuyen nghiep, hieu biet
va cd trach nhiem; xay dung he thd'ng chuong trinh
DT da dang de ngudi hpc lam quen vdi cdng viee, vdi mdi trudng se den lam viee; phai cd nhifng bien phap, phuang phap OT thiet thuc sao cho trong mot thdi gian ngin nhat, ngudi LO ITnh hdi dupe nhiiu kT nang va thdng tin nhat de dat duac ket qua cao nhat saukhdaOT
- Rat thiet thuc va vd ciing quan trpng, dd la dd'i vdi ngudi LD true tiep, can phai ed nhifng hieu biit nhat dinh v i luat phap, tin ngudng, quan he, each dd'i nhan xirthe tranh dupe nhifng ric rdi chi vi thieu hieu biet; ren luyen tac phong cdng nghiep, diiu ratyeu va thieu cua hau hit nhifng LO ra di tii cac viing ndng thdn, viing sau, viing xa; xac djnh rdy thu'c lam viee va d'n dinh tu tudng khi di lam viee dnudc ngoai, xa gia dinh
va mdi trudng sd'ng quen thude trong mdt thdi gian
Trang 3dai; eddupe nhifng kTnang, kTxao co ban de nhanh
chdng nim bit dupe cdng viee va dat dupe nang suit
LD eao, tang thu nhap
4 Nhirng yeu cau doi vol cong tac quan liDT
LD trong boi canh toan cau hda
Ben canh nhifng ea hpi va thanh tuu dat dupe cua
nen KT nude nha ndi chung va edng tac XKLO ndi
rieng, tac ddng cua HNQT cung dat ra nhiiu vain d i
ma cac DN ed chiifc nang DT va XKLD can phai giai
quyet dethuc day hoat ddng kinh doanh va phat trien
benvifng:
- Yeu cau nang cao chat luang B T toan dien phu
hgp vdi nhu cau tuyen dung tii cic nude phit then
Thach thiifc v i nang luc canh tranh va kha nang dap
iing trude nhifng nhu eau thay dd'i lien tuc cua eac nha
tuyen dung, ehu surdung LD nude ngoai bude cac DN
XKLD khdng nhifng phai dam bao du sd lupng, dung
v i ca eau nganh nghi ma dong thdi phai cd nhifng
bien phap dong bd nhim nang eao chat lupng DT
eiia minh, phai dam bao eac san pham dau ra-ngudi
LO da qua DT cd sife khoe tdt, ed trinh dp hieu biit
eac van 6e XH va tay nghi cao, cd sii'C sang tao, tu
chu, y thu'c ki luat tot, giao tiep va ngoai ngif tot, cd
nang luc thich iing vdi suthay dd'i ciia mdi tardng
Yeu cau nang cao ning luc quan HOT cua nha
nr/cfc I'a DA/ Trong quatrinh hdi nhap, Viet Nam phai
tuan thG nhifng dieu luat, quy dinh va thdng le QT, do
dd vai trd eua quan li nha nude la vd ciing quan trpng
Chinh phii, cac bd nganh lien quan din cdng tac
XKLD can phai thudng xuyen theo ddidedjnh hudng
OT,diiu chinh, dd'i mdi v i luat, cochechinh sach cho
phii hop hon vdi QT va tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho cac
DN tiep can va khai thae thj trudng, bao ve quyin Ipi
eua DN cung nhu NLD Oe'lam dupe diiu dd, chung
ta can thuc hien nhifng dd'i mdi can ban va toan dien
vicache,chinh sach giaodue,dd'imdichuong trinh,
npi dung, hinh thifc va phuang phap giao due, phat
trien dpi ngu quan li va giao vien dap irng kjp thdi cho
yeu cau dd'i mdi, giiip cho ngudi hpc cd quan niem
dung dan v i muc dich, muc tieu hpc tap, va diiu
quan trpng nhat lanhifng dd'i mdinay phai theo hudng
dan dan thich ilfng vdi chuan QT Ben canh dd, nha
nude va cae DN can day manh nghien cifu vadubao
cae nhu cau cua thj tardng QT v i nguon nhan luc,
cac quy dinh va tieu chuan kiem djnh, kiem tra, danh
gia chat lupng, tren ca sddd dua ra cac chinh sach
OT kip thdi, phu hop
V i phia cae DN, viee quan liOT phai dupe dat len hang dau dap ifng yeu eau cua hdi nhap va muc tieu OT: tang cudng dau tu, quan li va sudung cd hieu qua cae nguon luc danh eho cdng tac OT (nhan, vat, tin, tai); thudng xuyen nim bit, cap nhatvaxuli cac thdng tin v i yeu cau tuyen dung, nhifng chinh sach thay dd'i
va thdng tin phan hdi tir ngudi su dung LO de cd the chl dao va diiu ehinh linh hoat eac hoat ddng quan li tOf khau tuyen chpn den xay dung kehoach, ndi dung chuong trinh Phuang phap OT can chuyen bien can ban v i tinh chat, hudng vao viee hudng dan eon ngudi biet sd'ng, biet hanh ddng thuc tiin va suy nghT dpe lap, biit phe phan, ed trach nhiem, biet thich ifng
va sang tao trong tu duy va trong hanh dpng
* * *
Tang cudng nang luc canh tranh de phattrien la
xu the tat yeu ciia cac qud'c gia trong bd'i canh HNQT Cdng tac XKLO da chifng td dupe vai trd rat quan trpng trong chien lupc phat trien qud'c gia eua Viet Nam.Tuy nhien, tinh canh tranh tren thj trudng LDQT eang ngay eang trd nen gay git Ddng thdi thuc te eho thay, nguon LD du thira khdng ddng nghTa vdi viee cd ngay nguon cung de xua't khau Vi vay, cac DN can phai ap dung nhiiu bien phap ddng bd trong quan li
OT de ed dupe hieu qua cao nhat theo yeu eau cua ngudi sifdungLO ngoai nude •
(1) Vien Khoa hoc giao due 'Viet Nam HOi thao khoa
hoc "Ddi mod quan li nha nuac \& he thO'ng giao due
quO'e dan trong hoi nhap qude tS va xu th^ toan ciu hoa"
De tki B2010-37-86CT, ki yiu sO' 1, thang 8/2011
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Hiep hei xuit khSu lao dOng Viet Nam (VAMAS)
Nhang quy dinh ca bdn ciia phdp ludt ViSt Nam vi xudtkhdu lao dong Tai lieu luu hanh nOi b6, H 2010
2 NguySn Thi Hoang Lan "Tac dOng tich cue eiia khiing hoang kinh te the' giai de'n xuat khau lao dOng
ciia Viet Nam" Tap chi Lao ddng vd Xd hdi s5' 388
ki 1, thang 8/2010
3 UNDP Human development report, 2011
SUMMARY
The article's contents mentioned to the Impact of International Integration on Vietnam In general and manpower training for export In particular, it also evaluated the meanings, importance and gave the detailed demands In renovating management of train-ing Vietnamese workers before gotrain-ing to work oversea
In order to meet the need of high quality human re-source from foreign employers