NGHIEN cau TRAO DOI Giao due dai hoc of Viet Nam hien nay V a n d e v a g i a i p h a p ThS NINH THI HOANG LAN Tn/dng Dai hpc ThUdng m?i Gin day da co nhdng danh gia khdng thdng nhSft, th$m chf tr^i n[.]
Trang 1NGHIEN cau - TRAO DOI
Giao due dai hoc of Viet Nam hien nay:
V a n d e v a g i a i p h a p
ThS NINH THI HOANG LAN Tn/dng Dai hpc ThUdng m?i
Gin day da co nhdng danh gia khdng thdng nhSft, th$m chf tr^i ngddc nhau
\i bdc tranh giao due dai hpc Vidt Nam Bai vid't se phfin tich nhdng h^n
chd' va dda ra mOt sd' giai phap nham d^i mdi chd't Iddng giao diic dai hpc hipn nay
NHONG VAN DE DAT RA
Theo thdng ke cua Bo Gido due vd Dao tao, ddn
ndm hoc 2011-2012 ca nUdc c6 419 tnrdng cao dang
vd dai hoc, vdi tong sd khodng 2,2 trieu sinh vien, tdng
gap 2,5 ian so vdi nam 2000 vd gd'p 18 lan so vdi ndm
1990 Nhffng ndm gan day, mdi ndm co khoang 300
- 400 ngdn sinh vien tdt nghiep, g6p phan gia tdng ty
le lao dong dffdc dao tao Sd Iffdng lao dong ed trinh dd
cao ddng, dai hoe vd tren dai hoc hidn nay ehie'm 8%
trong tdng Iffe Iffdng lao ddng cua ca nffde
Tuy nhien, gido due dai hoc d Viet Nam cdn tdn tai
nhieu bat cap vd do vay chffa phat huy tdt nhffng vai trd
ma xa hdi giao phd Cd the ke den mdt sd va'n de ndi
com nhd't sau day:
Mot la, va'n de ve ed che quan ly va quan tri Giao
due dai hoc d nffde ta vdn thie'u mdt hd did'ng vdn bdn
phdp ly du manh de tao ra mdt cd che' van hdnh, quan
ly gido due dai hoc mdt cdch cd hieu qua vdi xu thd
tdng cffdng tff chu vd tff chiu trdch nhidm d ca'p trffdng,
tdng cffdng vai trd giam sdt cua quan ly nhd nffde trong
BANG 1: SO LC/ONG TRCfCilSG, GIANG VIEN VA SINH VIEN
CAO DANG, DAI HQC 6 VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 1990-2012
4
fi&m bffc T6*ng sd'
trUcTng giang vien T^ng s5' sinh vien T6ng sd' Ty 1$ giang vien/sinh
vien 1990-1991 105 20.871 121.579 1/6
1995-1996 96 23.500 414.183 1/18
2000-2001 178 32.205 918.228 1/29
2(X)7-:(KKS 369 56.120 1.603.484 1/29
2009-2010 403 70.558 1.935.739 1/27
2010-2011 414 74.753 2.162.106 1/29
2011-2012 419 84.109 2.204.313 1/26
ndn kinh te thj trffdng dinh hffdng xa hOi ehu nghia
Hai la, gido due dai hoc nffdc ta dang
phai dd'i mat vdi mau thuan giffa viec tang quy md va ddm bdo chd't Iffdng Sd Iffdng sinh vien da tdng len nhieu, trong khi dd, ed sd vat cha't, ddi ngii gidng vien lai khdng tang tffdng ffng Chi ridng diSn tich cdc trffdng da khdng ddm bdo dd so vdi yeu cdu Tmh trang thieu gidng vien tham ehi edn tram trgng hdn
6 bdng 1, ndu nhffng nam 1985-1990,
ty Id giang vidn/sinh vien chi Id 1/7 thi eho dd'n nay, t^ Id giang vidn/sinh vidn
dd gidm edn 1/29 Ndu tinh ty Id sinh vien quy ddi thi eon sd nay ed the cdn thap hdn Ty Id sinh vien quy ddi binh qudn tren mdi mdt gidng vidn cua ca nffdc Id
23 (sd lieu nam 2010), trong khi dd t^ Id chuan cua the gidi Id 8/1
So Iffdng giang vien da dueu so vdi tieu chuan, tiii trinh dd ciia gidng vidn dai hoe eung la van dd ddng bdn Trong tdng
sd gidng vien d Viet Nam hidn nay, cd khodng 11 % cd bdng tien sy, 44% cd bdng tiiac sy vd ed ddn 45% cd bang cd nhdn
Rd rang, vdi thffc trang ed sd vat chat vd ddi ngu gidng vien nhff vay se dnh hffdng khdng nhd dd'n cha't Iffdng ddo tao Ba la, ngudn tdi chinh cho gido due
dai hoc d nffde ta cdn rat ban chd Ngudn tdi chinb cho gido due dai hoc ddn tff ba ngudn: tff Ngdn sdch nhd nffdc, ddng gdp cua ngffdi hoc, ddng gdp cua cdng ddng (bao gdm cd ddng gdp cua chinh cdc trffdng dai hoc)
Trang 2Ve phin chi tif ngan sdch nhd nUdc
cho gido due da c6 sir tdng len ddng ke ve
cd s6' tuypt dd'i lan ty Ip phin trdm trong
GDP, tdng tir 41.630 ty dong ndm 2005
len 151.200 ty dong ndm 2011, tdng hcfn
3,6 lln Ty trpng chi eho gido due trong
GDP tdng tCr 5,1% ndm 2005 ldn 5,7%
ndm 2010 Tuy nhidn, nhu ciu hpc dai
hpc eung ngdy cang tdng Hdn niTa, diu
tiT cho gido due dai hpc cdn phdi "canh
tranh" vdi diu tiT eho y te', vdn hda, giao
dpc phd thdng Chinh vi vdy, vide dpa
nhidu vdo ngdn sdch nhd nifdc Id khdng
thd
Ngudn ddng gdp eiia ngPdi hpc
-hire la hpc phi Theo ddnh gid eiia nhieu
chuydn gia vin cdn rd't tha'p so vdi nhu
ciu ddm bdo cha't iPdng ddo tao Tuy
nhidn, vide gia tdng hpc phi lai vd'p phdi
sp phdn ddi manh md ciia xa hpi
Ngudn thd" ba Id ddng gdp eiia edng
ddng Ngudn ndy d Vidt Nam mdi chiem
mdt ty Id rd't nhd (ch? khodng 5%) do tai
Vidt Nam ehPa ed thdi quen bid'n tdng
nhPd cdc nude vd boat ddng nghidn cufu
khoa hpc tai cdc dnrdng chPa mang lai
ngudn thu ldn Trong khi dd, d My phan
ddng gdp td cpng ddng Idn tdi hdn 20%,
hodc d Nga cung xd'p xi 20% Chinh vi ngudn tdi chinh eo hep, nen
chi phi binh qudn cho mdi sinh vidn trong
mdt ndm hpc (chi phi ddn vi) d nPdc ta
rat tha'p Theo khuyen cdo cua Ngan
hdng The gidi, mdc ehi phi ddn vi cho 1 sinh vien dd'i vdi nhifng mrdc phdt trien Id khodng 50% GDP binh qudn diu ngPdi, cdn nhiTng mrdc dang phat trien Id 100-150% GDP binh quan diu ngiTdi Tuy nhien, ty Id ndy d nude ta mdi chi khodng 50% GDP, trong khi mdc trung binh cua cdc niTdc tren die gidi Id 93% Rd rdng, chi phi ddn vi eua chiing ta qud thd'p, din den khdng the ddm bao ve mdt chd't lifdng ddo tao
Bdn la, mdu thuin giiTa ddo tao vd nhu elu phdt
trien kinh te' ciia da't nude Chiing ta chii trpng nhidu dd'n phdt trien quy md hdn Id ndng cao chat lirpng va hidu qud Tinh ddn nay, ed nUde ed 419 ed sd dao tao dai hpc cd trong vd ngoai cdng lap cd ciia tnfdng cao ding va dai hpc Ndi dung cbifdng trinh giang day hien nay mac dii dd ed nhieu cdi dd'n nhung vin ehUa gdn vdi thpc te tien trinh phdt trien eiia nen kinh te ChPdng trinh ddo tao cdn mang ndng dnh hdn lam, qud chii trpng dd'n ky ndng chuyen mdn ma xem nhp ky ndng nhdn thdc vd ndng lpc xa bdi Thpc td eho tha'y, nhffng sinh vien td't nghidp ra trffdng chffa ddp ffng tdt vdi nhffng ydu ciu ngay cdng khat khe eua thi trffdng lao ddng Tmh hinh didn ra khd phd bid'n hidn nay Id trong khi cdc cdng ty vin thid'u nhffng ngffdi lao ddng
cd trinh dp, ky ndng phu hdp, thi lai cd mdt bd phan khdng nhd sinh vidn td't nghidp ra trffdng, nhffng khdng kiem dffdc vide ldm phd hdp Ndm la, chffa bdo ddm cdng bdng xa bdi trong tiep
cdn gido due dai hoc d nffde ta Mdt trong nhffng chi tieu de ddnh gid ve edng bdng xa hpi trong tiep can gido due dai hpc Id ty Id giffa sd sinh vien dffdc hpc dai hpc ciia 20% nhdm ngffdi gidu nhd't yd 20% nhdm ngffdi nghdo nhd't Vi dp ty Id ndy d Uc Id 3-4 lan,
d Tay Ban Nha chi khodng 2 lln (Pham Phu, 2011)
Trang 3NGHIEN CCra - TRAO DOI
Bdn c^nh nhffng thdnh tdu d^t dddc, giao
dye dai hpc nifdc ta cdn qua nhiiu did'm
ydu, khuyd't di^m La thach thdc vdi qua
truth hdi nhdp qudc td' V0y, tim Id'i ra cho
glao dye dai hyc nhif thd' nao la bai toan
dang tun Idi giai
d ntfdc ta hien nay chtfa c6 mpt con so' cu the chi ra
mtfc chdnh lech nhy Id bao nhieu, nhtfng co the lay
mpt chi tieu khdc co thd phdn dnh dtfpc tinh trang qua
chenh lpc gitfa cdc vdng mien, dd Id ty Id sinh vien
chinh quy quy ddi trdn 1 van ddn Theo bdo cao cua
Uy ban Thtfdng vu Qud'c hdi ngdy 26/05/2010, ty Id
sinh vien trdn mdt van dan d Viet Nam nam 2009, thi
ddng nhat Id thudc vung Ddng Nam bd (431 sinh vien)
va Ddng bdng sdng Hdng (393 sinh vien) trong dd thd'p
nhd't thudc ve vung Bdc Trung bp (61 sinh vien) va
Tay Bdc (72 sinh vidn) Ddng Nam bp vd Ddng bang
sdng Hdng la vung cd GDP binh quan dau ngtfdi cao
nhat ca ntfdc, trong dd vung Bdc Trung
bp vd Tay Bac lai cd GDP binh quan dau ngtfdi thap nhd't Rd rdng qua con sdneu trdn, thtfc stf dang tdn tai md't cdng bdng
xa bdi trong tidp cdn gido dpc dai hpc d ntfdc ta hidn nay
MOT sd GIAI PHAP CO BAN
Thii nhdt, ddi mdi qudn 1^ gido due, tdng ctfdng manh me phdn ca'p qudn 1^
dd lam sao sdm cd cd che'chdt che trong vide thtfc thi trtfdng dai hpc tp qudn vd ttf chiu trach nhidm Tuy nhidn, khi giao quydn ttf chu cin tdng ctfdng cd chd gidm sdt ddm bao cha't Itfpng cda cdc trtfdng
Thii hai, cin mdt cude cdi cdch todn
didn lien quan dd'n van de tdi chfnh cua gido due dai hpc 6 day khdng phdi chi Id van dd tang hpc phi, md eIn phdi cd mdt
he thd'ng giai phdp that stf ddng bd Vi^c gia tang hpc phi Id can thiet, nhtfng phdi
di kdm vdi mtfc tdng diu ttf chung ttf cd ngan sdch nhd ntfdc va cdc khodn ddng gdp eua edng ddng
Thvcba, tdng ctfdng chat Itfpng ddo tao
dai hpc Cin chu ddn dpi ngu gido vidn
va chtfdng trinh ddo tao Nhd ntfdc cin cd chinb sdch dai ngp hpp ly dd'i vdi ddi ngii nhd gido Cin cd chlnh sdch gia tdng hdp
ly ty Id giang vidn ed hpc vi tiiac sy vd tien sy trong tdng dpi ngii Chtfdng trinh ddo tao cin phdi dtfdc xdy dtfng phd hdp vdi nhu ciu vd thtfc td'ciia tidn trinh phdt tridn kinh te - xa hdi La'y tiitfc tidn phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi lam muc tidu, Idm
"kim ehl nam" eho phdt trien ndi dung bdt tinh ban ldm vd tdng ctfdng ddo tao
vd ky nang nhdn tiitfc vd ndng lpc xa hdi
nhffng sirdi vien dffdc dao tao ra trffdng khdng chi ldm td't trong tiiffc td hipn tai,
ma cdn phdi ed du kha ndng tiiich ffng
dd ddng Uong ndn kinh td tiii trffdng hidn nay d nffde ta.Q
TAI Ligu THAM KHAO
1 Pham Phu (2011) Ve khuon mat mdi ciia gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam (tdp 2) Nxb Dai hpc Qudc
gia, tiidnh phd Hd Chi Minh
2 Nguyen Vdn Tud'n (2011) Chdt lugng gido due dgi hgc nhin td gdc dd hgi nhdp Nxb Tdng hdp
tiidnh phdHd Chi Minh
3 Psacharopoulos, G and Patrinos, H A (2004) Returns to Investment in Education: A Further
Update, Education Economics, Vol 12, p 111-134
4 Riddell, W C (2006) The impact of Education on Economics md Social Outcomes: An overview
of recent advances in economics, Canadian Policy research networks