KHAI THAC CAC TINH HODNG THOC TIEN OE GOI DONG CO, TAD HffNG THD TRONG DAY HOC XAC SOAT T H O N G KE CHO SINH VIEN KHOI KINH TE, Kl THUAT NGUYEN THj THU H A * 1 Gpi dpng CP (GDC) hpc tap la mot trong[.]
Trang 1KHAI THAC CAC TINH HODNG THOC TIEN OE GOI DONG CO, TAD HffNG THD TRONG DAY HOC XAC SOAT THONG KE
CHO SINH VIEN KHOI KINH TE, Kl THUAT
N G U Y E N THj THU H A *
1 Gpi dpng CP (GDC) hpc tap la mot trong bon
thanh to coban eua phuong phap day hge GDC la
lam cho sinh vien (SV)c6ythdcveynghTa cua nhung
hoat dpng va cua nhirng ddi tupng hoat dgng GDC
nhim lam cho nhdng myc dieh supham bien thanh
nhSng myc dich cua ca nhan SV ehukhong phai chi
la su vao bai, dat van de mgt each hinh thue (1)
Theo Phan Trpng Hgo,"Bgng ca chinh ii sue
hap dh, loi cuon cua doi tugng mi ca nhan nhin
thay can chiem linh dethoa man nhu cau hay ham
mudn cija minh Khac vdi dgng ca trong ki thuat
hay nang iugng sinh hgc dan thuan, dgng ca tam li
luon iivecta, dugc xuat phit td ddi tugng va hudng
vephiacanhin''{2)
Theo Phan Anh, "Khai thac nguon goc thuc
tiln (TT) eua cae tri thue se kheu gpi dupc dpng
co true tiep cho viec tiep thu cac tri thdc toan hgc
can truyen thy T d do, dan dan hinh thanh cho
SV dpng CP hoat dpng van dyng toan hpc (TH)
vao TT ddi sdng" (3)
0 nhibg cap hpc dudi, giao vien thudng dimg
nhifrig each nhu cho die'm, khen che, thong bao ket
qua deGDC.Ddi voiSV,nhat laSV cae nganh kinh
te, kTthuat, each GDC hdng thu b i n g cac hinh anh co
that trong TT, vao nhu cau nhan thdc, nhu cau ddi
song, nhu cau dap dng kien thde nganh nghe trong
tupng lai cang trd nen coy nghTa hon Viec chi ra cac
tinh hudng thuc tiln (THTT) phii hgp vdi npi dung
kien thuc TH duge trinh bay eon tao dieu kien choS V
CO the tu lay vi du, THTT khae cung the hien npi dung
kien thde TH nay SV d l dang hon trong viec phat
hien dupc nhung kien thirc TH phu hpp vdi THTT khi
dutig trudc tinh huong d6 trong ddi song thye te, tif do
nang cao nang lue van dyng TH vao TT
Viec xuat phat tdnhL?ng THTT nhat la tinh hudng
lien quan den nganh nghetrong tuong lai khong nhung
CO tac dung GDC ma con gop phan hinh thanh the
gidi quan duy vgt bien chiing nhd do SV nhan ro viec
nhan thde va cai tao the gidi da doi hoi phai suy nghT,
giai quyet nhung van de xac suat thdng ke (XSTK) nhu the nao? Dong thdi, ren luyen cho SV nang luc thu nhan thong tin, nang luc chuyen doi thong tin _ Trong pham vibai bao nay, chung toi sudyng mot sdkithuatsddyng THTT deGDC, hdng thu cho SV trong day hpc XSTK
2 GDC khi giang day XSTK la viec lam lien tyc, thudng xuyen trong suot quatrinh day hoc GDC trong
qua trinh day hpe co the a giai doan md dau, trung
gian hay ketthue mgt npi dung kien thde nao do Chiing toi sddyng cac kTthuat sau dethyc hien GDC, himg thu eho SV trong day hpe XSTK:
1} Kithuat 1: Sudung nhung hinh anh co that tutbue ^e.'Trong day hge toan noi ehung, day hgc
XSTK noi rieng, van de true quan luon dong mgt vai tro het sue quan trgng Gop phan GDC mpt each tieh cue y thdc hpe tap va lam sang to hon y nghia
TT cua myc dich hgc XSTK mpt each ro rang, cy the Khi sddyng phuong phap true quan va suy luan hop li de danh gia tinh huong xae suat (XS) cy thecd the giilp SV thay true tiep khai niem XS trong nhdng tinh hudng chira dung no,
PhUPng tien true quan la nhung eong cu ma GV
va S V sd dyng trong qua trinh day hpc nham tao ra nhung bieu tupng, hinh thanh nhiing trl thde XSTK thong qua su tri giae tn/c tiep tir hinh anh co that tu thuc te Ngoai viec cung cap cae sdlieu, no con duge
Probability
Probability is the chance that something will happen
8
' Khoa cd ban, Tnrcfng Dai hoc Hai Dtriing
Trang 2each nhanh chong va dung phuong phap nay eung
mgt luc CO nhieu thong tin tren mpt hinh anh de tiep
thu vdi nao ngudi hon ia bang cac con so
Trong kTthuat nay, GV sudyng cac hinh anh CO
that tdthue te, bai tap ddang dieu tra sdlieu, khao sat
thuc te cac van de nay sinh trong TT, phan tich cac tin
tire tren bao chi, so lieu trong sach giao khoa hoae
tren mang internet.,, ve nhirng su kien lien quan den
kien thi/c can trang h\ de tang tinh true quan
Vidu 1: Khi day vedinh nghTa codien veXS, GV
c6 the cho SV quan sat ve hinh anh cua mpt tro chPi
tren truyen hinh,
Vi du 2: Khi GDC ve phin phdi cua bien ngiu
nhien lien tuc GV c6 the neu vi du: Trong xe 6 t6
thudng c6 kim ch? mde xang trong khoang tuO (0%
tiJc la xang het) den 1 (100% tuc la xang day) Mde
xang dupc kim ehi vao co the eoi la bien nglu nhien
nhan gia trj tren doan [0;1] voi phan boXS lien tyc
2) KT thuat 2: Su dtjng THTT ci'n giai quye't
trongkinb te,kTtbuat Thuc te chi ra ring, nhieu S V
cam thay ehua hai long vdi viec tiep nhan kien thii'c
mcrt, nhieu khi hpc kien thde nay, kien thifc kia mpt
each thy dpng do GV trang bj mahp chua thay thuc
sucan thiet de c6 kien thuc mdi nay Do do, van de d
day can lam cho SV thay co nhu cau nhan thde van
de de tao dgng co, hung thu hoc tap eho SV khi hpc
kien thuc m d G V e o t h e sddung mptsdTHTT trong
kinh te, kTthuat, trong dcri sdng thuc te de gay hdng
thu hoac tao nhu cau nhan thuc cho SV trong qua
trinh giang day,
Vidu 3: Khi day veXS cd dieu kien, G V co th e dua
ra THTT tao hi/ng thu nhu sau: Co 3 ngudi mudn di
xem bong damachi
CO hai ve nen phai
dung phuong phap
b i t tham vdi hai
tham "CO" va mgt
tham ''kh6ng" Hoi
lam theo phuong
phap nay eo cong
bing hay khong?
Vidij4:KhidayvecdngthdcBecnullic6ihe6\Ja
ra THTT nhu sau; Hai kien tudng bong ban ngang
sde thi dau vdi nhau Hoi thang 2 van trong 4 van de
hon hay thang 3 van trong 6 van d l hdn?
3) KTthuat 3: Khai thac, su dijng thi nghiem
ao trong day hoc XSTK Day la mpt kTthuat nh&m
nang cao chat lugng day va hpc, gop phan tich cue
trong viec trang bj kien thde cho SV; giup SV co the
52 Tap chi Gido due so 338
tao hdng thu, gpi chu y d mdc do cao ddi vdi SV, lam tang tinh true quan cua mon hpc, md rpng kien thdc
B i n g viec tien hanh cac thi nghiem ao vdi suh6 trp cua may vi tinh, may chieu cua nhdng ddi tupng can tim hieu, nghien cdu ma SV co the thu nhan, phan tich va xd II tot hPn - vi cac du lieu tren man hinh eua may vi tinh h i trp tot cho cac hoat dpng quan sat, mo
ta cua SV, dan den suhinh thanh nhOng bieu tugng hay quan niem mdi ve van de dang nghien ciru Day cung la hinh thirc huu hieu, tao dieu kien de tu duy SV phat trien theo hudng khai quat hoa, quy nap, td do xay dun^ kien thu'c mdi mpt each c h i c chin Ngoai
ra, uu diem cua cac thi nghiem ao la khic phuc dupc nhdng han chekhiBiuc hien thi nghiem that (tfidi gian, kinh phi, chiphi )
ViduS.CN c6 the minh hpa thi nghiem ao tung
dong xu can ddi va dong chat (tren mang internet: http ://www,btwaters.com/probab/flip/coin mainD.html)
de giiJp S V hinh thanh khai niem tan suat va khai niem thong
keveXS-Ket qui tung dong xu 500 lan
1S« _ ' VMaOoX R»MHI,
CBiiiiin [ ^ 3 TA x.m<.o<
Ket qui tung dong xu 1.500 lin
Ket qua tung dong xu 10.000 lan
-MOM , QiuK.m) «•«=)«
Ket qui tung dong xu 20.000 lan
Ketqua thi nghiem ao tren eho thay, khi tung dong
xu 500 lan thi so lan xuat hien mat sap la 245, mat ngua la 255, tan suat xuat hien mat ngda la 5 1 % Khi tang solan tung len 1500, ket qua la solan xuat hien m^lsap la 761, solan xuathien matngu^ la
739, tan suatxualhlen mat ngda la gan 49,27%; Khi tang sd lan tung len 10000, ket qua la sd lan xuat hien matssyj la 4951, solan xuci't hien mat ngda
la 5049, tan suat xuat hien mat ngda la 50,49%; Khi tang sd lan tung len 20.000, ket qua la sd lan
Trang 3ngiia la 9931,tan suat xuathien matngLJ'ala49,66%,
Qua thi nghiem ao nay, SV se thay dupc khi ta
tang solan tung dong xu den cac sdcang Idn thi
eae tan suat cua bien co "xuat hien mat ngda" trong
cac day rat nhieu phep thu "gleo dong xu dong
chat va ddi xdng cang cd tinh o'n dinh, khi bien
thien rat it xung quanh s d 1/2 vdi dp lech khong
dang ke (nho hon 0,01) Vay, tan suat xuat hien
mat ngda la gan 50% T d do di den dinh nghTa
thdng k e v e X S
4)KTthuit4 Sudung mo hinh, bieu dd, sado'
trong day hge XSTK TT hien nay da dat ra van de
dolmdi phuong phap day hpe theo hudng tich cue, lay
ngddi hgc lam tnjng tam SV phai chu dpng tham gia
vao quatrinh linh hgi kien thde mdi Ketqua day hge se
eao hon nijanaiGV cho phep SV tri thilt dudi dang sp
do, mo hinh Ngdpc lai, viec hpe ^ se gap kho khan
khi GV chl dPn thuan thuyet trinh chd kh6ng ket hpp
giang day vdi mo hinh, bieu do hoac tranh anh
GDC b i n g phuong phap tn/c quan giiip eho SV
CO the huy dpng sutham gia cua nhieu glac quan vao
qua trinh nhan thdc; tao dieu kien de hieu, de nhd va
nhd lau; lam phat trien nang luc ehu y, nang lire quan
sat, 6e to md khoa hpc; d l phat huy tinh tich ei/e cua
ngudihpc PhUdng phap nay huy dong tdi da cac giae
quan cua SV tham gia vao qua trinh nhan thdc, ITnh
hgi kien thdc Kien thuc dupc bieu diln dudi dang so
do, n g i n ggn d l nhd; SV se d l dang hon trong viec
phat trien y tudng, tim toi ITnh hpi va xay dyng kien thdc
mdi Dung so dominh hpa tao hieu qua trong mpt thdi
gian rait n g i n cd the khai quat dupc mpt khdi luong
kien thdc 1 ^ , vda lam rd bai giang, vda xau chuli kien
thdc va cac mdi lien hegiira chung dong thdi giup SV
luyen tap kha nang thay tn/c tiep cac khai niem, dinh
li cung nhu thay tn/c tiep ducmg Idi xay dyng, xdii mo
hinh XS cua bai toan co ngi dung TT trude khi giai bai
toan do
Tac dgng vao "kenh hinh" cua ngudi hpc se tao ra
suhung thu trong ^id hpc, bai giang, tiet hgc trd nen
soi dpng Phat trien de quan sat, kich thich tu duy
cua ngudi hpc, cung cd kien thde bai giang, hao hung
tim toi, don nhan tri thdc mdi, cd Idng yeu thich mon
hgc Ngudi hpc kham pha tri thdc mdi theo trinh tu
logic, giup ngudi hpc hieu dupc ban chat quy luat;
thuan Ipi cho qua trinh van dung tri thiJc vao nhung
THTT cu the ^
Vidu6:De\hay roy nghTa cua kivpng GV cothe
minh hga bdimo hinh don gian sau: Bien n g l u nhien
X c o bang phan phdiXS:
I 3
" 4 J
Khido EX = (-\).-+ 1 - =-(trong do neu tnjng
binh sdhpe se la 1/2(-1+1) = Tahinh dung mot thanh codp treo 2 trong lirong 1 /4kg va 3/
4kg.Khit36trgng tam cua thanh chinh la diem 1/2, tuc la diem
EX, diem do lech ve dau mut
CO trpng lupng Idn
3)
-1 0 12 1
3 Cac c h u y khi thuc hien bien phap Tren day chiing t6i da trinh bay mot sd phuong phap GDC gay hiing thu cho SV trong qua trinh day hpc Tuy nhien, de phat huy tac dyng kich thich, thuc day hoat dpng hgc tap can phai: • Phdi hpp nhifng each tao khac nhau tao ra s u h c ^ dong tac dung eua nhieu each GDC, cac phUPng phap bd sung cho nhau C h i n g han, CO the GDC eho mgt sd ngi dung day hpc hoac mpt hanh dpng nao d6 bang each nhan manh tam quan trpng cua npi dung nay vdi nganh nghe eua SV hoae trong xa hgi; - Viee GDC can tap trung vao mgt sd ngi dung hoac hoat dgng nhat dinh, tao tinh hudng gpi ra nhirng hoat dgng phaitupng thich vdi ngi dung va myc tieu day hgc;
- G V can lua chpn thdi diem thieh hop de long ghep viec GDC, hung thu cua SV trong qua trinh giang day XSTK; - Khi Ida chgn tinh hudng GDC nen chgn nhung tinh hudng gan giji vdi ddi tupng S V va truyen tai dupe y tudng, npi dung cua bai hgc giup SV de dang finh hgi kien thdc, dong thdi phan anh dupc ngi dung kien thdc eua m6n hgc.Tuy nhien, cae vi dy ap dyng khong the qua phdc tgp, cao xa ma can don gian, phu hpp vpi ddi tugng SV
Qua thucte giang day, chung toi thay sddyng cac kTthuat tren trong day hgc XSTK da tao dUOc dgng
eo, gay hdng thu hgc tap cua SV SV n i m b i t ngi dung kien thdc d l dang hpn va hieu dupc tinh hdu dung cua mon hpc Vi vay, khai thac triet de mpi kha nang GDC xuat phat tuTT la rat can thiet •
(ki2-7/2014)
C1) NguySn Ba Kim Phinmg phap day hoc mon To^n
NXB Dai hoc su pham Hd Noi, 2004
(2) Phan Trong Ngo Day hoc va phirong phap day
(Xem tiep trang 62)
Tap chi Giao dye so 338 <
Trang 4Aa (1); Tinh trang dang qua co Qua tron: Qua bau
dyctheotile3:1 (phiihpp dmh luatphan tinh Mendel)
=> Qua tron (B) trdi hoan toan so vdi Qua bau dijc{b)
va P: Bb x Bb (2) T d (1) va (2) ^ P: (Aa.Bb) x
{Aa,Bb); + Phan tieh ti le phan tinh kieu hinh cua
dong thdi hai cap tinh trang: cao tronva cao bau due
{70%:5%:)\ thap tronva thip bau duc(5%:20%).Ji\e
nay hoan toan khac ti le 9:3:3:1 hai cap tinh trang di
truyen tuan theo quy luat hoan vj gen F l cay thap,
quabauduc = 2 0 % = 4 0 % a b x 5 0 % a b ^ m p t cay
P cho giao tdAB = ab = 40%; Ab = aB = 10%< 25%
lagiaotu'hoan vjgennen kieu gen cua P ^ xayra
hoan vj gen vdi tan s d p ~ 20%, mpt cay P AB = ab
=50% => Kieu gen P - ^ (lien ket gen)
-Kiem tra lai kel qua vi trinh bay ldi giai yeu eau
SV xem lai cac budc giai chitiet Cd viet lai so do lai cd
the xem la thao tac kiem tra dam bao tinh chinh xac
eua dap an
Budc 3 Cijng CO KN qua viec giai cac BT tuong tu
BT mau BT: Cho nhung cay ea chua F l c6 cung
kieu gen vdi kieu hinh eay eao, qua do tu thu phan, F2
thu dupc tl le phan tinh kieu hinh- 50,16% cao, dd;
24,84% cao, vang; 24,84% thap, do; 0,16% thap,
vang, Bien luan va viet so dd lai t u F I den F2,
Budc 4 Phattrien KN giai BT luyen tip theo mau
cd/?/entfd/lDerenluyenthemKN tunghlen euu, tinh
sang tao cho SV, cd the ra mptsd BT cd bien ddi so
vdi eae BT da dua ra trudc dd Vi du cho biet kieu hin h
cua P va cho biet trudc kieu gen cua F l hoac khong
eho biet trudc kieu hinh cua P va kieu gen cua F l va
cho biet tile % mpt loai kieu hinh dthe he con lai F2
nhung khdng phai la mang ca hai tinh trang lan
(aa,bb), ma thudng mang mot tinh trang trpi va mpt
tinh trang lan (A-,bb hoae aa,B-) Vi du: Khi lai thu lua
than cao, hat gao trongvai this liJa than thap, hat due
F l thu dupc toan cay than cao, hat gao due Cho F l
tu thy vdi nhau, d F^ thu dupc 15600 cay bao gdm 4
kieu hinh, trong dd co 3744 cay than eao, hat trong
Biet r^ng, moi tinh trang do mpt gen tac dpng rieng re
quy djnh Bien luan va viet sP 66 lai tii' P den F^
Budc 5 Ren luyen KN giai B T tong hep H udn g
d i n SV giai cac dang BT ddang nang eao, tong hpp
nhu: BT ket hpp quy luat tUPng tac gen va hoan vj
gen; quy luat phan li doc lap va hoan vj gen Day la
nhung dang BT thudng diing trong bdi dudng hpe
sinh gidi dphdthdng
nhung tri thuc SH co ban du de cd the lam tdt nhiem
vu day hpc SH phd thdng, cac trudng SP can ren luyen KNSP can thiet, trong dd cd KN GBTDT Viee ren luyen KN can cd cd mdt qua trinh, tuan thu cac nguyen t^c eung nhu quy trinh nghiem ngat.Q
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
I NguySn Minh Cong, Bai t^p di t r u y e n hoc NXB
Gido due 200.'?
2 Phan Diic Duy Sudiiitii hdi tdp tinh huong sir pham
de ren liiySn cho sinh vi^n ki ndng day hpc Sinh hoc
Luan an tien slgiiio due, Dai hpc qurfc gia, H 1999
3 Nguyfin Thanh D^t - Phiim Van Lap - Dang HQu Lanh
- Mai Sy Tuan Sinh hoc 12 NXB Gido diie, H 2006
4 Le Dinh Trung C a c d a n g bai t a p chon IQC V6 di
t r u y e n - b i e n dj NXB Dai hoc qud'c gia H.201 I
SUMMARY
Train solving skills training for graduate students
in genetics teaching plays a very important role This
IS an urgent Jobs, m order to contribute to improve professional skills for students In order to meet the requirements of innovative methods as well as im-prove the quality of teaching in secondary biology today
Khai thac cac tinh huong
(Tiep theo trang 53)
hoc trong nha tru'oTij' NXB D(ii hoe supham Hd NOi
2005
(3) Phan Anh Gdp phdn phdt trim lUSng luc todn hgc hda
finh huong thuc tihi cho hoc sinh trung hoc phS ihfing qua day hpe Dai w vd gidi lich Luan an li^n si giao due
hoc Vien Khoa hpc giao due Vi$t Nam, H 2012 Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
1 TO v a n Ban X a c s u a t va thong ke NXB Gido due
VietNam,\\.H)\Q
2 http://www.htwalers.com/probab/flip/coinmaLn D.hlml
SUMMARY
Creating motivation and excitement in studying for students Is one of four basic elements of teaching methods; moreover, it also Is important and neces-sary to create motivation and excitement for students students aware of the significance of the activities and of the object of activities This article mentions some techniques to exploit the practical situation to create motivation and excitement for students while teaching probability statistics for them
Tap chi Gido due so 338
(ki2-7/2014)