TO CHVC DAY HOC TAI THOC D|A QOA MON miilHIEN VA XA HOm MON KHOA HOC ff TIEU HOC TS P H A M Q U A N G TIEN TliS H O THI H O N G V A N ThS N G U Y I N TH! CHI * 1 Day hoc tai thi ic dja (DHTTD) la hinh[.]
Trang 1TO CHVC DAY HOC TAI THOC D|A QOA MON
miilHIEN VA XA HOm MON KHOA HOC ff TIEU HOC
TS P H A M Q U A N G TIEN - TliS H O THI H O N G V A N
- ThS N G U Y I N TH! C H I *
1 Day hoc tai thiic dja (DHTTD) la hinh thdc td'
chirc dgy hpc (DH) thdng qua eae viee lam cu the vdi
nhdng trai nghiem thi/c tenhdm tang cudng kha nang
cam nhgn, hpc lap, danh gia vaap dung eua hpe sinh
(HS) qua cac bai hpe
Johann Pestalozzi (Thuy SI) cho r&ig day la "each
hpe trai nghiem cua HS, d d o nhiem vu cua giao vien
(GV) la hudng dan HS qua vigc hpe cac trai nghiem
r/?t/ye?^/e/7teop/7a/r/7e/7eLia Jean Piaget chl ra rang
tre em phat trien lot nhat khi chung duac luang tac vdi
cac tu lieu hpc lap Thuyet kien tao xihgicua L.X
Vygolsky cung de cao den viec tuang tac giira cae HS
trong qualrinh hpc tap Akinoladun (2008) nhgn djnh:
"DHTTD trao quyen eho ngudi hpc, kien thu'c hpc tgi
thyc dja khdng duac "dua" den cho HS, ma HS can
phaiciiiemlinhnhumptsan pham eua hoat dpng giai
quyet mpi van de Novartt (1978) nhgn Ihay DH tiep
can thye dja "la each lot nhai de IHS hpc tap" (Ewing,
2005) Nhu v^y, DHTTD chinh la viec Id chdc cac
hogt dpng DH trong mdi trudng thye le; g§n vdi viee
trao quyen va trach nhiem giai quye't nhiem vu hpc lap
cho HS thong qua cae hogt dpng tieh eye nhu: hoat
dpng ea nhan, thao lugn nhom, thu thap thong tin
phan hoi, nhSm dap iJng sd thich hpc lap cua ngudi
hpc va nang cao hieu qua DH ^
DHTTD cd mpt sd dae diem; - Kich thich tinh
tich ct/c cua HS bSng each tao ddng lyc hoc tap,
phalhuy kha nangdeae em trong viec van dung va
sd dung kie'n thdc de giai quye'l van de thudng gap
trong thyc le; - Cd tinh lien mdn, tinh tht/c tien cao:
GV can djnh hudng eho HS biet each van dyng kie'n
thdc cac mdn hpc khae nhau de glai quyet nhiem vu
hpclap va ap dung kie'n thdc duac hpc vao thuc tien
cupc song; • Co nhieu hinh thdc hgc thuc dja khic
nhau, nhu: sd dung thi nghiem khoa hpc; hpc tai
cong vien, vudn tnJdng, vudn qud'c gia, nha may
san xual, lang nghe, bao lang lieh si}, ; - Phd'i hap
nhieu phuang phip day hge (PPDH) khae nhau
nhSm to' chdc cac hoat dpng hpc lap cho HS mpt
each hieu qua, nhu: dya tren van de, hogt ddng nhdm, thi nghiem, thyc hanh, theo duan, DHTTD se phat huy hieu qua hon vdi eae Idp hpe
it ngudi (khoang 30 - 40 HS) Khi trien khai hinh thii'c nay tgi cac Idp hpe ed ddng ngudi hpc hon can cd su giup ddlilfcacGV khac hoac cac thiet bi bd'tra.Dd'ivdi cac hogt ddng to'chdc ben ngoai trudng hoc (nhu hoc dya tren dyan, qua thi nghiem thyc hanh, tham quan thye te ), viee tim cac "dd'i tac" hogc co sdthye hien viee giao due tgi thyc dja phu hop cd mot y nghTa quan trpng nhim nang cao kelqua hpc tap eua HS GV ed frietochuccacgiddgydvudn tn/dng, edng vien, vudn hoa gan tn/dng, vudn qudc gia, khu bao ton thien nhien, bao tang, vien nghien cuu,
2 Van dung DHTTD qua m d n Ti/nhlen vaxa
hgiva m o n Khoa hgc a tieu hoc
Detochdc baigiang tai thyc dja, G V can thye hign
tdt cac budc: 1) Xic dinh muc tieu bai hgc: kien thiic,
kT nang, thai dp ma HS can dat duac sau bai hpc, nang cao hieu qua DH D ja diem thyc dja: cdng vien, vudn tnrdng, lang nghe, vudn qud'c gia, co sd san xual, ; hinh thdc: thi nghiem, tham quan, hpc tgp
ngoai thien nhien, ;2^Z.oa chgn dia diem, hinh ffidc, PPDH taithi/c dja phit liap vol bai hpc; 3) Thiet ke nhiem vu hgc tip phd hgp vdidja diem r/iycd/aqua
viec van dung phd'i hc^ cac PPDH tich cyc nhu DH giai quye't van de, DH theo nhdm, DH dy an, ;
4} Dinh hudng cho HS giai quyet nhiem vuhgctap va
ap dung kien thdc vio thuc tien; tim kiem thong tin td
thyc dja, xd li thdng tin de giai quyet nhiem vu hpc tap
6Mqc giao; 5) Danh gia ket qua hgc tap eda HS dudi
nhieu hinh thdc khac nhau thdng qua he thdng eae cau hoi, bai trinh bay cua HS; qua thai dp, hanh vi, sy tham gia eua HS trong cac hogl ddng,
S M o t s o v i d u minh hoa
1)Bai23: "Cayhoa"{mdn Tunhien vaXahoi
Idpl)
* Vien Khoa hgc giao due Vi^t Nam
Tap chl Giao dye so 339 | 59
Trang 2va noi sdng eua chung; biet quan sat, phan bietvandi
ten dupe cae bp phan chinh cua cayhoa; hieu dupc
ich loi cua cay hoa; cd y thuc cham sde cay hoa d
nha, khdng be canh, hai hoa nai cdng cdng
b) Thdigian:^ tiet hpe (4p phiit)
c) Dia diem: hpc tgi cac bon hoa trong vudn In/dng
(hogc tgi cdng vien gan la/dng)
d) Chuan bj: but, vd Trudc khi day tiet hpc nay,
GV nen tim hieu trudc ten cac cay hoa cd trong vudn
Irudng va cac dja diem cua vudn trudng de td' chdc
cac hoatdpng DH eho hpp livaehu ddng
e) Cac budc tien hanh:
- Cac boat ddng trong Idp hgc: + Kiem tra bai cu:
GVyeu cau HS keten m p t s d cay hoa ma cac em
biet? HS xung phong tra ldi cau hoi; + Tim hieu nhiem
vy hpc tap tgi vudn tnidng: G V yeu cau mdi HS mang
1 bulehi(butmye)val quyenvdnhapdeghitencae
loai hoa ed trong vudn tardng GV neu cau hoi: "Cay
hoa sd'ng ddau?", T a c dung cua cac cay hoa nay?",
"Chung taphaigidgin cac cay hoa nay nhuthe nao?"
- Cic hoat ddng tai vudn trudng: + Quan sat cac
cay hoa trong vudn trudng: GV cho HS xep lam 4
hang de'di xud'ng san trudng HS thyc hien nhiem vu
eda minh tai khu vyc bdn hoa va ghiten cac cay hoa
minh biet vao vd.GV chl vao tifng cay hoa trong vudn
trudng va hoi HS ddla cay hoa gi? sd'ng ddau? HS tra
Idi (vdi cac cay hoa ma HS chua biel GV se gai y de
cac em tra ldi); -i-Thao luan nhdm ve tac dung eua cae
loai hoa: G V yeu cau HS thao lugn nhdm Iheo to de
tra Idi cae eau hdi: "Hay neu tac dung cua cay hoa?",
"Chiing ta phai giir gin cac cay hoa nay?", sau dd gpi
dai dien timg to'len tra ldi HS tra Idi cau hoi G V nhan
xet, luyen duong cac to' lam viec tot va giao nhiem vy
baimdivaehoHSveldp
(Gpi y:GV cdthe dgy 2-3 tiet hpclien tai cdng vien
vdi cae bai: Ciy rau, Cayhoa, Cay ^dtrong mdn T u
nhien va X a h o i Idp 1)
2) Trd chffi: Con dudng than thien vdi moi
trudng(hoa\ ddng ngoai gid len Idp, mdn Khoa hoe
ldp 4,5)
a) Muc tieu: Gdp phan hinh lhanh va nang cao
nhan thdc cua HS ve cac hanh dpng "than thien vdi
mdi trudng" hoac "khdng than thien vdi mdi tn/dng"
b) Doitu^g va thdigian:6anh cho HS Idp 3,4,5
Irong thdi gian 1 tiet hpc (40 phut)
e) Chuih /7/;"san chai" va 1 mau gd day 2 em, cd
dudng kinh khoang 10cm.San choi ed 11 dgom: 10
d cd kich thude 60x60cm, 1 d "dich" dgng vudng
(hoac trdn tuy GV thie't ke) Tren eae d sd dung td
60 Tap chi Gido due so 339
moi tn/dng": trdng cay, cham sde cay, nhgt rac; be
canh, xa rac bua bai (xem hinh 1)
Dich
Xi nLfflc nhtSu
Nhai rSc
X& TAC biia bai
Ti/iJinurJc
Be cSnh
Tigt kiem niftic
v e I6n ludnq
Cham s6c cSv
NqSt hoa Trono c§v Vach xuat phat
Hinh 1 Tro char "Con dudng than ihi^n vdi moi trudng"
djCa'c/ji/dCften/jan/r.'GV chia ldp thanh2 nhdm M6i nhdm eu5 HS len choi, cac ban cdn lai lam khan gia GV cdng bo each choi va luat choi
- Cach choi: HS nhay Id ed; tir vadh xua't phat, cac
em diing dep (hogc giay) da mieng go vao 6 trong san choi Neu mieng gd vao dung d, duoc phep nhay
Id cd vao d dd va tiep tuc den khi nao ve dich Do tren san chai chia lam 2 nhdm 6 (nhom "Than Wiien vdi moi trudng" va nhdm "Khong than thien vtS mdi tn/dng") nen HS cdthevuotnhieu 6 deden dich nhanh
chdng, Khi vuot nhieu d, cac em ehi ^\sqc phep nhay
vao nhi/ng d'Than thien vdi moi Irudng" Liic ve dich,
HS nhanh chdng mang mienggdvevgeh xuat phat eho ban tiep theo
- Luat Choi: Thdi gian danh eho moi dpi chdi la 5 phtJt Trong su6t qua trinh chai, HS luon phai nhay Id • cd; chl duae phep dunp chan de da mieng go khi nhay Id cd; chi di ehuyen tren cac 6 'Than thien vdi mdi Irudng" HS se bj logi khi: mieng g6 khdng vao 6 'Than thien " (hoae khong nam hoan loan trong d); cham chan kia xuong dai khi nhay Id cd; chan ehgm vao cac vach san choi khi nhay; nhay nham vao 6
"Khdng than thien "
e) Tong ket: GV cong bd dpi th&ng, dpi thua va
eung cap cac thong tin lien quan den cae 6 DHTTD la phuang phap giao due thong qua quan sat, Iral nghiem va thye hanh;dap iing ca hai mue tieu giao due la dd'i mdi hinh thdc to chdc DH va nang cao vai trd ehii dpng, tieh eye va kich thieh sy hiing thu hpctapcuaHS.Q
Tai lieu tham khdo
1 D^y vd hoe tic thuc tid'ia phuong trong cdc hogt VVOB, Tmarng D^i hpc suphsim Uk Noi, 2010,
2 NguySn Van Tuifn Tai li§u hki giSng Li luan d*y
hQC Tnrcmg Dai hpc su pham ki thuat Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh, 2009
(Xem tiep ^ang 58)
Trang 3Uj =K, =hU2 =W| + w|,[/3=W| +w| + Wj = f/;+W2,
U^ = U, +U|' + Wj+u; = ( M | + « j ) + («[ + Uj)
(/; = M | + M , ' + U J + M ; + M J ^ ( / J + W ,
f / ^ „ = ( « i + U j + + M „ ) + ( u ; + « j + + « ^ )
Khi do, ta CO cong thu'c:
£/, = !
^2n = ("l + "z + ••• + "n) + ("I "*" "2 "*" — + "n) f^^
ll/latkhac,lheo(1)va(2):
»,+ + » = (3.1'-3.l + l) + + ( 3 n ' - 3 n + l)
= 3(l'+ + n ' ) - 3 ( l + + /i) + (l + + l)
- 6 2
„;+ +„;=3.i'+ +3„'=3(i'+ +„=).*±w?5±ii
Cong IhiJc (3) trdthanh:
n(n + lX2jjJ)
qua phLfc lap, vi)a siic doi vcfi HS va the hien linh kha dung, kich thich cac em giai quyetvan de i ^
c , - 1 , " 1 [;,„, = (/„ +3/.'+ 3n +1
Suy ra cong IhiJc long quat xep den tang Ihu" n la:
4n' + 9n^ + 7n + 2
Vay, tong so qua cam xep den lang thii 30 la:
2
Ngoai ra, cdn cd each xep theo hinh thang, hinh
thoi, hinh binh hanh Tuy nhien, cac each xep dd
can mpt sdlucmg cam Idn hon so vdi 3 each Iren nen
khdng can thiet
Trong day hpe loan, khi 16' ehu'c cac tinh huong
doi thoai eho HS, GV thucmg si>dung cae hinh thdc
doi thogi nhu: ty dd'i thogi; ddi thoai gii^a G V - HS, HS
- H S D e qua trinh to'chdc ddi thoai dgt hieu qua cao,
58 Tap chi Gido due so 339
Tai liSu tham khdo
1 Alfred Renhi (Van Nhir Cuong dich) D6l thoai v l
t o i n h p c NXB Khoa hoc vd ki thudt H 1975
2 Nguyen B^ Kim Phinmg phiip day hpc m6n Toin
NXB Dai hoc supham, H 2011
SUMMARY
Articles are designed to help students to think, analyze and decision making choices appropriate ma th-ematical knowledge to apply to resolve the practical problems they encounter in life From there, students learn things interesting, useful drugs bring mathemat-ics: motivated learning and good learning math
To chirc day hoc tai
(Tiep theo trang 60)
3 Pham Quang Ti^n - NguySn Thi Chi "Phuong thiic
khai thdc gido d^ic mdi irudng lit chuong trinh gido due bdc tiSu hoc" Tap chi NghiSn ciiu phdi triin bin vang, 1/2009
4 Corina Fiore Hands-on learning for children, 2003
h t t p : / / w w w e h o w c o m / p r i n t / f a c t s 5 1 9 2 5 1 4
h t t p : / hands on-learning-childrgn.html
5 Dee Dee Donato Definilion of Hands-on training,
eHow.com
6 Donna Thacker, What impact does hands-on
learning have on Idds'! eHow, 2003 http://www.ehow
c o m / p r i n t / f a c t s 5 8 1 5 1 2 9 i m p a c t h a n d s o n -learning-kids html
7 Mary Ghazarian Important of Hands-on activities
in learning, 2008
SUMMARY
Teaching in the field is the arrangement of teach-ing activities in the real world combined with assign-ing pupils of rights and responsibilities to solve study tasks through positive activities such as personal etc in order to satisfy pupils' interest In study and enhance teaching effectiveness Teacblngin thefleld has many good points, e.g.: stimulating pupils' ac-tiveness cross-curricular teaching, highly practical, able to combine many positive teaching methods and forms at many locations such as parks, public gar-dens, museums, etc and will provide pupils with and gain knowledge together Among subjects in el-ementary education Natural and Social studies In the I", 2"'' and S^ grade and Sciences in the 4"" and
5^ grade provide teachers with many chances to apply
this teaching method