Mor so SUY NGHI VE VIEC DAY HDC NGO VAN g THDIING PHO THONG THEO D INH HirONG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC 1 Giaoduc(GD)VietNam trong bd''''icanh mdi Xac djnh boi canh va thdi eo, thach thdc ddi vdiGD nudc ta gia[.]
Trang 1Mor so SUY NGHI VE VIEC DAY HDC NGO VAN g THDIING PHO THONG
THEO DINH HirONG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC
1 G i a o d u c ( G D ) V i e t N a m t r o n g bd'icanh m d i
Xac djnh boi canh va thdi eo, thach thdc ddi vdiGD
nudc ta giai dogn 2011 -2020 Ig T o a n eau hoa va hoi
nhgp qudc te've GD da trd thanh xu the tatyeu", trong
Chien luge phat tnen GD 2011-2020 (^), Chmh pUu
da neu quan die'm chi dao phat trie'n giao due: "Dd'i
mdi can ban, toan dien nen GD theo hudng chuan
hoa, hien dgi hoa, xa hdi hoa, dan ehu hoa, hgi nhgp
qudete.thiehungvdinen kinh tethi tn/dng djnh hudng
xa hpi chu nghla, phat trien GD g i n vdi phat trien
khoa hpc va cdng nghe, tap trung vao nang eao chat
lugng,daebietchatlugngGD dao due, Idi sdng, nang
lue sang tao, kT nang thue hanh de mpt mat dap dng
yeu cau phat then kinh t e - x a h d i , day manh
CNH-HDH dat nude, dam bao an ninh qudc phong; mat
khae phai chu trpng thoa man nhu cau phat trie'n cua
m6i ngudi hpe, nhung ngudi cd nang khieu 6uqc phat
trie'n tai nang"
D ac b let, Nghi quyet sd29/NQ - f l ^ n gay 4/11 /
2013 tgi Hpi nghj lan thd 8 khoa XI cua Ban Chap
hanh Tmng uong Dang Cong san Viet Nam Veddi
mdi can ban, toan dien GD va dao t^o dap dng yeu
eau cong nghiep hoa, hien dai boa trong dieu kien
Idnh te thi tn/drig dinh hudng xahgi chu nghia va hgi
nh$p qude fe'sau khi chi ra nhung hgn ehe va yeu
kem cua GD:" Hethd'ng GD va dao tgo thieu lien
thdng gida cdc trinh dp va gida cac phuong thde
GD, dao tao; cdn n$ng li thuyet, nhg thuc hanh
Pht/ang phap GD, viee tbi, kiem tra va danh gia kit
quaegnlach$u, thieu thuc ehat' da khang dinh quan
diem ehi dao: "Chuyen manh qua trinh GD td chu
yeu trang bikien thdc sang phat trien toan dien nang
lue va pham cha't ngudihgd' Cung vdi viec k h i n g
djnh quan diem dd, Nghi quyet eung chi ra nhiem
vu vagiai phap eu theddi vdi nganh G D; "Dd'i mdi npi
dung GD theo hudng tinh gian, hien dgi, thiet thuc,
phu hop vdi Ida tud'i, trinh do va nganh nghe; tang
thuc hanh, van dijng kien thdc vag thue tidn Tiep
tue ddi mdi manh me phuang phap day va hgc theg
hudng bien dai; phat huy tinh tich cue chu dgng,
(ki2-812014)
TS N G U Y E N T R O N G H O A N '
sang tao va van dung kien thuc, kinang cua ngudi hgc; khic phue ldi truyen thu ap dat mgt chieu, ghi nhd may moc Tap trung day each hge, each nghi khuyen khich tuhgc, tao ca sdde ngudi hgc tucap nhat va doi m di tn thdc, kinang, phat trien nang lue
(chung tdi nhan mgnh - N.T.H.)" Thiet nghT, tu nhieu nam qua, Dang ta ludn ludn quan tam dgc biet ddi vdi GDva dao tgo, song d Nghj quyet nay, nhdng tu tudng khoa hpc, each mang mang tinh thdi dgi ve vi the cua "qudc sach hang dau" da duge nang len d mpt tam ehien Iupe mdi Dudng loi chi dao va cac hogch dmh do da xae djnh nhung mue tieu, nhiem
vu, giai phap phat trie'n GD edy nghTa thiet thuc dap dng xu the each mgng khoa hpe cdng nghp, cdng nghe thdng tin va tnjyen thdng, kinh te tri thde eua thegidingayeang phattrien mgnh me,taedpngtn/c tiep den suphat trien eua eae nen GD
2 T u djnh h u d n g kien thuc de'n djnh hudng nang lue
/JTheo thdng tin mang tinh td'ng ket khoa hpe, thdi gian qua, cae chuong trinh GD tnjyen thong thudng chu trpng den be rpng cua kien thuc, trong khi
dd eae chuong trinh hien dai chu trpng tdi ehieu sau Tham khao vi du cua GS, TS Nguyen Hdu Chau
d i n theo Allan Glatthom va Jerry Jailall trong
"Curiculumforthenew Millenium" vesi/td'ng ket eae
xu the phat trien chuong trinh GD {xem bang 1):
Bang 1 Tong ket cac xu the phat tnen chucmg trinh giao diJc
a^m.^
Kich i h u d : CUB kiSn t h i c
do vSn ai
KiSn mile vi k l nang
Si/KhScbiei cd nhan C£u 130 chiicng trinh
S l / g j n kgt cdc mSn hoc Tinh tich hgp Bfch cua chiKinq trinh
Cic ini uen
Cdc chuongIrinh
I m y ^ n thfinn R5na GIB l a c Diy an
Chd trgng hiSn Ihilc
Khfinq diic'c quan \im
KiSn UnJc phSn nhdnh
C h i a d t C&smenhocrianoDia Cdc hoat dOno Tinh duy li hQC ITiuat (acadsmic reasonatlun)
Cdc ehuang Idnh rnCA
sau
Cdc vdn ai thi/c
Chil trgng ca Ufin tni?c OkTOC c h j tronu Khfil kiSn thiJc chung (common core) cung vdi cdc nhSnh USn Ihih:
G i n kSl chai cha
Tich hoDC<Sli/B chon Kfit Qud hoc ChO trong SI/Ihich ling cua m i l cd nhdn
* \u Giao due hung hoc, B6 Giao due - Dao tao
Tgp chi Gido due so 340 135
Trang 2so sanh tren da bieu thj su ehuyen ddi kha ro ret ve
npi ham cua tdng ITnh vUe Bieu thi tuong ung d cae
chuong trinh mdi ehinh la ket qua chuyen doi eua
mgt mo hinh GD ket tinh, bao gom trong ddca muc
tieu, ndi dung, phuong phap dgy hgc, kiem tra danh
gia, n h i m thich dng yeu eau dao tao eua xa hpi
hien dai,
:2^Xettumuetieu, nguyen t&cva ban chat eua qua
trinh day hpe, nhieu nha khoa hgc cho rang: chuong
trinh day hpc truyen thdng ed the gpi la chuong trinh
GD "dinh hudng ngi dung", tue dugc tien hanh theo
su djnh lupng ve kien thdc trong ehuong trinh (djnh
hudng dau vao), thong qua hogt dgng truyen thu he
thdng tri thdc dd theo cac mdn hgc Ndidung cila cac
mon hpe dupe xay dung tren co sd eae khoa hgc
chuyen nganh tuong dng Muc dich chinh eua viec
day hpe la lam sao giup hge sinh (HS)/jpcdt/'gcn/)/et/,
nhddugc nhieu Phai ndi r i n g : ehuong trinh day hge
dinh hudng ngi dung cd nhihig uu die'm nhat djnh la
tnjyen thu cho HS mpt he thong tri thdc cSn ban va
khoa hpc Khoang mpt thapki gan day, da CO tu tudng
xae djnh "lay ngudi hpc lam tmng tam" trong quatrinh
dgy hpc, song thuc ehat, hoat dpng hpe ehua duoe
quan tam thoa dang - rd nhat la kha nang dng dung
nhung tri thdc da dugc hpc trong nhOng tinh hudng
thue tiln edn bjxem nhe Trong khi do, thucte toan
cau hoa khien kien thdc luon ludn dtrang thai "ddng"
va nhanh chdng lac hau; viec quy djnh khudn cdng
nhdng npi dung ehi tiet trong ehuong trinh day hpe
khien ehuong trinh mau chdng trd nen loi thdi va kho
ket ndi, lien thdng vdi ddng ehay vd cung sdi dgng ciia
tri thde hien dai Hon nda, ehuong trinh dgy hpc dinh
hudng npi dung thudng d i n den xu hudng kiem trg,
danh gia ket qua hpc tap cua HS chu yeu dua tren kha
nang tai hien kien thde nhieu hon kha nang van dung
dugc nhung dieu da hgc; do dd, tinh trang HS thu
dpng, han che kha nang linh hogt va sang tao trong
thuc tiin cung la he qua tat yeu
3) Bk dau td khoang nhdng nam 90 eua the ki
XX, cac nudc cd nen GD phattrien da chu truong xu
the "GD dinh hudng nang luc"- vdi muc tieu phat
trien nang lue eua ngudi hpe va nay da trdthanh mdt
xu the GD qude te;cd dau hieu khae biet quan trpng
la ehuyen tdviec kiem soat chat lugng dau vao sang
chu trgng md ta duge nang luc dau ra, thuc hien
muc tieu phat trien toan dien cae pham cha't nhan
each, ehu trpng nang luc van dung tri thdc cua ngudi
hgc vao giai quyet nhdng tinh hudng cua thuc tiln
36 Tgp chi Gido due so 340
ngudi hpc vdi tucach la ehu the nang ddng, sang tao cua qua trinh nhgn thdc
Cac nha nghien euu Bemd Meierva Nguyin Van Cudng eho r i n g : "Chuong trinh day hpc djnh hudng nang luc khdng quy djnh nhung npi dung dgy hpc chi tiet ma quy djnh nhung ket qua dau ra mong muon eua qua trinh dao tao, tren co sd do dua ra nhung hudng dan chung veviec lua chpn ndidung, phuong phap, tochdc va danh gia ket qua dgy hpc nhim dam bao thue hien duge m uc tieu dgy hgc, tdc la dat dugc ketquadaura mong mudn Trong chuong trinh djnh hudng nang luc, muc tieu hpc tap - tde la ket qua hpc tap mong mudn thudng dugc md ta th6ng qua lie thd'ng cac nang luc Ket qua hoc tap mong mudn dupc
md ta ehi tiet va ed the quan sat, danh gia dugc" (2; 65) Vdi ndi dung, yeu cau va each van hanh nhu vgy, ehuong trinh GD djnh hudng nang luccduuthe trong viec quan li ehat lugng san pham dao tgo ddau
ra - tdc nang luc van dung vao thuc tien eua HS Khai niem "nang lue" (competency) co nguon goc tieng La-tinh la "competentia" Ngay nay, khai nigm
nang luc 6UGc hieu theo nhieu nghTa khae nhau, nhung
nghTa thdng dung nhat duge hieu nhu suthanh thao, kha nang thuc hien eua ca nhan ddi vdi mgt cdng viec John Erpenbeek cho r i n g : nang luc duge tri thuc lam
CO sd, dupc sddung nhu kha nang, dupc quy djnh biS gia trj, duge tang eudng qua kinh nghiem va dupc hien thuc hoa qua y chi Cdn Welnert (2001) djnh nghTa: nang luc la nhung kha nang va kTxao tioc duge hoae san ed eua ea the n h i m giaiquyet caetinh hudng xac djnh, cung nhu s u s i n sang ve ddng co,
xa hdi va kha nang van dyng cac each giaiquyetvan
de mpt each cd traeh nhiem va hieu qua trong nhdng tinh hudng linh hogt Noi each khac: nang luc duoc hieu la to hop cae hoatdgng dua tren su huy dpng va sddung ed hieu qua cac ngudn tri thdc khae nhau de giai quyet van de hay cd each dng xd phu hgp trong boi eanh phdc tgp cijg euge sdng ludn thay doi (3; 77) Nhu the, neng lue vua ham ehda nhung yeu
td mac djnh, cdt loi, vda tiem an nhdng kha nang linh hpat, thich dng va sang tao
3, Day hoc Ngu van theo djnh hudng phat trien nang luc
Nghien cdu npi ham khai niem "cau true nSng iuc' cho tha'y: GD theo djnh hudng nang luc khdng ehi
nham muc tieu phat trie'n nang luc chuyen mon (tri thuc, kT nang chuyen mon) ma edn phat trien nang
luc phuang phap, nang lucxahgiva nang luc ca thi
Trang 3tam vaednhdng each tiep can, quy ngp hoae diin giai
khac nhau Theo Tochdc Hep tac va phattrien kinhte
(OECD), nang lue dugc phan chia thanh hai nhom
chinh: nhom nang luc chung (gom eae kha nang:
hanh dpng doc lap thanh cdng; sd dung cac cong cu
giao tiep va edng cu tri thuc mgt each tu ehu; hanh
dgng thanh edng trong cac nhom xa hpi khdng dong
nhat) va eae nang It/c chuyen mon Tuong dng nhu
vay, doi vdi mdn Nguvan, cae nang luc nay dugc xac
djnh tren c o s d mue tieu GD ndi ehung va myc tieu
mdn hgc ndi rieng (mue tieu dd dugc neu thanh cac
mdc do dua tren dac die'm tam li va kha nang phat
trien cua HS), duge thiet ke muc dp tang dan theo cac
trinh dp khae nhau tuong dng vdi cae Idp/cap hpe
Quan triet Nghj quyet 29/NQ-TW eua Dang, vdi
mue tieu td'ng quat la "GD con ngudi Viet Nam phat
trien toan dien va phat huy td't nhat tiem nang, kha
nang sang tgo cua moi canhan; yeu gia dinh,yeu To'
qudc, yeu dong bao; song tot va lam viee hieu qua" va
mue tieu eu thedcap hpe: "Ddi vdi GD pho thdng, tap
tnjng phat trien tri tud, the chat, hinh thanh pham
ehat, nang lgc cdng dan, phat hien va boi dudng nang
khieu, djnh hudng nghe nghiep cho HS Nang cao
chat luwig GD toan dien, chu trgng GD li tudng, tnjyen
thdng, dao due, loi sdng, ngogi ngd, tin hgc, nang lue
va kT nang thuc hanh, van dung kie'n thue vao thue
tien Phat trien kha nang sang tao, tu hpc, khuyen
khich hpe tap sudt ddi", viee nghien cuu xay dung
muctieu dgy hge cae bgmon noi chung va Nguvan
ndi rieng theo dinh hudng phat trie'n nang lue hien
nay la mgt yeu cau bde thiet, de td dd xae djnh eae
yeu cau xay dung ehuong trinh, bien soan saeh giao
khoa, dd'i mdi phuong phap dgy hge va kiem tra
danh gia ke't qua hge tap, mgt each dong bg va
hgp li Chuyen qua trinh GD tdchu yeu trang bj kien
thdc sang phat trien toan dien nang li/c va pham
chat ngudi hgc, trudc het, "can nhan thdc diing vj tri,
vaitrdcuam6n/Vi;tft'a/jdtrudngphd'th6ngla:hinh
thanh va phat trie'n eae nang lue cdt Idi va nang lgc
dge thu eug mon hge; dge biet la nang luc giao tiep
(kien thuetlengVietcungvdi4 kTnang coban; nghe,
ndi, dgc, vietva kha nang ung dung eae kien thde va
kT nang Sy vao cac tinh hudng giao tiep khac nhau
trong euge song) va nang lue earn thu, thudng thde
van hgc; boi dudng vg nang cao vdn van hoa cho
ngudi hgc thdng qua nhirng hie'u biet ve ngon ngi?
va van lioc, gdp phan tieh cue vao viee giao due,
hinh thanh va phat trien cho HS nhdng tu tudng,
"dinh hudng day hge theo nang luc ddi hdi cae mdn hgc tich hgp mdt so ngi dung tri thi^c va kT nang
n h i m giai quyet eae tinh huong trong hgc tap va trong euge sdng Tieh hgp cae mach kien thdc Idp (van hpc, tieng Viet va lam van, van hoa) trong npi
bg mdn hoc qua true kTnang Ngoai ra, can tieh hop nhieu hon, tu nhien hon nhdng Tfnh vuc/mdn hpc khae" (4) Xac djnh ngudi hpc la chu the trung tam eua quatrinh giao due, viee dgy hgc A/gi/randtrudng pho thdng gdp phan phattrien d H S kha nang tusu" dung thuan thuc kien thde da hgc vua de giai quyet van de cua thuc tien, vua lam cong cu d e t u duy, tim tdi va sang tgo trong cudc sdng, dap ung yeu cau CNH-HDH trong dieu kien kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghTa va hpi nhap qude te •
(ki2-8/2014)
(1) Ban h&nh k&m theo Quyet dinh sd'lIl/QD-TTg
ngky 13/6/2012 cua Thu ludng Chfnh phO
(2) Bernd Meier - NguySn Van Cudng Li luan day
phuong phdp day hoc NXB Dai hoc supham, H 2014
(3) U^ ban YSn hod giao due, thanh nien, thi^u ni6n
va nhi d6ng cua Qufl'c hGi Kiyi'u Hdi nghi tham vd'n
chuyen gia vi de dn "Bdi m&i chuong trinh, sdch gido khoa gido due phS thdng sau 2015" Ha Npi,
ngay 8/3/2014
(4) BO GD-DT Cdng vdn s^4S/TB-BGDDTngdy 14/
01/2013 Thdng bdo kit qud hdi thdo khoa hpc qudc
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Phillip C Schiechty Schools for the 21th century
Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1991
2 Tsunesaburo Makiguchi Giao due vi cu^c sS^ng
sang tao NXB Tre, TP Hd Chi Minh 1994
SUMMARY
In the context of globalization and intemational Integration education renovation has become an in-evitable trend The most important manifestation of this educational innovation is the shift from knowl-edge-based teaching to competence-based instruc-Uon which allows learners to acquire essenUal knowl-edge, skills, attitudes to perform a Job or a task prop-erly Under this approach, the teaching of literature
in the secondary schools aims at developing the learn-ing, critical thinklearn-ing, discovering or creating new realms of knowledge to actually become an useful are living With these competent individuals, the coun-alization and modernization in the socially oriented market economy
Tap chi Qiao due so 340 I 37