Sol0(228) 2014 NGON N G C & POtt S 6 N G 11^ MOT SO VAN DE TRONG GIANG DAY VA BIEN SOAN TAI LIEU TIENG TRUNG QUOC NHIN TlT GOC DO DOI CHIEU N G C NGHIA CUA TlT HAN VIET V A Tir HAN TU''''OnVG DirONG SOME[.]
Trang 1MOT SO VAN DE TRONG GIANG DAY VA BIEN SOAN
TAI LIEU TIENG TRUNG QUOC
NHIN TlT GOC DO DOI CHIEU N G C NGHIA CUA TlT HAN
VIET V A Tir HAN TU'OnVG DirONG
SOME ISSUES RELATED TO TEACHING CHINESE AND COMPILING MATERIALS IN
CHINESE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CHINESE AND SING VIETNAMESE
NGUYEN PHU*OfC LOC ( TS; Dai hpc Su^ pham TP HCM) NGUYEN THI MINH H 6 N G (TS; Dai hoc Su- ph?m TP HCM)
Abstract: As neighboring countries, the long-lasting cultural exchange and interaction betvreen
Vietnam and China have resulted in a significant amount of Chinese loan words in Vietnam
Accepted and assimilated by Vietnamese, these have beome the system of Smo Vietnamese
words with a huge amount of vocabulary and widespread use This plays an important and
influential part in die system of Vietnamese vocabulary
In terms of semantics, the Sino Vietnamese is divided into three main types: 1/The semantics
of Sino-Vietnamese words and the related Chinese words is mainly the same; 2/The semantics of
Sino-Vietnamese words and the related Chinese words is partly similar with minor differences;
3/The semantics of the Sino-Vietnamese words and the related Chinese words is totally different
The correlation of Vietnamese and Sino Vietnamese inserts great mfluence on the the way
vietnamses people learn Chinese And this largely determines the learning outcomes of leamers
Besides, this correlation should also deserve appropriate attention in process of compiling
dictionaires and searching for academic sources due to the difficulty in semantic interpretation of
die sino Vietnamese
Key words: Smo-Vietnamese words; Vietnamese language; vocabulary-contrasting;
vocabulary-teaching
mat thiet vdi tir vung ttong tieng Han hien dai,
1 Md dau ttong dd sir tuong ddng ve ngfl- nghTa mang lai
Trung Qudc va Viet Nam la hai nudc lang cho ehiing ta nhieu van de bdt ngd vd thii vi
gilng cd nin van minh lich sir ldu ddi, su tiep han cd Tir Han Viet khi ttd thanh mpt bd phdn
xiic v l van hoa giiia hai nudc dd cd may ngdn ttong he thdng tir vung tieng Viet da phdi thay
ndm Hch su Trong qua trinh tiep xiic giao luu ddi dan, thich nghi theo quy luat phat trien eiia
dd, da cd khdng it tir tilng Hdn du nhap vao he thdng tir tieng Viet Trong khi do, tir tieng
Vipt Nam, dupc tilng Viet tilp nhdn, ddng Han hien dai d Trung Qudc, tire nguyen mau
hda, din din hmh thdnh nen he tiidng "Tir Han ciia nhung tir Han Viet ndy eung da phat tiien
Vipt" vdi sd lupng Idn, dupc su dung rdng rai va thay ddi theo su chi phdi ciia quy ludt he
va dn djnh Tit dd, tir Hdn Viet trd thanh mpt thdng tir vung tieng Hdn Ngodi ra, chiing cdn
bp phdn ttong vdn tir vyng tilng Viet, chilm vi chiu anh hudng eiia nhilu nguyen nhan khac
tri quan tt-png vd cd dnh hudng rit ldn ttong cd ngoai cdc ylu td ngon ngu nhu lich sir, van hoa
hp thdng tir v\mg tieng Vipt xa hpi, tam li tu duy ciia tirng ddn tdc, tir do da
Tir gdc dp ddng dai, chiing ta co thi ndi keo dai khoang each giira hai he tiiong tir v\mg
Trang 2vilt trude day chiing tdi da tien hanh khao sat
sa bd nhung diem gidng vd khac nhau ve
phuang dien ngu: nghia gifta tir Hdn Viet vdi tir
Han hien dai tuong iing', chia thanh ba loai ldn
theo quan he ngu nghTa nhu sau:
a NghTa eiia cdc tir Han Viet va tir tieng
Han v l ca ban la gidng nhau, nhu: S ^^ bgch
duang, ^ # ludng vi, / J ^ ^ lieu mgch, i ^ ^
ma nao , ^ I Q ho phach, %^i hien phdp , %
^ chi bp , ?4ife doc tdi,Mi% triin ldm, SSX
thi cong, Ati^ lap tneong
b Nghia ciia cae tir Hdn Viet va tir tieng
Han cd nhflng net gidng nhau, ddng thdi cung
CO mdt sd diem khac biet, nhu: t ' ^ qudng
cdo, Jl^ ve sinh, ^ ^ thdnh Iri, ^ P A bp dpi,
j ^ ^ lrinh sdt, 6fc ^ cdi luang, ^ ^ thdn
thdnh, ^ ^ kieu nggo,^'m phong phii, ^ ^
tap qudn
c Nghia ciia cac tir Han Viet va cac tir tieng
Han hoan toan khac nhau, nhu: ^ % gidm
khdo, M^ do te, iX^ nghj dinh, |H] |"1 hoi
mon, ^'^ ma tuy, ^M gian hiing, 'S'^ ddm
due, ib^il hp li, M^^ tdi lan, f^.'ij' diim ldm
Trong pham vi bai viet nay chiing tdi chi de
cap den su gidng vd khdc nhau ve mat ngu
nghTa giuB tir Han Viet va tir tieng Hdn ddi vdi
viec hpc tieng Han va tieng Viet
2 Su- g:iong va khac nhau ve mat ngir
nghia giira tur Han Viet va tu- tieng Han doi
vdi viec giang day ngon ngii thir hai
Xet tir gdc dp tiep nhan ngdn ngfl, khi tiep
nhan ngdn ngu thit hai "ngudi hpe ngdn
ngfl-ay da cd sdn mdt he thdng ngdn ngfl' dn dinh va
kien cd (tieng me de), ddng thdi con cd kha
nang hoat ddng tu duy triru tuong bang tilng
me de rdt cao" (Wang Kui Jing , ^ — i ^ " ^ ^
dang tren tap chi"hoc tap Han ngU" (Trung Q u i c )
ki 6, nam 2003
^ S i ^ ^ ^ NXB tiudng DHSP Bdc Kinh,
nam 1998) Do vay, khi sur dung ngdn ngii M
hai, nhit la khi "phat thdng tin" thdng thuong hay xu3t hien qua trinh chuyin ddi "tin hieu ngdn ngft", cd nghia la nhung tir ngfl tieng me
de vdn cd sHn ttong nao sau khi dupc chuyin ddi sang nhung tir ngfl- tuong iing ciia ngdn
ngu- thii hai xong thi mdi phat ra ngoai Do d6
cd the thay rang, ngdn ngfl- thii nhat chiem mpt vai ttd quan ttpng, cd dnh hudng rat ldn trong viec hpc tap ngdn ngu thii hai Dieu nay dupc thi hien mpt each het siic ro net ttong qua trinh ngudi Viet Nam hpc tieng Han hay ngudi Trung Qudc hpc tieng Viet Trong do no co tac dung "tich cue" hay "tieu cue", phdn ldn dupc quyet dinh bdi mdi quan he ve ngu- nghia giua tir Han Viet va tir tieng Han
2.1 Nghia cua tit Hdn Viet va tic tiing Hdn vi Cff bdn Id giong nhau
Nhin ehung, nhflng tir Ioai nay co tdc dung tich cue rdt cao, la uu the ldn ddi vdi nguoi Viet hpc tieng Han hay ngudi Trung Qudc hoc tieng Viet Ngudi hpc cd the su dung "tir ^en
t a m h ('L>5iiff|:ft) " sdn co trong tidng m? dfi
de li giai va nam bat dupc ngft nghia ciia tir mdt cdch nhanh chdng va chinh xdc, thdm chi cdn tao dupe cam giac la nhung tir nay dupc
"cho khdng", la "an sdn" Nhung tren thuc te, ngudi hpc khi sir dung cdc tir loai nay ciing de mde nhieu loi sai, nguyen nhan co the la do ttong van dung thuc te nhiing tir nay cd each dimg khdng hoan toan gidng nhau, hoac do s\i khac nhau ve phong cdch Tuy vay, cho du ngudi hpc cd ndi ra nhiing cau khien cho n^rin ban xir cam thay ma hd khd hieu, tuy cd anh hudng den chat luong giao tiep, nhung ve co ban cung bieu dat dupe y minh mudn the hi?n
Do vay, ttong qua trinh hpc tap, loai tir nay thudng mang lai tac dung tich cue Va, trong qud trinh gidng day, giao vien cung khdng din giai thich nhilu ve nghia ciia tu, nhit la khi d^y
nhiing thuat ngft khoa hpc, vi dy: ^ i i l dgng
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tic, ^ i 5 ] thuc lie, # | ^ tmh mgch, jfilrf huyit
thanh, j t ^ nguyen tS,-^^ hop kim, ^ "t"
ngt^t thuc,U'^ nhgt thuc ; cac tir cd ndi
dung phan anh ve van hoa truyin ihdng, vi du:
^ ' ^ doan ngp, yf B^ thanh minh, llr^P tdn
lang, ^ ^ nguyet lao, ^ ± hodng thuang, ^
•3, pho md, ^ " ^ cang thudng, f&Jl ludn li,"^
iJ thu tiet, izX nhdn nghta ) Khi day, chi
can dua ra hinh thiic tu tuang iing (ttr tilng
Han hoac tii Han Viet) hpc sinh ^ cd thi ndm
bit dupc ngay nghia cua tu Vdn d l cdn chii
ttpng d day la phan tich ve mat phong cdch va
mat ngft dung cua tir, nhan manh v l each sir
dung tu, can dua nhieu vi du ve cac td hpp tir,
ve dac diem ngft phap cua tir Cd gdng ttanh
trudng hpp mac ldi vi "suy luan hoan toan theo
tieng me de"
2.2 Nghia cUa tit Hdn Viet vd tit tiing
Hdn khdc nhau hodn toan, hogc cd nhitng
nit giong nhau, nhung dong thdi cUng co
mpt so diem khdc biet
Cd hai loai tir nay deu khdng mang lai tac
dung tich cyc ttong viec day va hpc ngdn ngft,
rdt de bi anh hudng ciia tieng me de tir viec
ndm bit nghia ciia tir cho den viec van dung
sir dung tu Do vdy, de tranh sai sdt chiing ta
edn lam rd sir khac nhau giu:a chung Loai tir
"vua cd net gidng nhau, vira cd diem khac
biet", khiln cho ngudi hpc gap nhieu kho
khdn hon, gido vien can luu y cho hpc sinh
han v l dilm "gidng" va "khdc" gifta chiing
D^c biet la nhung dilm khac biet Tan dung
tli da phdn gidng nhau d l cd thi lpi dung uu
thi cua tilng m? de, tang them hieu qua ttong
vipc hpc va ghi nhd tir cho hpc sinh
d day, cdn chii y din hai vin de:
Thii nhdt, su khdc nhau v l ngft nghTa giua
tir Han Vipt vd tir Han la cd quy luat, gifta
chiing cd mdi quan hp "In" ben ttong, ma cu
thi nhu: tir Han Viet cd ngir nghia gidng vdi
rdng ciia tir tieng Han; hoac ciing cd the do su thay ddi ve nghia eua cdc tir td ma tao ra cac tir ghep cd nghia khac nhau
Thii hai, ngudi hpc ngdn ngu thii hai phdn ldn la ngudi trudng thdnh, cd sir nhay cam nhit dinh vdi nhflng quy lufit, viec gjang day tir vung trong ngdn ngu thir hai "dupc xdy dung tren nen t a i ^ kha nang nhan thuc cao ciia
ngudi trudng thanh" (Wang Kui Jing, Wi^in
a^^mitm% NXB tindng DHSP Bdc
Kmh, nam 1998) Do vay, ttong gidng day tft vung ta cd the bat ddu tir nguyen nhan hinh thanh den sy khac nhau ve ngft nghia cua tir, eung ed the gidi thieu them eho ngudi hpc vl nhiing thay ddi ngft ngliTa ciia tft tft gdc dp lich dai, ve nhung net nghia md rdng ciia tu, giiip ngudi hpc hieu ro hem ve quan he ngudn gdc sau xa gifta tieng me de va ngdn ngu thii hai Nhu vay cflng giiip ich rdt nhieu cho ngudi hpc ttong viec H giai va ghi nhd tft
Chiing tdi tien hanh ddi ehieu 5.274 tu song tiet Han - Han Viet, kit qua cho thdy, chiem 62,8% tten tdng sd, phan tft vung nay the hien dupe mat ti'ch cue ttong qud trinh hpc tap Sd con lai chiem 37,2% bao gdm 2 loai; loai "vfta cd net gidng nhau, vira ed diem khac biet" chiem 8,7%; loai "ngft nghia hoan toan khac" chiem 8,5%; hai loai nay thudng mang lai tinh tieu euc ttong viec day va hpc Nhu vay
cd the thay, quan he mat thiet ve ngft nghia gifta tft Han Viet va tft Han hien dai ve ca ban
da mang den su thuan lpi ddi vdi viee day va hpc tieng Han hay tieng Viet, la mpt ttong nhung uu the cua ngudi Viet Nam va ngudi Trung Qudc khi hpc tieng eua nhau
3 Sir giong va khac nhau ve nghia giira til- Han Viet va tur tieng Han doi vdi vi?c bien soan tur dien, sach tra cihi
Khdng chi ttong day va hpc ngdn ngft, ma ngay ca ttong edng tac bien soan tft dien tieng song ngft Han - Vipt hay Viet - Han, mdi quan
Trang 414
cung till hien ro tdm quan ttpng ciia minh: Ddi
vdi nhung tu Han Viet va nhitng tu tilng Han
cd ngu nghia gidng nhau, thi dimg ngay chinh
nhung hinh thiic tuong iing cua chiing de giai
thich la phuang phap don gidn, kuih te va
chinh xac nhdt Vi du nhu khi bien soan "Tu
diln Han-Viet" hay "Tu dien Viet-Han", ta
chi can dung ^'hodng de" va " ^ " , ^''khoa
hpc" va "14^", "thai bgf va "^PIX",
"/«-nguyen" va " § M" , de giai thich cho nhau la
thich hop va thoa dang nhat Bdi vi nhflng tft
kieu loai nay khdng ehi gidng nhau ve mat
hinh thftc cau tao ma cdn gidng nhau ve
nghTa Song tten thuc te quan he ve ngft nghTa
giua tft Han Viet vdi tu tieng Han turong ftng
la phuc tap, do vay neu ta chi dimg nhflng tft
"ed san" de giai thich thi e rang thieu tinh
chinh xac Chiing toi da tien hanh khdo sat so
bd mdt sd tft dien song ngft tieu bieu dupc
xuat ban tai Viet Nam va Trung Qudc, eho
thay cac nha bien soan ciing da chti y den van
de nay Tuy nhien, co Ie do chua thuc su
quan tdm den mdi quan he phftc tap ve ngft
nghia gifta tft Han Viet va tft tieng Han tuong
ling, nen trong viec giai thich nghia cua tft
con gap khdng it sai sdt dang tiec Trong
budc dau khao sat, tuy chua that day du va
toan dien, nhung dya tren nhftng khao sat ddi
chieu chiing tdi da tim thay mpt vai diem
ndi bat nhu sau:
3.1 Chd thicli, gidi nghia tit con thieu
tinh chinh xdc
Day la viec sft dung ngay hinh thuc tu
tuong ung "sin cd" de giai thich nghia tu ma
quen rang gifta chiing co su khac biet ve ngft
nghia Ddi vdi nhung tft Han Viet va tft tilng
Han tuang ung, nhin tft gdc dp true quan c6
cam gidc chiing gidng nhau vl ngft nghTa,
nhung tren thyc te co luc lai khdc nhau hoan
toan Vi du: ttong Tit dien Viet - Hdn chiing
tdi phat hien ngudi bien soan da dftng ","^,'1^^
"de gidi thich cho tft "diem tam", nhu v^y la quan he ve nghia cua chiing mac nhien dupc xem la "ngang nhau" Nhung thyc td, chiii^ chi tuong ung ve m$t hmh thftc tu, chft khong
gidng nhau ve nghia: "^'iL* (diem ldm)" trong
tilr^ Han dung de chi "cac mdn banh ngpt", nhung ttong tieng Viet lai cd nghTa la "thftc dn sang (-¥-^A #^^0"; tinh thilu chinh xac nay con ed the thay ttong each giai thich cac tii
nhu: " g ^ ^ : pha le'\ " ^ ^ : thU thi", "iSt : thich nghr, "i^-fS: sdm ninh", "?H?^: thanh
dam", " : i ^ : sinh nhai'\ "l^i?: dam bgcf\ " B~iM'-phdn trdc", "M,^: khoi ng6",v.v Tuong
tu nhu vay, ttong Tie dien Hdn-Viet ngudi bien
soan cung ldy tu Han Viet de giai thich cho tir tieng Han tuong ftng, mac dft ilghTa eua chui^
khdng gidng nhau, nhu: "quyet nghi: ^iSi",
"hdophong: ^MC\ "phdpy: jil§", "thiiy:
# l § " , ''huy hieu: ^ • ^ " , v.v
3.2 Chd tiiich giai nghia tit con thieu tinh todn dien
Chu thich gidi nghia tu con thieu tinh toan dien thudng thdy ttong cac trudng hop khi mupn dimg tft cd hinh thftc ben ngoai tuong irng de giai thich nghTa tft, nhung khdr^ chu ^ den nhftng net nghia khac nhau cdn lai ciia tii
Vi du, ttong "Tft dien Viet-Han" da dimg ttr"
^'Jj^" de gidi thieh cho tft "sang tao", diing tir
" S f t " de giai thich cho tu "suu tap", ma quen
di ttong tieng Viet nhiing tft ay cdn cd nghia cua tft loai tmh tft, danh tft Do vay, chi diing hinh thuc ben ngoai gidng nhau de gjai thich nghTa ciia tft la chua day dft, chiing tdi con tim them mdt sd trudng hpp tuong tu nhu; ":^PS:
giai han", " ~ - ^ : nhdt tri', "'iL^S: ldm li", "^
^: thu sinh", "Mtil: gidi phdng\ Ciii^nhir
ttong "Tft dien Han-Viet", chi dimg "bon phan" de giai thich tft " ^ ^ " la chua diy dii, bdi vi ttong tieng Han " : $ : ^ " cd 2 nghTa: m§t
la danh tft, cd nghia Id "nghia vu va tradi
Trang 515 nhiem"; mdt la tinh tft cd nghia la "thod man
vdi dia vi va hoan canh hien tai cua minh"
Trong tieng Viet tft "bon phan" chi cd nghTa
cua danh tft Cflng vay, cac tu "phdn vinh: %
^ " , "quy phgm: ^JS?E", ' V I « thi: 3 ^ ^ " ciing
cdn thieu mdt net r^hia chua giai thich ddy du
Ddi khi do chiu anh hudng cua khai niem
"tft Han Viet", ngudi bien soan khi giai thich
nghia cua tu thudng them vdo hinh thftc tft Han
Viet Vi du; hx)ng "Tft diln Han Viet" tft " $
^Ij" dupc gidi thich bdng nhung khai niem "xet
xft; thdm phan", ttong do tft "thdmphdn" chinh
la hinh thftc tft Han Viet cua tft "^^!l", song,
tu "thdm phdn" lai khdng cimg nghia vdi tu "
•^p\\": Trong tieng Han "'^l^lj" cd nghia la
"xet xu va phan quyet"; ttong tieng Viet cd
nghia la "ngudi phan quyet xet xft", chinh la "
^•^lJ^(thdm phan)" Cd the ke ra mdt vai vi
du khac: " S i i " , "IS%", " ^ ^ " , "tm",
"MS.", Hay nhu ttong "Tft dien Viet
-Hdn" Cling phat hien mdt sd tft khdng cdn
th^m hinh thftc nghTa tft Han Viet nhu: khi
gidi thich v6 nghia cua tft "au ta", da dung
din hai tft "S^SL" va "mW• "m'M"
chinh la hinh thftc tft tieng Han tuong ung
cua "lu td" , nhung tren thyc te tft "du ta"
efta tilng Viet da khdng cdn net nghTa "PE^
CBgRiilnll^) nay nfta Them vao dd
chiing tdi edn tim thdy mdt sd tft mac ldi
tuong tu nhu vdy nhu: "khai gidng: JFi#",
"truy lgc: ^ ^", "hudng duang: \^ ffi ",
''hdn nhien: ^S^", "huy hieu: 'M^"
Tft nhiing thilu sdt trong cac sach tra cftu,
tft diln, cd thi nhdn thdy ring cdng tac ddi
chilu nghidn cun ngft nghia giua tft Han
Vipt vd tft tilng Han hien dai tuang img
dudi gdc do dong dai chua du sau, chua that
toan di^n Chung tdi thilt nghl eln nen cd
nhQng cdng ttinh nghien cftu sau hon ve vdn
dl ndy, ftng dyng vao ttong vi?c day va hpc
ngdn ngu Han hay ngdn ngu Viet, lam sao
cd the giup cho ngudi hpc phdt huy dupc hit
uu the ngdn ngft cua minh, de viec hpc tft vyng ndi rieng cflng nhu hpc ngdn ngu ndi chung mang tinh chinh xdc va hieu qua cao TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Nguyen Tai Cdn (1979), Ngudn gdc
vd qud lrinh hinh thdnh cdch dpe Hdn Viet
Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi
2 Nguyln Ngpc San (1993), 77m hiiu
ve tieng Viet lich su, Nxb Giao due
3 Nguyln Van Khang (1999), Tiing
Hdn a Viet Nam hien nay vai tu cdch la mdi ngogi ngit, Sd 7, Tap chi Ngdn ngft
4 Nguyen Van Khang (1994), Site sdng
cua cdc lic gdc Hdn trong lieng Viet vd tdc dung hai mat cua chung ddi voi ngieai Viet Nam hpc tieng Hdn, Sd 4, Nghien cftu Ddng
Nam A
5 Nguyln Van Khang (2007), Tie ngogi
lai trong tiing K/e/.Nxb Gido due (tdi ban
cd sfta ehfta 2012)
6 Nguyln Ngpc Tram (2000), Tie Hdn
-Viet trong su phdt trien tir vung lieng -Viet giai dogn hien nay, Sd 5, Tap chi Ngon ngft
7 Nguyen Ngpc Tram (2002), Ve hai
xu huang trong phdt Irien tic vung tieng Viet,
Sd 6, Tap ehl Ngdn ngft
8 ZE^ mm^m%)) i98o ^ i%
9 u^^ mn.m^mm 2002 ^
10 WM^' iMiX'lXi^WC)) 1999 ^
11 SMM i%r.mB^>\n\tm%))
[M].]998^.:ll:M!)fp?E;^^tiiJi&ti
12 ff m w\ ix^B^n'^itWi
%)) 1991 ^'.^m^i.^^^^m±
13 m^^ iMixm\%^^w\^\^
m \99%^.%iim%