DgifMH^i I*2L "wmT^i 45 Rut ra bai hpc Ijch sir nhiem vu quan trpng gop phan hinh thanli dpng ccf, thai dp hpc tap dung din bp mon Ljch sir & Trircmg THCS DAO VIET QUt Trudng CDSP Kien Giang Bi i hpe[.]
Trang 1DgifMH^i I*2L "wmT^i 45
Rut ra bai hpc Ijch sir - nhiem vu quan trpng gop phan hinh thanli dpng ccf,
thai dp hpc tap dung din bp mon Ljch sir & Trircmg THCS
DAO VIET QUt
- Trudng CDSP Kien Giang
Bi i hpe Ijch sd l i khiu cudi cQng trong qui trlnh hinh
thinh tri thQc Ijch sij cho hpc sinh phd thdng Lam lot
trj eua Itch sQ noi chung, t i c dyng cua bd mdn lich sd ndi
ndng, lim cd sd ban dau de xac djnh dpng cd, thii dp hpe tap
ddng din
1 oat vSin Qi
- Thdi gian gan diy, dQ luin xa hdi, trong nganh giao dye
v l nhlt l i nhQng thiy cd trQe tidp dgy Ijch sQ d bae hpe phd
thdng d|ic bigt quan tim den viec cd rat it hpe smh Idp 12
-th|m chl m$t sd trQdng hoin toin khdng ed - ehpn mdn lich
sQ trong kl thi Tu t i i nam nay ("Mdn SC/ ddng cuoi danh sich
Ipa chprf-Bio Tudi tre oline ngay 7.5.2014)
- Da c6 nhilu n h i khoa, hpc, nha quin If, n h i giio dye
tim eleh II giai hign tQpng niy tU nhidu gdc dd khie nhau
BUdc ddng dao bgn dge ehia se l i <f kien cua mdt trong nhOng
nhi SQ hpc hing d i u Viet Nam, Giio su Phan Huy Le, Chij
tjeh Hdi Khoa hpe Ljch sQ VN:" nd hoin toin do each giio
dpc ijch sd'trong nhi trudng phd thdng hien nay'" (Theo bao
Tidn Phong oline, ngiy 24.4.2014)
- Thye t l dgy hpe ljch sQ phd thdng ludn dat ra mot yeu
clu cd tfnh t i t yeu I I trong q u i trinh hinh thanh tn thQe lich sd
cho hpc sinh, ngQdi giio vien phii rut ra dUpe bii hpc lich sCi
phO h^ qua dd gidp cic em hilu dung gia tri vdn ed eiJa
mdn ljch sQ, gdp phin Ilm thay ddi ddng cd thii dp hpc tap,
mdn Ijch sir trong ki thi Tu t i i hing n i m
2 GiSi quye't v^n Qi
a i Bii hgc Ijch sii la gl?
2.1.1 Khli ni|m b l l hpc ljch sQ
1 1 nhQng bai hgc nJt ra tO qua khd co y nghla dit vdt cupc
sing ngiy nay Dd I I nhOng b i i hgc thinh cdng v l thdt bgi
trong eu$c ddu tranh vdi ty nhiin va trong dau tranh x i hgi
Bii hgc ludn dgt trinh dg eao vd ll luin v i thyc tiin, t h i hign
thang Ipi, khac phye sai Ilm, van dyng, phat huy sing tgo nhOng dilu tich cyc, thinh cdng" {1, tr 76} Ndi rd hdn d i y
chinh l i nhOng bii hgc kinh nghidm dUdc rdt ra tQ q u i trinh
dgy hpc Ijch sQ d trQdng phd thdng
2.1.2 Y nghla, t i e dyng eiia bii hpc Ijch sd
- Trude hit, tgo dUpc hQng thu hpc tap, nang eao nhgn
thQc lich sQ vl bii hgc ijch sQ giup hpe sinh hiiu dupe ipi th eu
the eua viec hpc lich sif nhQ y kien eua V G Bielinxki, n h i
phe binh v i n hpc ngudi Nga: "Chung ta hat diving, t>il ndgiii Block, n h i sQ hpc ndi tieng ngUdi Phip:"L;c/) sdii kinh nghi$m
sau rdng ve nhieu mat cOa ioai ngUdi"
• Ngoii ra, bai hpc lieh sQcon la dilu Kien thuin tpi d l cic
em cd the van dung vio cuqc song hiin t^i vi cdng viec 6
Chung va hpe tip bd mdn lieh sd noi neng d trUdng phd thdng, dung nhu nhin dinh eiJa P Buck nQ nha van MT- gili Nobel
van ehUdng nam 1938 "Kiin thde sau sic vi ljch si/si ii m0t
yeu ti quan trpng di mSi ngUdi hiiu vi qui khU ding thdi chuan bi cho tuang lai"
2.2 Mpt so bai hgc kinh nghigm quan trgng trong Ijch
sii Vigt Nam
Lich sQ t h i gidi v i lich sQ dan tde cd biet bao nhieu sy kien vdl rat nhilu bii hgc kinh nghiem phong phu v i da dgng
cd gia tri, dUpc rut ra trong dgy hpe lieh sd THCS, ehu ydu l i den giQa the kl XIX
- Mpt l i , ba/ hpc ve sUcm^nh doin kit toan dan TQ c i u chuyen "Bi dud' v i eiu ea dao: "Mdt ciy lim ehing nen non,
Ba cay ch{im igi thinh hdn nui cad trong van hpc d i n gian
den thyc td Ijch sd eho thiy doin kdt l i m^t trong nhQng nhin td quan trpng hang d i u da gdp phin tgo ndn sQc mgnh tdng hpp eua mdt dan tde d i t khdng rdng, ngQdi khdng ddng Ble xudng v l phUdng T i y sang Dung nhu Chu tjch Hd Chi
Trang 246 i 30 8-2014 Dmjva^ft
Minh da due ket thinh chin If: "Doan kit, doin kit, dai doin
kit - Thinh eong, thanh cong dai thanh con^ Lich sCf cdn
ghi lai k h i chi tilt e l u chuyen sinh ddng ve b i i hpc nay nhu
sau:
"Mdt hdm, Tran HQng Dgo^Q Vgn Kidp tdi, Tran Quang
Khli xudng thuyin chdi sudt ngiy mdi trd v l T r l n Quang
Khai vdn sp tam gpi, Tran HQng Dgo thi thfch tam thdm, tUng
dua b i o Tran Quang Khai: "Minh may eau ban, xin tam gium"
rdi edi ao Tran Quang Khai ra, ddng nUde thpm tam cho dng
v i ndi: "Horn nay dupe tim cho Thuang tUdng" Tran Quang
Khli cung ndi: "Horn nay dupe Quic eong tam riia eho''.Jii dd
tinh nghTa qua lai giQa hai dng ngay c i n g them min".{2,
tr.70}
Hinh I n h doin ket giQa hai v| tQdng dQng dau hai ben
van, vd vdn ed sy bat hda tQ l i u da tao nen ddng IQc manh
danh thing q u i n Nguyen Mdng, dpi quin nha nghi hQng
ra nhOng ldi tam huyet n i y vdi vua Tran Anh Tdng trUdc khi
mat:" Mdi roi vua toi dong idng, anh em hoa mue, ei nUdc
gop sde"
- Hai la, ba/ hpc phii biet dUa vio nhan dan.Tii xQa ddn
nay, lich sQ da chQng minh rang ning thuyin la nQdc m i l i t
chi'nh xae hPn l i Idng dan Bidt rd sQc manh cua quan ehung
nhin d i n , Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh eiJng khang djnh:" Di tram
lin khong dan cung chiu, kho vgn lan dan lieu cung xong'
sQ, vi vgy lam the n i o d l dQde Idng d i n la van d l hit sQc
quan trpng eda moi trieu dai trong q u i trinh dUng nQdc y.1 giQ
nQdc, bdi vi Hd Nguyen TrQng da ndi vdi vua cha l i HoQuy
Ly: "Thin khong nggi dinh chl sp idng dan khong theo ma
thdi" Hai sQ liiu sau day se giup the he sau rdt ra dupe bai
hpe phli lim t h i nao de nhin dan trd thanh chd dya vQng
chic, ding tin eay:
"Thing Sau (am Ijch) nim Canh T^' (1300), Trln HQng
Dgo dm Vua Tran Anh Tdng ngy tdi nha tham, hoi rang:"Neu
cd deu Chang may m i giac phQdng Ble lai sang xam iQpc Ihi
kd sieh nhu the nao_?" 6ng t r i ldi:" Va lai, khoan thU sQe
viy" (2, tr.77]
"Thing Chgp nam 1284 do ThQdng hoing Tran Thanh
Tdng trieu hpp eae phy lao trong c l nUdc d l trUng cau d i n ^
hdi ve chu trudng hda hay chien khi q u a n Nguyen
Mdng sang x i m IQde Viet Nam lln thQ 2 ThQpng hoing
trieu phy lao trong nQdc hpp d them dien Dien Hdng, ban yen
q u i khd, tudng sT qua vat va, cO iQc khdng manh bang giic,
nay mdi c i c bd lao ddn day ehl dd hdi ta nen dinh hay nen
hd: "dinh" C i c phy lao dilu ndi "danh", mudn ngQdi cdng ho
mdt tieng, nhQ bat ra tQ mdt cQa mieng {3}
- Ba la, nhQng bai hpc ve nghe thuat quan sU Mdt trong
nhQng die diem ndi bat va la sOi chi dd xuyen sudt tidn trinh
giQ nQdc Q u i trinh d i u tranh chdng ngoai xam oanh Net dd
d i dd lgi cho t h i he sau c l mdt kho ting nghe thuit quin sQ
d i e sic ddc dao, rat l i Viet Nam v i dQpc van dyng mdt cich
sing tgo, Ilm nen nhQng chiln cdng mdi, "IQng l i y nam chiu,
chin dgng dja cau"
Od I I nghe thugt bilt ipi dpng dia hinh dia vat, t i n dyng
cic yeu to "fh;en thdi dia ipi, nhin hda" d l gilnh thing Ipi ve
vang, the hien trong bdn tran thdy chidn tieu bieu I I trSn Bgch Dang nam 938, Ngd Quyln tieu diet quan Nam HSn;
trin Bgch Dang nam 981 cua nha T i l n Le chdng quan Tdng;
trin Bgch Dang nam 1288, nha T r l n ehdng q u i n Nguyen-Mdng va tran Rgch Gam, Xoai MQt eCia Quang Trung - Nguyin Hue nam 1785 danh bai lien quan Xiem - Nguyin Anh
Dd cdn I i nghe thuat bidt diO dpng tin cdng dichdeti)
ve nhQ tQ tUdng q u i n sy rat tao bgo eda Lif ThQdng Ki^t
:''Ngdi ydn ddi giac khdng bang dem q u i n ra trUdc dd chin mui nhgn cua chUng" trong ehien djeh d i n h Tdng nam 1075 -1076, hay n g h i thuit td chdc hanh quan than tdc, bf ma,t Thanh v i o mda X u i n nam K? Dgu, 1789
- Bdn I I bai hoc biit dCing ngUdi Hiln t i i thdi nao cung
dUde xem l i : "nguydn khf ciJa qudc gia, nguyen khf thinh Ihl the' nudc mgnh ma hung thjnh, nguyen khi suy thi the nuiic
y l u m i thap hen Vi thd e i c b i c dd vQdng thanh mmh khdng ddi n i o khdng coi viee giao dye n h l n tai, ken chpn ke sT, vun trdng nguyen khi qudc gia lam cdng vide e l n thidt." (ThSn Nhan Trung) Dat nUde ta khdng bao gid thieu nhan t i i tJOng
CO luc khae nhau - Song hao kiet thdi nio cung cd' V i n de \i
phli bilt eleh phit hien v i sit dyng nhan t i l nhQ the nao ii
hp cd dieu kien phit huy h i t tai nang cho dat nUde, cho n h ^
d i n Hai mau ehuyen dudi d i y da cho ehung ta hieu dUflclMj hpc dung ngQdi cua cha dng ngay trQde: * '
" N i m 1179 khi vua mdi 6 tuoi, thi Td Hien Thinh 6m nang v i mat TrQdc khi mat dng tien ed T r l n Trung Ti„ngUcli
CO thQe tai, thay minh phy chlnh, n h i vua, m i nhi't quylt khong t i l n cQ Vu Tan DQdng ngUdi hau can ben minh MSc
dd ngudi dQdng thdi vi Td Hien T h i n h nhQ Gia cit LQpng thdi Tam Qudc ben Tau, trieu dinh sau dd da khong cho vua, d i n d i n sau n i y vua Cao Tdng khdng dUgic d9y
b i o dilu hinh ehinh sQ ma ch? Jo i n ehdi, nha L^* di v i e suy vong" {4}
"VI CO cong lao Idn nen n h i vua gia phong Tran Qudc Tuan la ThQpng qudc cdng, cho phdp dng dQpc quyen phoM phong trQde rdi t i u sau NhQng T r l n HQng Dgo chUa bao gid phong tQdc eho mpt ngudi nao Khi quan Nguyen vao xam ehiem nQdc Viet, dng lenh eho n h i giau bd thoc ra cap IQOr^
hp tQdc lang thyc, dng rat kinh can giQ tiet l i m tdi hay chuydn ngdn Chan" (2, tr.78}
- Nam l i b i i hpc ve sU khoan dung Mdt trong nhOng tfnh each tieu bieu cda dan toe ta l i ludn cd sy khoan dung vi
dung ddi vdi ke thQ xam lude, t h i m chf ca nhQng ke da glyi'"
nhilu tdi i e vdi nhan d i n Chlnh long n h i n ai, l i sy tha thOi' tao ra sQc mgnh than ki de d m hda k l thu, cam hda nhi ngQdi trdt phgm sai lam, glQp hp c i i t l quy chlnh SQ sichiffi ghi lai mdt sd sQ kien sau:
^ "Chuyen vua Tran T h i i Tdng tha tdi cho T r l n Lieu, dem dat An Phy An Smh, An Dudng, An Bang phong cho lam Nguyen l l n thU ba, bat dQpc ca mdt hdm bieu xin hing
nhQng ke phan trie"
(Xem tiip trang 50)