Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Vdn Son Tir NHlTNG KHO KHAN CUA SINH VIEN MCH TOT NGHIEP NHIN VE MOT SO KI NANG MEM N H A M CHUAN BJ THICH iTNG NGHE HUYNH VAN SQN* TOM TAT Bdi viet de cap nhimg khd[.]
Trang 1Tir NHlTNG KHO KHAN CUA SINH VIEN MCH TOT NGHIEP
NHIN VE MOT SO KI NANG MEM
N H A M CHUAN BJ THICH iTNG NGHE
HUYNH VAN SQN*
TOM TAT
Bdi viet de cap nhimg khd khdn ciia sinh vien (SV) mdi ra trudng trong qud trinh tim vice vd lam viec Cd the thdy rdng mdi quan he it, thieu kinh nghiem vd nhihig kT ndng mem cdn thiet la nhirng khd khdn l&n nhdt ciia SV mdi ra trudng Tren ca sd dd bdi viet cung de cap nhung ki ndng mem cdn thiet cho SV nhdm chudn bi thich ung nghi nhu KT ndng viet li lich bdn than vd phdng vdn, kT ndng qudn li thdi gian, kT ndng thiiyit trinh truac ddm ddng, kT ndng giao tiep, kTndng lam viec nhdm
Tie khda: kl nang mem, sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep, thich iing nghe
ABSTRACT
From the difficulties of newly graduated students looking for some soft skills
to prepare job adaptation
The article refers to the difficulties of newly graduated students in the job application process and working It can be observed that the lack of relationships, experience and necessary soft skills poses the most difficults to newly graduated students In light of this fact, the article discusses soft skills essential for students to prepare for job adaptation including skills of CV writing, interview, time management, public presentation, communication, teamwork
Keywords: soft skill, newly graduated student, job adaptation
1 Dat vSn d l phai the hien dugc kha nang ciia minh chi
Nhung nam gan day, tinh hinh kinh trorig vai phut it di tiep xiie vdi ngudi
te the gidi ndi chung va Viet Nam ndi phdng van Day that su khdng phai la rieng cd nhiiu thay ddi Hang-ngan doanh diiu dl dang ddi vdi SV Mat khac, nhiiu nghiep lam vao tinh trang giai the hoae SV xih duge viec nhung lai khdng thi thu hep quy md Vi thi, nhu c^u tuyen thich iing vdi mdi trudng ciia doanh dung ngay cang giam, viec lam mdi cang nghiep va gap rat nhieu khd khan
"it, lam cho sue canh tranh vl nguon nhan Rd rang, nhung kiln thiic chuyen lire ngay cang manh Diiu nay gay khdng mdn, kT nang nghiep vu ma SV tiep thu
it khd khan cho t4ng Idp lao dgng tri dc, dugc Vttn giang dudng dai hpc ddng mot
trong dd kho khan hon ca la nhiing SV vai trd quan trpng khi tim viec va lam mdi tdt nghiep hay nhiing tan eii nhan viec tai eac doanh nghiep Song, cd the Trong thue tien, de duge cae nha thay rang, kien thuc chuyen mon ehi la tuyin dung mdi vao lam viec thi SV can mgt yeu td trong qua trinh tuyen dung ' PGS TS, Tru'dng Dgi hpc Su pham TPHCM
Trang 2Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
chii khong phai la tit ca Chia ichoa giup
SV mo ra canh ciia thanh cong va vugt
qua nhung ung vien khac chinh la ki
nang mjm, kT nang nay se giup SV phat
huy hSt nhung kien thuc chuyen mon va
kl nang nghiep vu dl nha tuyen dung thay
ring ho xilng dang dugc tuySn dung Do
do, tir nhiing kho khan cua SV mcri ra
truong hien nay trong qua trinh xin viec
va lam viec, thi viec xac lap he thong kT
nang m§m nham chuan bi cho SV thich
ling nghi la mgt dieu het siic can thiet
2 Not dung
Bdng I Nhimg kho khdn cua SV mdi lot
2.1 Nhirng khd khdn cua sinh vien mdi tot nghiep hien nay trong qua trinh xin viec vd lam viec
2.1.1 Nhirng khd khdn cua sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep hien nay trong qud trinh xin viec
KSt qua khao sat vS nhiing kho ichan ciia SV mai t6t nghiep Men nay dugc thuc hien tren 200 SV da ra truong
a 3 trucmg: Dai hoc Ma TPHCIVI, Dai
hgc Kinh \h TPHCM va Dai hoc Cong
nghe Sai Gon dugc trinh bay 6 bang 1 sau day:
nghiep hien nay trong qud trinh xin viec
Thii
tu-1
2
3
\
5
6
Noi dung Moi quan he it
Xep ioai tot nghiep khong cao
Khong tot nghiep truong cong lap
Chua CO kT nang viet li lich ban than (CV:
curriculum vitae) va tim viec
Chua CO tam the di lam
Thieu kT nang phong van
Co Tan
so
68
43
11
73
44
79
Tilf
(%)
75,56 47,76 T2,22 81,11 48,89 87,78
Khong
Tin s6
22
47
79
17
46
11
Tile
(%)
24,44 52,24 87,78 18,89 51,11 12,22 Bang 1 cho thay nhiing kho khiin
lan nhat ciia SV trong qua trinh xin viec
hien nay la: SV mai tot nghiep chua co
kinh nghiem phong van (87,78%), kT
nang viit CV (81,11%), tim viec va cac
moi quan he it (75,56%) Ca 3 kho khan
nay deu dat ti le tren V^ mau
Dau tien, mot thuc te de dang nhan
thay la nhieu SV ra truang thit nghiep
khong phai vi kem hay thilu kinh nghiem
lam viec, ma vi mgt 11 do kha ph6 biin la
thilu kl nang phong van CV co thi ggi la
hoaii hao, vugt qua vong ho so mgt each
de dang, nhung khi buoc vao vong phong
van thi ''nhu ga mac toe" [phong vin]
Day la mgt tro ngai lon cua SV hien nay trong qua trinh xin viec (87,78%) Thu hai, sau khi ra truang, nhiiu
SV cam thiy nhoc nhSn khi viit li lich ban than gioi thieu minh trudc nha tuyin dung (81,11%) That su, CV chinh la ciu noi dau tien giiia iing vien va nha tuyen dung Thong qua noi dung va each trinh bay CV, nha tuyin dung co the nam dugc thong tin cua iing vien Do do, cac CV in tugng va noi bat thucmg dl dang nhan dugc sir chil y ciia nha tuyin dung Tuy nhien, co the nhan thay cac truang dai hgc, cao ding it quan tam din viec hinh thanh cho SV kT nang viit CV va each
Trang 3lua chgn nhiing thdng tin tuyen dung phii
hgp SV thudng bi bdi roi va day chinh la
mpt trong nhiing khd khan lam can budc
SV trong qua trinh hpi nhap qudc tl
[phdng vin]
Thii 3, mdi quan he it (75,56%) la
van dl ma hau het SV mdi ra trudng diu
gap phai Mdi ra trudng, ngudi quen than
it, ban be ciing da sd la SV, dl tiip can
vdi eo hpi viec lam rat khd khan Thong
thudng, SV se phai theo doi muc tuyin
dung tren cac bao Ngay nay, khi mang
internet da trd nen phd bien thi SV mdi ra
trudng cd the tim viec tren nhimg trang
web nhu Vietnamwork, Careerlink
Tuy nhien, mpi viec khong hi dl dang
Bdng 2 Nhimg kho khdn cua SV mdi tdt
Nhieu khi tim dugc mdt cdng viec phii hgp tren web, nhung khi den cong ti nop
hd so mdi biet la thue te cong ti khdng cd dgt tuyin dung Neu cd duge nhiiu mdi quan he thi SV se de dang han trong qua trinh xin viec
2.1.2 Nhung khd khdn ciia SV mdi tdt nghiep hien nay trong qud trinh lam viec
Cd the ndi, xin viec da khd, lam dupe viec lai cang khd han Cd r^t nhiiu
SV da khdng kip thich iing trong giai doan nay va de roi vao tinh trang m4t can bang Sau day la mgt sd khd khan eua SV mdi tdt nghiep trong qua trinh lam viec dupe ghi nhan qua cudc khao sat neu tren (xem bang 2)
nghiep hien nay trong qud trinh Idm vice
Thii-I
2
3
4
5
6
Noi dung
Giao tiep chua hieu qua
Sap xep thoi gian chua hgp li, khoa hgc, hieu qua
Chua CO kT nang thuyet trinh truac dam dong
Chua biet tiet che tinh each, cai toi
Chua CO tam the di lam
Chua CO kinh nghiem
Co Tan
so
82
46-47
66
11 •
68
Tile
91,11
51,11 52,24 77,33
1232 75,56
Khong Tan , so
8
44
43
24
79
22
Tile
8,89 48,89^ 47,76 22,67 87,78 22,44 Bang 2 eho thay, khi SV budc chan
vao mdi trudng lam viec, mpt trong
nhirng khd khan ldn nhat ciia SV la van
de giao tiep chua hieu qua (91,11%)
Chinh vi vay, trong pong viec hay trong
nhiing mdi quan he voi ddng nghiep, SV
mdi ra trudng thudng gap phai nhung bat
ddng do nhiing mau thuan khi giao tiep
phat sinh
N I U trudc day, SV; duge tu do va
thoai mai trong gid gi^e thi khi di lam,
SV phai thuc hien diing ndi quy ciia cdng
ti, dae biet diing gio la yeu cau ddu tien
Nhiing thay ddi nay se lam thay ddi thdi quen sinh hoat, do dd nhieu SV se cam thay het siie khd khan (51,11%) Chia se
ve van de nay, chi Nguyen Thi Ng, cuu
SV Trudng Dai hpc Md cho biet: "Khi cdn la SV, tdi ed the thoai mai ve mat thdi gian, den hay khdng den trudng eung khdng quan trpng Tuy nhien, khi lam viec d cdng ti, tdi phai den dung gid de quet the, neu khdng se bj phe binh va trir luong Thdi gian dau lam viec ddi vdi tdi
la mpt khd khan ldn"
Ben canh dd, viec tiep xiic vdi mpt
Trang 4mdi trudng mdi mot van hda mdi, mdt
phong each lam viec mdi se lam cho SV
cam thSy bd ngd va khdng the hoa nhap
Nhiiu SV hien nay ludn mudn khang
djnh ban than, the hien eai tdi ciia minh
Diiu nay khong han la tdt trong mdi
trudng cdng sd Chua biet tiet ehe tinh
each (77,33%) chinh la mgt trong nhiing
nguyen nhan gay ra "va cham"' vdi ddng
nghiep, lam ran mit cac mdi quan he
Ngoai ra, mot sd SV mdi tit nghiep
cam thay sg set khi phai trinh bay mpt
van de nao do trudc nhieu ngudi Khi
trinh bay, dien dat lai mac nhieu Idi va
khdng thu hut dupe ngudi nghe Dieu nay
da phan lam cho SV mdi ra trudng bi
danh gia thdp (52,24%)
Hien nay, hau het cac cong viec dn
djnh hoac che dp dai ngd cao thudng ddi
hdi nhiing ngudi cd kinh nghiem Cd
nhieu nai cdn ghi rd "Khdng tuyin SV
mdi ra trudng" Khi dupe tuyen dung, sir
thieu kinh'nghiem lam eho SV cam thay
hut hang va khong hoan thanh tdt cdng
viec dugc giao Tii day, nhieu iing vien
cam thiy tu ti, khdng chju dugc ap luc
cua cong viec va tir dd xin nghi viec
(75,56%)
2.2 Mot sd ki nang mim cdn thiit cho
sinh vien trong qud trinh xin viec vd
lam viec chuan bi thich irng nghi
2.2.1 KT ndng viet CV vd phdng vdn
Li lich ban than la mgt can cii quan
trgng de nha tuyen dung quylt dinh ed
tien hanh cudc phdng \kn hay khong
Nhin vao ban li Heh, nha tuyin dung ed
thi danh gia dupe nang luc, trinh dp tham
chi tinh each ciia iing vien Bdi vi ngudi
can than, nghiem tuc hay ciu tha, dl dai
cung CO thi nhan biet dugc qua each ma
hp trinh bay li lich ciia minh Do vay, de tao duge ^n tupng tdt dep ngay tir phiit ban dau vdi nha tuyen dung, SV can phai d^u tu cong siic de viit ban li Heh mgt each chin chu Cd nhieu bi quyet viet li lich de dat dugc muc dich ciia minh Do
dd kT nang viet CV la mgt kl nang c^n thiet cho SV mdi ra trudng
Thong thudng, mgt cudc phdng van
ma nha tuyen dung tien hanh de tuyen chpn nhan vien keo dai khoang 20 - 30 phut Day la thdi gian de nha tuy£n dung tiep xiie true tiep, quan sat hinh dang, tudng mao, phong each, kT nang, thai dp ciia iing vien Nha tuyen dung cung se dat ra nhiing eau hdi de tim hieu nang luc chuyen mon, kha nang giao tiep ciing nhu tinh each eua iing vien de tim ra ngudi phd hgp cd the dap irng cac yeu cau ciia
hp Vi vay, de tao in tugng tot dep vdi
nha tuyen dung, mdi ung vien can phai ehuan bi that kT ludng de cd thi dupe tuyen chpn vao vi tri ma minh mong mudn
KT nang phdng van ddi hdi cac img vien can phai chii y din khau chuSn bi va phong each tra Idi ve cae npi dung nhu sau:
Tim hieu thdng tin vl cdng ti; Xac dinh nang luc cua ban than; Nhan dien nhiing thanh tich va kinh nghiem eiia ban than [phdng van]
2.2.2 KT ndng qudn li thai gian
"Thdi gian la vang", khong ai ed the niu giir hoae keo dai quy thdi gian ciia minh Vi vay, viec quan Ii thdi gian hieu qua la v^n de dang luu tam ciia mdi
SV sau khi ra trudng Nd ddi hoi phai ed
su cd gang va kien tri dl ed the lam chii duge thdi gian eua minh va hoan thanh
Trang 5Huynh Vdn San
tdt cac muc tieu da dl ra
KT nang nay ddi hdi SV phai:
Hieu dugc vai trd va quy trinh cua
cdng tac quan li thdi gian;
Biet duge cac nguyen tac cot idi va
quan trgng trong viec quan li thdi gian
hieu qua
Nam dugc quy trinh va phuang
phap quan H thdi gian trong cong viec;
Hieu va biit each van dung eac
cdng eu, kT thuat quan li thdi gian dl tdi
uu hda hieu qua trong cdng viec
2.2.3 Ki ndng thuyet trinh truac ddm
ddng
Vdi hau het cac nhdm cdng viec
hien dai, bat eii khi nao nhan vien mong
mudn trinh bay ke hoach, y kien ea nhan
trudc dam ddng thi kT nang thuylt trinh
cung la mpt kT nang mau chdt can cd
Thuyet trinh khdng cdn la "trinh bay,
thuyet minh", ma da trd thanh mpt nghe
thuat dugc sii dung trong viec thu phuc
nhan tam, tao dgng lire cho nhiing ngudi
xung quanh
KT nang nay trang bi each thirc trinh
bay y tudng mgt each mach lae, ro rang,
thu hiit va truyen cam himg cho ngudi
nghe; trang bi nhiing kT thuat de kiem
soat tam tri khi hoi hop trude thdi diem
thuyet trinh; ehuan bi npi dung thuyet
trinh thanh cong bang each ket cau cae
diem chinh vao mdt khung sudn chat che,
chii trpng vao viec diiu chinh ngii dieu,
tde dp, ngon ngir hinh the, anh mat, eii
chi, su bieu cam de xay dung lien he
tich cue vdi ngudi nghe Ngoai ra, kT
nang thuyet trinh cdn giup SV vugt qua
su hdi hop, lo lang ciing nhu nhiing nhan
to gay phan tan trong luc thuyet trinh; thu
hiit va duy tri sir quan tam chu y eua
ngudi nghe bang cae kT thuat tuong tac
va sir dung cac kT thuat tuong tac de xac dinh va giai quyet cac cau hoi
2.2.4 KT ndng xir li xung dot
Xung dot la qua trinh ma trong dd mpt ben nhan ra rang quyen lgi cua minh hoac ddi lap hoac bi anh hudng tieu cue bdi mpt ben khac Xung dot cd the mang den nhirng ket qua tieu cue hoae tich cue, phu thupc vao ban chat va cudng do cua xung dot, va vao each giai quyet xung dot Neu dupe giai quyet tdt, xung dot se dem lai cac diem tich cue nhu: nang cao sir hieu biet va su tdn trpng lan nhau giiia cae thanh vien trong nhdm, nang cao kha nang phdi hgp nhdm thdng qua viec thao luan, thuang thao khi giai quyet mau thuan, nang eao hieu biet cua timg thanh vien ve cae muc tieu ciia minh, biet duge dau la nhiing muc tieu quan trpng nhat Ngugc lai, xung dot khong dupe xir 11 tdt
se gay ra nhiing hau qua ldn nhu: mau thuan trong cong viec de dang chuyen thanh mau thuan ca nhan, tinh than lam viec nhdm tan ra, tai nguyen bi lang phi
KT nang xir li xung dot mgt mat se giup cho SV khi lam viec cd the tranh dugc nhimg xung dot khdng dang cd Mat khac, SV cd the de dang giai quylt dupe nhiing xung dot khi gap phai
2.2.5 IG: ndng lam viec nhdm
Nhiing nha tuyen dung ludn mudn tim nhimg nhan vien cd kha nang lam viec theo nhdm hieu qua KT nang lam viec nhdm la kT nang tuang tac giiia cae thanh vien trong mpt nhdm, nham thuc day hieu qua cdng viec, phat trien tiem nang eiia tat ea eac thanh vien Mpt muc tieu ldn thudng doi hdi nhieu ngudi lam
Trang 6viec voi nhau, vi the lam viec nhom tro
thanh mgt yeu cau quan trgng trong to
chiic ciing nhu trong cugc song
Trong thoi dai ngay nay, khi khoa
hgc kl thuat ngay cang phat trien thi yeu
cau lam viec theo nhom la can thiet hon
bao gio het Don gian vi khong ai la hoan
hao, lam viec theo nhom se tap trung
nhung mat manh cua timg nguoi va bo
sung cho nhau Hon nua, chang ai co the
cang dang het mgi viec nen lam viec
nhom tro thanh yeu cau can thiet Do do,
viec trang bi cho SV kT nang lam viec
nhom ia v6 cung can thiit
KT nang nay doi hoi SV can co tinh
each hoa dong, ton trgng thoi han cong
viec va sin sang giiip do nhiing thanh
vien con lai trong nhom de kip tiin do
cho cong viec vi mot muc dich chung ciia
to chiic [5]
2.2.6 KTndng giao tiep
KT nang giao tiep la yeu t6 mo
duong, quyet dinh cho su thanh cong hay
that bai trong mgi moi quan he Va dii
vai doanh nghiep, tinh chuyen nghiep
trong giao tiep (qua loi noi, cii chi, hanh
dgng, each iing xii ) cua mSi ca nhan,
tu cap quan li din nhan vien, cang cin
thiet va quan trgng han Chinh diiu nay
se djnh vi nen hinh anh, thuong hieu va
dang cip ciia doanh nghiep Dac biet,
trong xu huong hgi nhap toan ciu hoa
hien nay, khi khoang each vl chit lugng
san pham va dich vu giOa cac cong ti
dang nit ngan lai, thi chinh su chuyen nghiep trong giao tiep ciia dgi ngu nhan vien se gop phSn quan trgng cho hieu qua hoat dgng cua cong ti
KT nang giao tiep doi hoi SV phai: Hieu va biet each xac dinh cac yiu
to can thiet cung nhu huang den thai do tich cue trong giao tiep hieu qua; Tang cuong kha nang giao tiip trong cugc song ca nhan n6i chung va trong cong viec, kinh doanh noi rieng; Nang cao kT nang va nghe thuat giao tiep, ciing tihu hoan toan co kha nang tu tin truac bat cii tinh huong nao trong cugc song ca nhan va cong viec cu thi nhu: ling nghe, diiu tiet cam xuc [3]
2 Kit luan
Trong giai doan nin kinh tl dang gap nhiiu kho khan nhu hien nay, SV moi ra trudng muon co dugc viec lam In dinh va phu hgp vol nang luc cua minh, doi hoi phai trang bj cho minh nhiing kien thilc chuyen mon, va nhit la nhirng
kT nang mem cin thiit Do la hanh trang v6 eung cin thiit trong thai dai hien nay Ngoai ra, cac co quan, t l chiic co thim quyin cin co nhiing chinh sach, nhiing ca chi phii hgp de khuyin khich,
ha trg SV moi ra truong hoa nhap moi trucmg moi mgt each tot nhit Do se la tien de quan trgng giup con ngu6i Viet Nam, dit nuoc Viet Nam hoa nhap voi cong ding thi gioi trong giai doan hgi nhap quoc te hien nay
(Xem tiep trang 33)