Q NGHIEN CflU GIAO DUC Ki NANG H0P TAC CHO TRE MAU GIAO 5 6 TUOI THONG QUA CAC HOAT OONG d T R U O N G MAM NON ThS VUTH! NHAN Tnrdng Bai hoc Thd B^u MAI BInh Bifimg I Datv ln t fe Hifn nay, mye t i fu[.]
Trang 1GIAO DUC Ki NANG H0P TAC CHO TRE MAU GIAO 5-6 TUOI THONG QUA CAC HOAT OONG d T R U O N G MAM NON
ThS VUTH! NHAN Tnrdng Bai hoc Thd B^u MAI - BInh Bifimg
I D a t v l n t f e
Hifn nay, mye tifu hpc tap trong d e trfldng mam
non da cd sfl thay ddi Ngfldi hpc khdng chi linh hdi kiln
thinh va phit triin d c ki ning (KN) gili quyet d e mdi
quan hf x i hdi cd hieu qui
KN hpp t i e (KNHT) l i mot trong nhflng KN sdng
eiia con ngfldi nhlm gilt quylt hifu q u i cac van d l xly
vdi tre, die bift l i lila tudi mau giio, hpp t i c l i KN quan
trpng d n dfloc nha trUdng d f cao giao dye (GD) Do dd,
viec GD, phit trien KNHT phai dflpc xle djnh theo quy
trinh nhat djnh, bang d e phfldng tien ey the, d l tao
difu kien cho giio vien (GV) mam non trong viee giflp
trf phat triin KN nay
2 Giao due ki nang hdp tac cho t r f mau giao S-6
tu6i thong qua cac hoat tfong drtrifcfng mam non
2.1 Khdi niim gido due kT ndng hop tdc cho tre
mau gido (5-6) tuoi
GD KNHT cho trf mlu giao l i qui trinh tic ddng sfl
pham cd myc dieh, k l hoach efla nhi GD den trf nhlm
hinh thanh, phit trien khi nang phdi hpp hanh ddng de
thflc v i vdn kinh nghifm da ed trong ^ l u kifn nhit dinh
2.2 Y nghia eda viic gido due ki ndng hop tdc eho
tri mau gido 5-6 tuoi
GD KNHT cho tre Id giup hinh thdnh vd phdt triin
nhan edeh eho trt Cie mdi quan he xa hpi ma trf tham
gia cang phong phii, da dang cing gdp phin via vifc
hoan thifn nhin each cua trf Sy k i t hpp va phdi hop
nhflng mdi quan h e x i hdt dde dio, dien hlnh VI vly, khi
tham gia vio d e HD chung, bing HO giao tilp, trf tich
cflc chilm linh cie mot quan he xa hdi Day l i nen t i n g
efla qua trinh phittrien nhan d c h
GD KNHT cho tri Id tgo co hdi di tre dugc chai vd ren
luyen cdc KN khdc qua chai: Trf ed t h i lam dfldc nhilu
vifc m i trong thye t f khdng the lim dfldc Do dfldc
thoi man nhu d u , tre cd nhilu niem vui, tinh t h i n sing
khoai, phan khdi v i tang cUdng sflc khof Khi eflng choi
trong nhdm, trf seco sat hoc hdi Iln nhau Trf bilt thda
thuan de phin vat choi, hinh ddng choi, bilt lang nghe y
kiln va chia sf, Cd the ndi, ehoi trong nhdm ban l i nhu
d u bflc t h i l t cua trf de nhen nhdm tinh cieh v i trd choi
cung la ndi dung ehCi y l u de tap hop trf thanh nhdm
GD KNHT cho tri Id gidp tri budc vao cudc sdng xd
hdj: Thdng qua HD vdi cie ban trong nhdm,'tre tU tim
kifm sfl hoan thien eua nhflng quan he gifla ngfldi vdi
ngfldi Vi vay, choi theo nhdm la eo sd ban dau d l trf xay
dflng each flng xfl cCia minh GD KNHT cho trf la tao eho
trf cic kinh nghiern vf quan he dao dflc, quan hf trich
nhifm va giiip dd lan nhau, cung nhau hfldng den muc
tieu chung, lam niy sinh rung d m v l nhau, hinh thanh
hpc cd g i i trj, hlnh thinh nhflng KN x i hdi, dem lal sy
t h o i man v l ning cao hflng thfl choi cho trf
2.3 Phuang tiin gido due kindng bgp tdc cho tri mdu gido (5-6 tuoi)
Vui chai, hpc tap, lao ddng l i ba dang HO co bin eua
eon ngfldi va eung la ba HD co b i n trong trfldng mim non t h i htfn cic trinh dd phit triin theo bic thang
2.3.1 Hoatddng vuiehal
d Ifla tu^i mau giio ldn, trd ehoi chung dflpc cdi l i sfl kft hpp gifla mdn hpc va trd chdi, ddi thoai dfla trfn eic vai trd khac nhau va giao tilp Trd chdi dupc long ghep vdi ehfl d i l m chung, chdi thed chfl de, chti dilm
Vf du: Chfl dilm "the gidi ddng vit", " t h i gidt thyc vit" theo chfl d f chfl diem do Ddng thdi ndi dung choi cung theo dting chii de, chfl diem
Chdi la HD quan trpng doi vdi sy phit trien tam li trf
em Choi la HO phin Inh lao dpng va cupe sdng ciia ngfldi ldn HO lifn quan chat che vtS sy phit triin xa hpi va vdi sfl thay doi vj tri efla trf trong cac mdi quan hf xa hdi Do vly, trd choi dfldc coi la HO ehfl dao efla trf mau giao, la mdt phUPng tien GD tre em mpt d c h nhe nhang va hufl hifu
2.3.2 Hogt dgng hgc tap
dtudi mau giao, IHO hoc t i p ehfla dfloc hlnh thinh day dCt Trong nhieu HO, die biet l i HO vui choi, d tre mau gllo da xuat hien nhflng yeu td ciia HO hpctip Trong eupc song hang ngay, tre da t i l p thu dflOe mdt Iflpng tri thflc ding k l v l t h i gidi xung quanh do trf trye tiep nhin thay, nghe thay v i sd thay hoac do ngfldi Idn ke lai Tfl dd, the gidi bieu tflpng ctia trf cung phong nhin thflc, mudn kham pha nhflng dilu mdi la De hinh thanh nhflng hflng thii ben vflng v i niy sinh nhflng KN gpi la "tilt hpc" Trong "tiet hpc", GV day eho trf nhflng tri thflc, KN tflOng ddi ed he thong v l eic linh vyc cOa ddi sdng ty nhifn va xa hdi theo chfldng trinh nhit djnh Ddng thdi GV b i t dau d f ra nhflng yeu d u nhit djnh vf mfle dp va chat Iflpng linh hdi cac tri thflc, luyfn t i p cho tre nhflng KN nghe va lam theo Idi ch! din efla GV de thye hien nhiem vy cu t h i
Viec day hpc trong cie t i f t hpe cd y nghia quan trong ddi vdl vifc niy sinh cae yeu td cua HO hpc tip d
trf mau giao Tiet hpe d trfldng m l u giio duqc td ehflc
linh hoat mang tinh tdng hpp, trong dd trd chdi hpe tip gifl vj trf quan trpng Trong "tilt hoe", ehfl y l u l i thdng vflc ty nhifn v l xa hdi cd khi nang xult hifn d hiu hit trf mau gtao GV da day trf nhflng tri thfle mang tmh he thdng nhit dinh, trong do nhflng quan he chfl y l u ctia dflOc bde Id
Ciing vdi trd chcri, "tilt hpc" giflp trf hinh thinh
Trang 2NGHIEN couCQl nhflng KN ban dau cfla hpc t i p Vifc td chfle d c " t i l t
hoc' vfla sflc, phfl hpp vdi die diem phit triin cfla trf
mlu giio se thtic d l y nhflng y l u td cOa HD hpc tap niy
sinh mdt cich t h u i n Icfi, chuin bj tdt cho trf hoc tap d
trfldng phd thdng sau niy,
2.3.3 Hogt ddng lao ddng
HD Iao ddng I I loai HO tao ra nhflng sin phlm ed
feh cho xa hdi, nhflng g i i tri v i t chit v i tinh t h i n can
ngfldi Idn, ddi hdi nhflng difu kifn t h i lye v i tam If cao
Nhflng phlm chat t i m li efla ngfldi lao dpng ehfla t h i cd
dang dflpe hinh t h i n h d Ifla tudi nay Viec hinh thanh
nhiing t i l n d l d n t h i l t cho HD lao ddng d Ifla tuoi m l u
giio duoc d i l n ra chti y l u d ben ngoai vife thUe hifn
nhifm vy lao dpng
Trf em l i m quen bflde dau vdi HO khi quan sit
ngudi Idn lam vife hay thdng qua k l chuyen, tranh ve
lao ddng v i nhung mdi quan he gifla ngudi lem vdi nhau
d$ng,)/ nghia xa hpi va tfnh chat tap the cOa nd Thdng
ciia sy phan cdng hpp tae cfla nhiing ngfldi lao ddng
Trong nhflng hinh thflc HD cd sin phlm, trf m l u
giio da biet thye hifn nhflng hinh ddng nhlm tao ra
indt kft q u i nhat dinh, Vife thyc hifn nhflng nhifm vy
tra, dinh g i i cdng vifc efla minh Dd l i t i l n d l d n t h i l t
d l hinh thinh HD lao ddng
Hfldng din trf em hpp tie vdl nhau trong nhifm vy
lao ddng chung cd )/ nghia quan tt-png vi nd tao eho trf
]? thflc hpp tie, tinh t h i n trich nhifm v i sfl quan t i m den
cdng vifc chung
Do dac d i l m phit triin v l t h i chat va tam li eua
trf mau giao, nhflng nhifm vu lao ddng dfldc to chfle
nhflng hinh thflc lao dpng don giin nhlm tao sfl xult
hifn nhCCng tien di efla HO lao ddng
HD lao dpng cung nhfl hpc tap hay HO vui chdi
dfu trd thinh phfldng tifn GD KNHT cho trf vi trf cd t h i
cdng nhau thflc hien d l dat k i t q u i chung.Tuy nhifn, du
lira chpn HD n i o di GD KrJHT cho trf, GV cung phit t u i n
tfieo quy trinh nhit djnh
2.4 Nhdng biiu hiin cua kfndng hgp tde eda tri
miu gido 5-6 tudi
tApt dda trf cd KNHT se cd nhflng bilu hien cd bin
nhfl sau:
-Biit Idng nghe
Ling nghe II mdt KN d n t h i l t khi trf hpe d bat ki
mdi trfldng hpe t i p nio Ling nghe cdn la mpt KN quan
chdi va duy tri mdi quan hf tdt dep vdi ban bf, thay cd,
nhflng ngfldi xung quanh
Trf d dd tudi m l u giio rat bilu ddng, chl tap trung
chu y trong khoing thdi gian ngin v i thfeh the hifn cai
tdi cfla mlnh d l chflng td minh da Idn HD nhdm se tap
cho trf bift chu y Ilng nghe Idi GV g i l i thich, hfldng dan
d l biettd ehflc cich choi theo nhdm hifu qui Trong khi
choi, trf phii Ilng nghe;? kiln cfla d c thinh vifn trong
ddng )i kiln
Cho trf HO theo nhdm de trf tap d c h Ilng nghe v i
xic ^ n h nhflng diem gidng v l khie, nhiing diem ddng
•jf v i khdng t i n thanh vdl cic ban trong khi choi Tfl dd,
trf ed nhu d u chia sf nhflng suy nghi rifng cfla mlnh vdi
d c thanh vifn trong nhdm
-S/ef thdo/udn Trong khi choi, trf phli bilt t h i o luln, b i n bac vdi d c ban d l cflng thdng nhat v l bilu dfldc myc dich chung cfla HD.ThIo luan cdn de thdng nhit ndi dung
v i k l hoach thyc hifn nhflng cdng vifc chung, giao tiep gifla d c vai de thye hifn hinh ddng choi Trong khi chdi, trf phli dung tfl d l chi nhiing hinh ddng cfla minh, the hifn nhijng ^ djnh, tfl tfldng niy sinh trong Ifle ehoi Trong q u i trinh ehoi, tre sfl dyng Idi ndi l i m cdng cy giao tiep de phdi hpp hanh ddng vdi nhiing ngfldi cflng tham gia
Nhdm chi HD hifu q u i khi cac thanh vien ]? thflc dfldc mlnh la thanh vifn cfla nhdm v i nhidt tinh ddng gdp cdng sflc Qui trinh b i n bae, t h i o thuin ehi di tdi viy, hinh thinh KN niy nghia ia lam cho trf bilu dflpe
g i i tri cfla sflc manh t i p t h i , bilt d i t lpi ieh ctia tap t h i Ifn trfn sd thieh va nhflng mdi quan t i m rifng cfla bin
t i e vl myc tieu ehung se giflp trf nhanh chdng tim ra cich thflc hieu qui nhit t i l n hinh nhflng HO efla nhdm
- Biit phdn cdng edng viic hgp li
Trong khi HD nhdm, trf phli bift phan cdng cdng vifc hop li cho tflng thinh vien Moi nhdm trf ludn cd sy
da dang ve KN v i nhin d c h gifla d c thanh vifn Trong cic HD tap the, mdi nhiem vu dflpc hoan thinh ludn la gia HO, trf phli bilt tfl dinh g i i khi nang rieng cfla b i n than ciing nhfl sd thfeh, nguyen vpng v i khi nang efla
CBC ban trong nhdm Tfl dd, trf dfla ra nhflng i/ kiln phfl hgp nhit vdi vifc phin edng eic phin vide cu t h i eho
tflng ban
-Biit chia se
Khi HO nhdm, trf phli biet phdi hpp, giiip dd v i cung nhau gili quylt xung dot Sy phdi hpp nay khdng
ma edn bao gdm sy quan s i t dinh gii HD cua d c ban, giflp dd khi ban gap khd khin hoic nhd ban ho trp neu dn,
- Biit gidi quyit xung ddt
Qui trinh trf HO eiing nhau trong nhdm thfldng xly ra xung dot Moi trf phli ed khi ning tfl kilm che, thuin trfn co sd tdn trpng v i nhfldng nhin Iln nhau
2.5 Quy trinh hgp tde cin gido due eho tri mau gido (5-6 tuoi)
KNHT niy sinh trong HO ehung O l phit trien KNHT, d e thanh vifn phli nhin thflc v l thye hien dfldc quy trinh HD chung
Budc 1:Xdc dinh mue tiiu HD
NhCfrig nhifm vu glad eho trf phli dflpe don giin hda de trf chifm ITnh Myc tifu HO chung II thinh td
ma d c ea nhin hfldng tdi Myc tifu ehung cd the tieh
ra thanh d e nhifm vy rifng v i eu the 6i tre dat dfldc
Budc 2: Lin ki hogch eho HD
Lf n k l hoach cho HD chung la sy the hifn ra bfn ngoai "ke hoach ben trong cfla HO" bing sy phdi hdp
Trang 3nhau len k l hoach cho HO chung khi dflpc dinh hfldng
ve van de nay trong HD chung, viec ten ke hoach phli
dfla Ifn vj trf hing dau Dieu nay chflng td thanh edng
cua HO phu thude trfle tiep vao viee tre tfch eye tham
suy nghi can nhae nhiem vy Vife Ifn ke hoach cho HO
chung ddi hdi sy bilu biet v l mue dich nhifm vu, tim
hiiu dac trflng ddi tfldng ctia HO nhlm dat dfldc kit q u i
BUdc 3: Phdi hap hdnh ddng vdl nhau
Bin chat cua phdi hpp hlnh ddng la sfl thdng nhat
no lue etia d c ben tham gia nhlm dat duoe muc dich
nang, vai trd hay nhifm vy
Oe hpp tie, d c thanh vien phai thau hieu nhflng
hinh ddng phdi hpp ehfla dflng nhflng thanh td hfldng
nhifm vu, eac thanh vien d n nhan thflc rd muc dieh efla
HO chung, he thdng cac hanh ddng c i nhan, hanh dpng
gia trong mdi tflpng quan ciia HD, so sanh ket q u i hinh
ddng vdi mye tieu dat ra
Budc 4: Hodn thdnh kit qud HD
Kft q u i ehung dat dflpc kht cac bfn tham gia da
hoan tat nhflng cdng viec hfldng vao muc tieu HO Kit
q u i ehung ludn dflpc so sanh ngflpe lai vdi mue tifu
nhifm vu ban dau Kit q u i HD gdp phan phin anh tinh
t h i n hop tie v i KNHT ctia d c thinh vien
2.6 Cdc cdch thdc phoi hgp hdnh dpng trong qud
trinh hop tdc can gido due cho tre mau gido 5-6 tuoi
Vifc hinh thanh va phat trien KNHT cd sy to chfle
HO chung theo mdt quy trinh, he thdng khoa hpc vdi sfl
phfle tap dan cac nhiem vy nham giflp tre tfch luy kinh
cae each phdi hpp hanh dpng Cle kilu phdi hpp hlnh
ddng sau khi HO chung:
-Kieu U Phdi hgp hdnh ddng theo "muctieu ~ kit qud"
Trong d c h thflc phdi hpp hanh ddng hpp t i e theo
kilu "myc tieu - k i t qua" tre se t y hoan thanh nhiem vy
cua minh trong tdng the nhiem vy chung mpt d e h doe
lap Trong qua trinh hoan thanh nhiem vy, nhifm vy ca
nhin se trd thanh mpt phin cua ket qua eudi cung Sfl
doan dau - xac djnh myc tieu, len k l hoach cho HO va
giai doan cudi - tdng kit k i t q u i HD
Cach thfle phoi hpp hanh dpng hdp tie "myc tieu
-kit qua" l i each thflc don giin nhat mang y nghia nen
theo Mdi quan he gifla muctieu, kit q u i dfldc nhan bilt
vifc phdi hpp vdi nhau de ed dupe kft qui HO ehung
tdt nhit Khi hoin thanh phan cdng vifc ctia mlnh, trf
nhan ra phan viee efla ea nhan tdt se keo theo kit q u i
ciia nhdm tdt Difu nay khuyen khich khi ning HO trf
Trong each thflc phdi hpp hanh ddng niy, trf phat
trien dupc khi nang dfla ra muc tifu chung, tham gia
ban eflng nhdm, gifl mdt nhip dd can t h i f t on dinh va
cudi Cling eiing nhau danh gia k i t qua
- Kieu 2: Phdi hgp hdnh ddng theo kiiu "ddy chuyin
sdn xudt"
Trong each thu'c phdi hdp hanh dpng hdp tac theo
kieu "diy ehuyin sin xuat", tre se hoan thanh nhifm vy
lan luot Oieu niy dot hdi sfltflOng tie gifla cac tre
Trong cich thii'c phot hpp hlnh ddng hpp t i e niy, tre khdng chi xac djnh mue tieu chung ma cdn phli thUc hien nhat quan d c hanh ddng giQa nhting ngfldi tham gia Khi mdt HO vdn dfldc thflc hifn bdi mdt ngfldi lai trd thanh muc tieu HD cua ngfldi khic sf ddi hdt sy giao Iflu, hdp t i e gifla nhiing ngfldi tham gia - HD theo "day chuyen sin xuat"
d cieh thflc phdi h ^ hinh ddng theo kieu "day chuyen sin xult", tre phit triin khi nang phdi hdp, dilu chinh cdng viec chung theo nhip dp lam viec thdng nhat Trf nang cao nhan thflc ve mdi lifn he gifla chat gta va k i t q u i chung cua nhifm vy
- Kiiu 3: Phdi hgp hdnh ddng theo kiiu "phdi kit hgp"
Trong each thflc phdi hpp hanh ddng theo kilu
"phdi ket hpp" tre se len k l hoach edng vifc v l thye hifn
cdng vife theo cap trfldc di hoin thanh mdt phin cdng
viee, sau dd phdi hpp eung nhau d l dat kit qui cuoi
cd kinh nghifm trong vifc thye hifn hai kilu phli hop hanh ddng "myc rifu - k i t qua" va "day chuyen sin xult" Trong cieh thflc phdi hap hinh ddng nay, trf se ning eao khi nang ten ke hoach cdng viee, phdi hpp nghifm hpp tie Trong qua trinh lam viee theo cap hay gpi la "nhdm hat nhin" d e em ed the linh hoat sfl dung cac kilu phdi hap hinh ddng "myc tieu - ket qui", "diy
chuyen san xult" de thyc hien, sau do se phoi hpp vdi
phdi hpp hanh ddng trfldc, d e h thflc phdi hdp hlnh dpng niy phu hpp vdt nhflng nhifm vy phfle tap, tdng hop eho phep kit hdp d c ndi dung GD khac nhau
3 Kit luln
KNHT ctia tre mau giao chi nay sinh khi trf dflpe HO chung cung nhau Viec xac djnh quy trinh HD hc^ tae, cic phudng tien dung diGD KNHT cho tre giiip GV mim cho trf "Id trinh" khi lam viec chung ciing nhau
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
[11 CaoThi Cue, Ren luyin kindng hogt dgng nhdm cho tri 5-6 tudi d trudng mdm non, Tap chl Giio dye, sd
280, tr.20-22
[2] Mary Renck Jalongo, (2008), Learning to Listen,
Listening to Learn, Building Essential Skills in Young
Children
[3] Nguyen Thj Hda, (2009), Gido trinh Gido duchgc
mdm non, NXB Oai hoc Sfl pham Ha Npi
[4] Johnson D.W - Johnson R.T and E Holubee
(1992), Advanced cooperative learning, Edina, Minn,
Interaction book company
SUMMARY
Cooperative skill is an important life skill for children
to be prepared before entering grade 1 Basing on research
"instructing cooperative skill for children aged 5-6 through collaborative skill education; means for instructing children's cooperation skill; Its basic signals; process and collaborative forms Thus, the organization of joint activities for preschoolers will help them practise these skills and develop their behaviors
Keywords: Cooperative skill; children aged 5-6;
activity