KiiY D i e m IRINH HHOi DIN TII HOC CHO SINH VIEN SO PHAM SINH HOC TS VU OINH LUAN'''' Abstract During teacher traming at pedagogical universities under credit based system, the self study guideline for[.]
Trang 1KiiY Die m IRINH HHOi DIN TII HOC CHO SINH VIEN SO PHAM SINH HOC
TS V U O I N H L U A N '
A b s t r a c t : During teacher traming at pedagogical universities under credit-based system,
the self-study guideline for students is essential for students to lifelong study to continuously improve their qualifications and capacity to meet occupational needs Although there have many studies of students' study, but no study has given appropriate training students of Biology Teachers how to self^study Based on theories of learning activities, the role of teaching-supporting materials, we build self-learning process guideline for students on the basis of the specific use to teach the abstract, experimental teachings have brought positive initial results
Reward: Guided self-study process: Credit System: Genetic material
I.Trongthdidaingay nay, tmdng dai hpe (DH)
khdng thetrang bi cho sinh vien (SV) day du nhdng
kien thuc, kTnang, nang lue can thiet dehp CO thesan
sang cho edng viee trong h/ong lai Bdi vi, cusau 4-5
nam IU(?ng tri ttidc cua nhan loai tang gap doi, vi vay
khi bat dau hpc DH hay sau khi tot nghiep ttii si/lae
hau eua S V so vdi lupn^ tri ttide nhan loai ciJng khdng
dupc cai thien dang ke Do do, trudng DH can trang
bi kha nang tu hpc (TH) cho SV Luat Giao due
(2005) ghi: "Phuffngphap dao teo tnnh dgcao ding,
trinh do DH phai coi trgng boi dudng y thuc til giac
trong hgc ^p, ning luc TH, tt/nghien cdu, phit trien
tuduy sing tao, ren luyen kinang ffiuchanh, tao dieu
kien cho ngudi hpc Mm gia nghien cdu, thuc nghiem,
dng dung' (1; tt 32-33) Quy che dao tao theo lipe
che tin chi quy djnh van de tt/ hpe ddng vai trd quan
trpng giup SV iinh hpi kien tiiuc mdn hpe eung nhu
phat huy nang luc cua ban ttian dudi su hudng d i n
cua giang vien (G VJ Do do, rat can ed phUPng phap
hay quy trinh cu thede ren luyen TH cho SVde hpc
TH cdhieu qua
Thuc tehien nay, hoatdpng tt/hpc cua SV ndi chung
va SV cae Tmdng DH t h u Dau Mptvampt s o ' t m ^ g
OH khac edn han che, ttong dd SV chua danh nhieu
then gian cho viec TH, chua xay dung va ren luyen kT
nang TH cho ban ttian, hinh thdc TH va quy trinh day
TIH cdn chua hpp li Chinh vi vay, viec nghien cuu van
de TH eua SV ndi chung vaSV nganh supham Sinh
hpc ndi rieng dedexuatquy ttinh tochuc hoatdwigTH
eho SV gdp phan narig cao ket qua hpe t ^ va chat
lupng dao tao la van de edtinh cap thiet Vi le do, tham
khao cac quy trinhTH da dupc congbd'eua eac tacgia
trong nude, chung toi eai tien vaxaydungquytrinhTH
eho SV nganh su pham Sinh hpc
42 Tap chi Gido due so 369
2 TH va van de xay d u n g quy trinh TH
2.1 Tuhgc.Bac Ho-tam guong TH Idn va hpc
tap suot dd^dade ra "5 yeu cau cua quattinh TH: Mot
la: Trong viee TH, dieu quan trpng hang dau la xac
djnh rd rnuc dieh hpe tap va xay dung dpng CO hpctip dung d i n ; Wa/7a: Phai tt/ minh lao dpng de tao dieu kien cho vieetuhpcsuotddi; Sa/a.'MuonTH tiianh cong, phai cd kehoach s i p xep tiidi plan hpe tap, phai ben bl, kien tri thuc hien kehoach den cung,khdng lui
budc tmdc mpl trd ngai; Bon la: Phai triet de tan dun^
mpi hoan canh, mpi phuong tten, mpi hinh ttiuc de
TH; Nim li:Hoc den dau, ra sue luyen tap, ttiuc hanh
de'ndd"(2;fr9b-91)
Nhu vay theo Bac, TH la qua trinh ea nhan doc lap, tim toi kien thdc, hpc di doi vdi hanh tinh doc lap lien quan vd^ quan niem v e s u dpe lap trong viec lua chpn muedich, lira chpn nhung con dudng va phuong tien giai quyet nhdng van de dat ra.TH la hinh ttidc hpc edtinh chatca nhan do ban ttian ngudi hpe ndli/c thue hien
Ban chat TH la hoat dpng nhan thdc dpe lap cua ngudi hpc Kien fridc khong nhan ttide dupc ttjrngoai vao malaketquacuaviec lam ben frong, mptviee lam cua minh vdi minh ttjt laTH cua ngud^ hpe Nhuvay,TH la mpthoatdpng mang tinh chatca nhan mpt each ro ret To chdc hoat dpng THnhutti^ nao cho co hieu qua la cdn phu ttiupe vao dac di^'m tam sinh li, nang luc frittje, dac diem ttnh cam,ttiai dp
ea nhan, tuy theo khuynh hudng va kha nang, ttiy theo trinh dp nhan thdc cua ban ttian ve nhiem vu va trach nhiem, cuoi cung la ttieo tiidi quen va lam viec dpe lap
* TnrilRgfiai hgc Tliii Dau Mot
Trang 2T H , son^ eac tac gia nghien cuu v l T H deu di den
quan diem chung la: THIi hoatdong doihoicoy thdc
tugiic cao, mang tinh doc lap, ca nhin phaico hai dp
dung, CO he Uiong kinang TH, the hien sutim toi
sang tgo, tudieu khien, trdieu chinh, b/kiem tra viec
hgc cua chinh minh Cd ttie coi TH la qua ttinh ca
nhan tt/giac, tt/li/e, tich cue Unh hpi nhdng van de da
dupc dat ra trong cupe sdng b i n g hanh dpng cua
chinh minh dedatdupe nhdng muc dich nhat djnh
Decodupetrithuc khoa hpc, kTnang, kTxao mpt each
hethong, edtinh khai quat, con ngucri phai tien hanh
hoatdpng hpc Trong quatrinh thue hien hoatdpng
hpc, con ngudi can tich cue TH Dieu dang luu y la
viee ITnh hpi hethdng tri ttidc khoa hpc cua hpe sinh,
S V chl CO the ed dupe khi cdday du nhdng dieu kien
sau: - Ngudi hpc phai tu giae ve m uc dieh hpc tap va
tich cue thuc hien muc dieh dd; - Qua trinh 66 phai
dupc thue hien dudi su dieu khien, hudng dan cua
nha giao due qua mot quy trinh hpp li
Nhu vay, viec hpc tap chi xay ra d rioi nao ma
nhdng hanh dpng cua con ngudi dupe dieu khien bdi
muc dich tugiac la ITnh hdi nhflng tri thdc, kTnang, kT
xao, nhdng phuong ttidc hanh vi, nhflng dang hanh
dpngnhatdinh khi eon ngucri cdyttidcvacd kha nang
dieu khien, dieu chinh hanh dpng eua ban than
2^ Cac liinh thuc TH TH la hoat dpng doc lap
chiem ITnh kien thdc, kTnang, kTxac.va kinh nghian
Ijch suxa hpl loai ngucri ndi chung va cua chinh ban
than ngudi hpc Theo Thai Duy Tuyen: "Co nhieu
each TH khac nhau: - TH dudi sdhddhg dan cua
thay nhu: TH cua hgc sinh, S V, thuc tap sinh, nghien
cdu sinh ; - TH khong co suhudng dan cua thay:
Tnfdng hgp nay ffiuong lien quan den nhdng nguai
dabwng thanh nhu thay - co giao, nhung nha khoa
hgc; - TH trong cuge song: Thudng gap a cac nhi
van, cac nha kinh te, cac nha chinh trixa hgi (3;
fr 302-303)
Trong nghien cdu, ehung tdi de cap TH dudisu
hudng din cua G V, van de nay phu hpp vdi quy che
dao tao ttieo hpc chetin ehl dcac trudngDH hien nay
2.3 Thuc trang tochuc hoat dgng TH cho S V
cwaGf Qua phdng van G V , ^ e u tta S V v a ketqua
cdng bo trong "Kiyeu hgi thao khoa hgc Bdi dddng
nang luc TH cho S V Tn/dng DH Thu Dau Mgt, Uiang
02/2015' chung tdi nhan ttiay: Da so GV deu nhan
tilde dupc y nghTa, tam quan trpng cija hoatdpng TH
trong phuong tiiuc dao tao theo he Uiong tin ciii va hp
da xae dinh dung nhihig kTnang TH co ban can ehu
y ren luy&n cho SV trong qua trinh giang day Trong
ttiuc la then chot Thuc te'viec hudng dan S V TH hiai nay doi vdi GV cdn dang gap nhieu lung tung, hieu qua day hoc con thap Vi vay, can chu y ren luyen nhung kTnang TH coban cho SV trong quatrinh day hpe TH, xay dung quy trinh hudng dan TH cho SV trong day hpc mpt hpc phan cu tiie
2.4 Xay dung quy trinh TH cho SV Tren eO
sdphan tieh cac quytrinh TH hien cd d i ^ vao e o s d
li luan cua hoatdpng day hpc, vaitrdcua eau ha (CH), bai tap (BT) trong day hpe, ehung tdi tien hanli xay dung quy trinh 5 budc hudng d i n SV TH hpc phan
Di truyen hpc - Chuang3 Ban chatcua vatchiidi
truyen (4; fr 79-124) Day la mpt chuong khd ttong
Di tmyen hpc ndi rieng, Sinh hpc ndi chung vdi hinh ttidc TH CO hudng dan cua GV
Bddcl Gidi ffiieu giao trinh CO ban, cung cap he
rftd/jpCW,erc/]oSl'.Heth6ngCH,BTnaytiiudnq
la nhdng CH,BT cudi chuong do tac gia giao trinh de ngh i GV can cuvao de cuong ehi tiet ttiam khao cac giao trinh khae nhau cdlien quan ehpn Ipc nhflng CH,
BT can thiet giao cho S V tu nghien cflu Bdi vi thue chat CH, BT ma hoa ndl dung giao trinh, viee hdi va tra Id^ CH, giai BT mang lai kien th de, KN va nang luc
ma chuong trinh, giao trinh yeu cau d S V Vi du gidi tiiieu SV su dun^ Giao ttinh Di tmyen hpc eua Vu Due Luu, Nguyen Minh Cdng vdi cac CH tt/ luan;
1)Anh (cht) hay tiinh bay nhdng thinghiem chdng to
A DN li Cff Sff vit chat di tmyen chu yeu ffmdcdg phin tu?; 2) Vi sao ADN thoa man cac tieu chuih cua vatchitditruyen ?;3) Chdng minh sulaiban cua ADN diin ra ffieo phuang Uidc ban bao toan?; 4) Ngddi^ co Uie xac dinh trinh b/cacnucieotitUong ADN bing cich nao ?; 5) GiaiUiich ADN co chieu dai gip nhieu lan kich Uiudc tebao nhung van nam ggn trong tebio ?; 6) Chung minh nhiem sac Uie(NS T) ii casa vat chat di tmyen a cap do tebao?
Budc2.SVIamviecdoclap.S'^ dqc1a\\\m:6tx
ludt, tim y ehinh Tddd, SV biet dat cac cau/7o/fra'0 ng'^n(CHTLN),6a/rapn/jd(BTN)ttJ'cacCH,BTda eho Phan biet cae tiianh phan kien ttl uc frong chuong trinh: khainiem,quyluat(d!nh luat), phuong phap va van dung Tuhetti6ngcau/?ci'Vj/?AHy/t-Qc/?cn(CHNLC)
d i cdtta Idi cac CHTLN,BTNmacacCHNLC dupe xay dung tt> nhung CH, BT nay; SV phan biet dupe eac thuat ngu khac nhau eua khai niem, nam vflng
khai niem Vi du vert 6 CH d budc 1 hudng den cae CHTLN sau; /) Vat cha't di truyen phai co cic ^eu
chuan nao?; 2) Nhdng chit huu canao Uioa man cac tieu chuih cua vit chi'tdi truyen?; 3) Ket luin quan
Tap chi Gido due so 369 43
Trang 3quan trong cua thinghiem A Hershey- M Chase li
gi? Li giai?; 5} Trinh bay cac cffsffchdng^ to ADN ia
cffsdvitcua sinh vit nhin chuih ?; 6) Ket iuan quan
trong cua ffii nghiem Meselson - Stahlla gi? Li giai?
7) Tai sao phuang phap enzym hoc cua Sanger
(1977) lai xac dinh dugc tnnh tucua ADN ?; 8) Co cic
yeu to nio quydjnh suda dang cua ADN, yeu to nao
la quan trong nhat?; 9) Yeu to nio quyet dinh suda
dang ADN cua loai?; 10) GiaiUiich ciu tnicsieuxoin
cua NST, y nghia cua no?; 11) Caching chdng chdng
toNSTIacasdvitchatditmyenacip do tebio?
Tdcac CH nay cdtheGV cung cap cho SV he thd'ng
CHNLCtuongxflngdeSVtienhanhttiaoluan nhom
Buoc 3 Thao luan nhom bang cic CHNLC da
chgn Qua thao luan nit ra tri thflc ehung, thue hien
phuong phap hpc tap hpp tac eau fra Idi la ketqua cua
ttiao luan mang tinh tap ttie, G V can yeu cau SV rut
ngin nhat cau tra Idi ma van diin dat 6\sqz day du
thdng tin Day la budc rat quan trpng, sau khi chinh
xachoacacCHTLN,BTN,thiviecligiai cac phuong
an dung hoac sai cua CHNLC cdtae dung ren luyen
tuduychoSVratldn.dday,GV can tochdc ChoSV
ttiao luan va li giai cae phuong an, de cho hp hieu sau
sic van de hon Cd nhieu tinh hud'ng xay ra trong
ttiao luan li giai phuong an saLCan danh gia eao eac
y kien ye li giai ehinh xac eac phuong an sai, chflng td
SV nam sau sac van de Vai trd ttpng tai cua G V lue
nay rat quan trong Lpi the cua thao luan CHNLC la
lam cho SV ttie hien rd mflc dp nhan thuc Nhu vay,
CO th&' tap cho SV eojdi suy nghT nhieu chieu hon
trong cung mpt van de Vi du cau 9 trong budc 2, cd
ttie ed CHNLC tuong ung la: Yeu tdquyetdinh suda
dang ADN cua biila:A Solugngcua cic nucleoli;
B Thanh phan cic bai nucleotit; C Trat tu sip xep
cua cac nucleo& (chgn C); D Cac loai Hen ket hoa hgc
cua ADN Neu SV chpn phuong an A, de nghj giai
ttiich solupng nucleotitcijacac cattietrong loai ttiudng
bing nhau tai sao ehung lai khac nhau? Neu chpn
phuong an Btiiigiai thich latile A+T/G+X la on djnh
vdi eac eathe trong loai? Neu chpn phuong an D thi
giai ttiich chinh la he quacua phuang an A Phuong
an Ola dung, yeu cau giai ttiich tai sao dung? Va can
cd ket luan:Chinhtratti/sip xep cua nucleotit tao nen
alen khac nhau cua cung mpt gen
Theochungtoi, b i n g each sudung CHNLC, SV
ed ttil hgc cai dung trong cai sai va bing cii sai, va da
ren luyen loi tu duyhpi tu va phan ki eho SV
Budc 4 He thong hoa cic kieh thdc bing ban do
khainiem (BDKN), sffdofSD) ban dotu duy (BDTD)
44 Tap chi Gido due so 369
niem tren co sd dd biet md'i quan he giua cac khai niem, kien thdc theo quy trinh dupc GV hudnp d i n Tfl eac dang he thong lida nay ma SV cd the hoan thien cac loai kien ttiuc can n i m dupc trong giao ttinh
Vi du BDKN dudf day cdttiegiup SV hoan ttiien st/ hieu biet cua minh ve gen, mpt khai niem tmng t i m cua chuong 3 Ban chat cua vat chat di tmyen
Budc 5 Van dung Uong thuc te, tdgiaicicBT,tu kiem tra danh gia duoi su chi dao cua G V Suttidng
hieu npi dung kien ttiflc duoc tiie hien d muc cao la kha nang van dung kien ttitic mdi dd vao giai quyet eac tinh huong khae nhau ve li thuyet, ttit/c tien san xuat, ddi song, chinh la phat trien nang luc cho SV Sau khi li giai cac phuong an dung sai, ehinh xac hoa tri thdc mtSri, viee van dyng chung duoc GV ra cac
CH, BT ngay tren Idp hay ve nha, nham kiem tra tri thdc cua SV, dieu chinh each day hpc cho tdng ca nhan va nhdm SV
Nham cung co tri ttidc mdi hoan ttiien dmuc ttiong hieu sang tao hon, cac C H , BT ra eho SV phai dam bao sao eho khi tiB idi SV phai van dung kien ttiflc d nhungtinh huong k h ^ nhau velittiuyethay giai ttiich nhflng van de thuc tien ddi song Muc thap la nhutig tinh huong ma CHNLC da dua ra, cac mdc dd eao hon n i m ngoai nhdng van de ma SV da thao luan, ngoalcacphuong an cua CHNLC,tatnhien la nhflng
CH tuluan hay BT,tham chidung mptCHNLC khac
ed kha nang sudung frong khau dn tap, eung c 6 -cungsedem lai hieu quatiehci/c Vidu phuong phap taeh chiet A D N , dien di, PCR, lai phan tti, xae djnh trinh tu ADN ed y nghTa nhu ttie nao vdi di tmyen va cong nghe sinh hpe hien nay
Ap dung quy trinh nay, chung tdi da tien hanh ttii/c nghiem tren SV va cd ket qua ttn eay oca phan tich
dinh tinh va djnh lucflig trong day hpe chuang 3 Ban
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