TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM SS 4(82) nam 2016 MAY VAN DE VE XAY DUTNG CHl/OfNG TRINH TIENG VIET CHO NGlTCn NXrOC NGOAI THEO MO HINH PHAT T R I E N NANG LlTc'''' BUI MANH H O N G '''' TOM TAT Bdi viil thdo l[.]
Trang 1MAY VAN DE VE XAY DUTNG CHl/OfNG TRINH TIENG VIET
CHO NGlTCn NXrOC NGOAI THEO MO HINH PHAT T R I E N NANG LlTc'
BUI MANH H O N G '
TOM TAT
Bdi viil thdo ludn mot s6 vin di vi xdy ditng chuang trinh tiing Viet cho nguai nuac ngodi theo mo hinh phdt triin ndng luc (PTNL) Viec xdy dung chuang trinh ndy duac dua h-en nhiing ki ndng duac xdc dinh theo Khung tham chiiu ndng luc ngoai ngU cua chdu An
vd nhang lain thic tiing Viet cdn cho nhu cdu giao tiip ciia ngirai hqc theo nhirng chu diim nhdt dinh Bdi viit nay tap trung vdo cdch xdc dinh nhung kien thiic nhu vdy trong chuang trinh tiing Viet cho nguai nuac ngodi a trinh doAl
Tirkhda: tiing Viet, ngoai ngu, chuang trinh theo mo hinh phat trien nang lire, ngon
ngu hgc chiic nang, khung tham chilu nang lire ngoai ngir cua chau Au, kien thiic
ABSTRACT
Some aspects of designing the competence-based curriculum
of Vietnamese language for foreigners The article discusses some aspects of designing the competence-based curriculum of Vietnamese language for foreigners The design of this curriculum is based on the skills determined by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the knowledge of Vietnamese language necessary for learners to communicate in the different topics The article focuses on how to determine such kind of knowledge in the curriculum
of Vietnamese for foreigners at level AJ
Keywords: Vietnamese, foreign language, competence-based curriculum, functional
linguistics, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, knowledge
1 Dat van fle ngoai ngO cho ngucri niroc ngoai
XSy dung chuong trinh day hgc Cl Viet Nam, hien co nhieu co so theo mo hinh PTNL la xu huong chung giao due co chuong trinh day hgc tieng cua giao due Viet Nam, nhim dua giao Viet cho nguoi nuoc ngoai Nhung cac due nuoc nha hgi nhap voi giao due quoc eo so giao due nay chi cong bo nhung
te va dap ling nhu cau dao tao nhan luc thong tin rat van tat ve chuong trinh, ngi Trong xu huong chung do, viec xay dung dung day hgc cho cac trinh do Da co chucmg trinh tiing Viet cho hgc sinh Viet nhilu sach giao khoa (SGK) Tiing Viet Nam Cling nhu cho nguoi nuoc ngoai cho nguoi nuac ngoai do cac ca so giao dang CO nhiing buoc chuyen quan trgng, due va ca nhan bien soan, nhung tat ca dua tren nhung each tilp can dugc cong cac bg SGK loai nay deu dugc xay dung nhan rgng rai 6 tit ca cac nuoc phat triin theo nhung ngi dung dugc cac tac gia du Bai viet nay tap trung ban ve viec xay kiln, phac thao, chii chua co mgt chuong dung chucmg trjnh tiing Viet nhu mgt trinh dugc xay dung co he thing, va dT
• PGS TS, Trip&ng flai hoc Su pham TPHCM; Email: manhhung160Bl^yahoo.com m
Trang 2nhien cung chua eo mdt ehuang trinh qudc
gia lam chuan de bien soan SGK Nam
2007, Vien Khoa hgc giao due Viet Nam
cd xay dung chuong trinh va bien soan
SGK dgy tidng Viet cho ngudi Viet d nudc
ngoai Xet ve mdt phuong dien nao do thi
ddi tugng ngudi Viet d nudc ngoai hgc
tieng Viet cd phdn gidng vdi hge mdt ngoai
ngii Tuy vay, ngudi Viet d nude ngoai
khdng hoan toan la ngudi nudc ngoai Hg
hgc tieng Viet nhu m0t "ngon ngii di san"
(heritage language), chu khdng phai thudn
tuy la mgt ngogi ngd Hon niia, ndi dung
chuong trinh cdn tuong ddi khm quat va
chua cap nhat nhung thanh tyu mdi nhdt vd
xay dyng chuong trinh day hgc ngogi ngii
cua the gidi
6 mdt sd nude, nhat la nhimg noi
cd cgng ddng ddng dao ngudi Vidt sinh
sdng, viec dgy hgc tieng Viet kha phat
trien Tuy nhien, viec day hgc van dya
tren cac tai lieu, SGK dugc bien soan
theo each don le, khdng cd mdt chuong
trinh lam chuan Ci mgt sd bang cua
Australia nhu New South Wales (2003)
va Queensland (2008) cd nhiing chuong
trinh tidng Viet dugc xay dung ehuyen
nghiep va cdng phu'^ Tuy nhien, sy phan
biet ve nang Iyc giao tiep (nghe, ndi, dgc,
vidt) giiia cac trinh do khdng dugc the
hien cy the va chi tiet Thdng tin ve ttr
vyng va ngii phap tieng Viet kha ngheo
nan va nhidu chd thidu chinh xac, chang
ban each hieu ve eac phuong tien chi
"thl", ve "trgng tu", "tinh tir sd hiiu"
trong tidng Viet Cd ve nhu nhiing each
hidu nay dugc hinh thanh tren co sd eai
"khudn ngir phap" cua tieng Anh
Chuong trinh qudc gia eua Australia
cung cd chuong trinh rieng cho mdn Tieng Viet nhu mgt ngoai ngti^ Cac mgch ndi dung va he thdng chudn ciing thiet ke theo cau tnic chung danh eho cac mdn ngoai ngii d Australia, vi v|ty nd mang dam dgc trung cua mdt chuang trinh dgy hgc ngon ngu" trong bdi canh cua nudc nay Cac ca sd ed dao tao tieng
Viet d M^, Phap, Lao cung cd cae
chuong trinh, de cuong bai giang ("syllabus"), nhung ndi chimg, do chi la nhung chi dan va yeu eau rat van tat, tuy thuge chii yeu vao quan diem eiia timg ngudi sogn thao va timg co sd dao tgo
2 Cff Sff h' thuygt cho viec x3y dyng chirong trinh mdi
2.1 Cdc li th uyit vi th u dde ngdn ngit
Cd nhieu each giai thich khac nhau
ve qua trinh thy dac ngdn ngii, nhung cd anh hudng sau rdng nhat la eae Ii thuyet
Hdnh vi lugn, Bdm sinh ludn, va Tri nhdn ludn Ddng sau nhihig Ii thuydt nay cd
bdng dang cua mdt sd trudng phai ngdn ngii hgc va tam li hgc chi phdi cae dudng hudng giao due ngdn ngii trong gan mgt the ki qua
Trong khi Hdnh vi ludn cua Skirmer
[15] de cao vai trd ciia mdi trudng thi
Bdm sinh lugn cua Chomsky [9] nhan
manh nang luc ndi tai, kha nang sang tgo eua con ngudi chu the trong qua trinh thu
dac ngdn ngG Tri nhdn ludn thi duge
hinh thanh ehu yeu trdn co sd Ii thuydt tam li hgc ciia Piaget Li thuyet nay gidng vdi quan niem cua Chomsky d chd coi ngdn ngii la ket qua ciia qua trinh phat trien tri khdn, chii khdng phai la san phdm cua hanh vi (Piaget 1980) [14] Tuy vay, khac vdi Chomsky va cae mdn de
Trang 3TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
cac nha tri nh^n luan co chii y nhieu hon
din vai tro cua moi truong Theo Tri
nhgn ludn, kha nang tu duy la co so cho
su thu die ngon ngu Truoc khi diia tre
CO thl noi vl mgt su vat thi no phai biet
vl svr vat do Piaget cho ring khi sir
tuang tac gitta hoat dgng nhan thiic cua
diia tre va moi trucmg (ngon ngO va phi
ng6n ngO) diln ra thi nhiing cau tnic
ngon ngir phiic tap se phat triin Quan
niem nay lam eo so cho each tiep can
trong giao due dugc bilt duoi ten ggi la
"Constructivism" ("Kien tao luan" hay
"Li thuylt kiln tao") Kien tgo lugn eho
ring hgc khong don gian la su phan anh
true tilp qua trinh day, ma ngucri hgc
phai kiln tag eac khai niem va tri thiic
cho chinh minh nhu la ket qua ciia qua
trinh day hgc Trong linh vuc day dgc
vilt, Kiin tgo lugn dugc the hien qua li
thuylt dugc ggi la "whole language
education" (d^y hgc ngon ngU nhu mgt
chinhthi) [12], [16]
Vcfi su hinh thanh va phat trien ciia
Tri nhgn ludn va Kien tao ludn, Hdnh vi
ludn da mat dan anh huong Ba quan
dilm nay diu da dat co so li thuylt cho
nhiing each tiep c$n khac nhau trong viec
xay dung chuong trinh day hgc ngon ngii
noi chung va ngoai ngii noi rieng [7], [1]
Song tu goc do ling dung ngon ngll hgc
vag day hpe ngoai ngO thi each tilp can
cua ngon ngQ hgc chiic nang (Functional
Linguistics), nhat la ngon ngd hgc chiic
nang he thing (Systemic Functional
Linguistics) va Khung tham chilu nang
luc ngoai ngO chau Au (CEFR) dugc
cong bo trong khoang muai nam nay cho
ta nhiing ggi y cu thl hon
2.2 Ngon ngO- hpc churc nang va Khung tham chiiu nang life ngoai ngtr cua chau Au
Khong tilp can ngon ngii nhu mgt hien tugng tam li ma nhu mgt hien tugng
xa h5i, ngon ngO hgc chiic nang da dat nin mong vQng chic cho giao due ngon • ngii Trong b6i canh giao due ngon ngii hien nay, each tilp can chiic nang dang chi phii ITnh vuc xay dimg chuang trinh
va thiit kl tai lieu day hgc ngon ngO tren toan thl gidi Cac nha chuyen mon trong ITnh vuc giao due ngon ngii ngay cang d6ng thuan cho rang khong the day hgc ngon ngu nhu mgt he thong cau tnic
"trong ban than no va vi no" theo tinh than cua Saussure [3] va cac nha cau tnic iuan cua MT [8], ma phai day hgc ngon ngU trong moi quan he vai chiic nang ciia
no Ngon ngO hinh thanh, phat triin, va d^c biet la dugc sii dung vi nhiing chiic nSng cila no Chinh nhiing chiic nang nay quy dinh djc dilm ciu tnic va co chi van hanh ciia ngon ngtt Trong cac "nhanh" cua ngdn ngO hgc chiic nang, li thuyet chiie nang he thong ciia Halliday co anh huong manh me hon ca doi vdi viec day hgc ngon ngd trong nha trucmg [13] Theo each tiSp cgn chiic nang he thong, chuong trinh giao due ngon ngQ, day hgc tieng me de cting nhu ngoai ngu, cin giiip nguoi hgc hieu dugc ngon ngtt hanh ehiic nhu thl nao trong cac moi truong khac nhau [11], [13]
Cach tilp c$n chiie nang nay rat nhit quan vod ducmg hucjng day hgc ngoai ngQ cila Hfli ddng chau Au (Council of Europe) the hien qua Khung tham ehilu nSng luc ngoai ngO cua chau
Trang 4Au (The Common European Framework
of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
CEFR duge cdng bd chinh thde vao nam
2001, do mgt uy ban gdm cac chuyen gia
giang dgy ngdn ngii soan thao trong sudt
10 nam Day la kdt qua eua mdt hudng
tiep can day hgc ngoai ngd mdi khdi phat
tir nhimg nam 1970 d chSu Au Ngay
nay, CEFR duge chuyen ngii sang hang
ehuc thir tidng khac nhau
CEFR nhdm muc dich cimg cdp
mgt CO sd chung cho viee xay dyng giao
an, bd hudng ddn chuong tririh giang dgy,
thi cii, bien sogn SGK d chau Au Theo
quan diem cua cac nha sogn thao CEFR,
day va hgc ngdn ngCr theo hudng giao
tiep la hudng ISy ngudi hgc lam trung
tam (learner-centred) Nd khuydn khich
ngudi hgc hgc ngdn ngd dich (target
language) thdng qua vigc xay dung, md
rdng kien thiie va kinh nghi?m cua ngudi
hgc Ngudi hgc sg tap trung vao nhiing
chu didm lien quan va lya chgn nhiing
nhiem vu nham dat dugc cac myc tieu ma
giao an de ra Nang lyc giao ti^p cua
ngudi hgc phat trien khi hg tham gia vao
mdt sd nhiem vu mang tinh thyc te, cd y
nghia, hQu ich va cd the dat dugc Coi
viee hgc ngdn ngii la mdt khia canh eiia
sir dung ngdn ngit, CEFR da xac dinh kha
nang ngudi hgc cd thd lam gi d timg edp
dg Giao vien can biet nhimg cap do ma
CEFR dua ra de dinh hudng ngi dung va
phuang phap dgy hgc cdng nhu lya ehgn
SGK va cac tai li?u khac [10]
3 Xay dyng chirong trinh Tieng
Viet cho ngirdi nirdc ngoai tren quan
diem chirc nang va Khung tham chieu
n§ng lu-c ngoai ngii cua chau Au
Viec xay dyng chuang trinh day hgc ngogi ngii ndi ehung va tidng Viet cho ngudi nudc ngoai ndi rieng theo md hinh PTNL ddi hdi phai dya tren quan diem chiic nang va nen van dung CEFR nhu mgt thanh qua ciia chau Au trong viee tiep can giao due ngdn ngii theo quan diem chiic nang Thay vi dua tren quan diem ehuc nang de thiet ke cua khung nang luc ngoai ngii ridng, cac nudc tren the gidi cd xu hudng ap dyng ngay cang rOng rai CEFR de xSy dyng chuang trinh ngoai ngti eho minh Va do ciing la lya chgn tdt ddi vdi Viet Nam Tuy nhien, CEFR chi cung cap nhiing md
ta tuong ddi khai quat va dgt ra cac chuan can dgt cho timg loai kT nang d timg bac:
Al, A2, Bl, B2, Cl va C2 Chdng hgn cae ehuan can dgt d bgc Al dugc tdm tdt nhu sau:
u KT ndng tiip nhgn
Nghe: Cd the nhan biet dugc cac tir
va nhdm td can ban, quen thudc Hen quan den ban than, gia dinh va mdi trudng xung quanh khi ngudi khac ndi chgm rai
va rd rang
Dgc: Cd the hieu duge cae tu, nhdm tir quen thuge va cac cau dan gian lien quan den ban than, gia dinh va mdi trudng xung quanh gdn gdi, nhu van ban ngdn va don gian tren quang cao, tiidng bdo
b Ki ndng tuffng tde
Ndi tuong tae: Cd thd hdi va tra ldi cac cau hdi don gian ve cac chu didm quen thudc vd ban thSn, gia dinh va mdi trudng xung quanh khi ngudi khac ndi cham rai, r6 rang va ddi khi nhdc lai dd gidp the hien dieu mudn ndi
Vidt tucmg tae: Cd thd vidt buu
Trang 5TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
thiep don gian va ngan ggn, vi du viet
bim thiep ve ki nghi cua ban than Cd the
dien bieu mau vdi cac thdng sd ca nhan,
vi dy dien ten, qudc tich, dia ehi vao bieu
dgt phdng khaeh san
e KJ nang tgo lap
Ndi sang tgo: Cd the su dung cac
cum tu va cau don gian de ndi ve cac chu
diem quen thudc ve ban than, gia dinh, va
mdi trudng xung quanh
Viet sang tgo: Cd the viet dugc
nhiing cum tir hoac nhiing cau don gian
ve ban than va nhan vat tudng tugng, ve
noi sinh sdng va cdng viec
Nhu vay, theo each tiep can PTNL
cho ngudi hgc, CEFR chi dat ra muc tieu
can dat, tue chu y den dau ra, chir khdng
quy dinh dau vao Nhiing kien thuc va
ngii lieu cu the nao can dugc dua vao de
cd dugc myc tieu can dat nhu vay khdng
phai Ia van de cua CEFR Vi vay, ngoai
he thdng cac kT nang do CEFR thidt kd,
chuang trinh Tidng Viet cho ngudi nudc
ngoai can phai md ta cac kien thuc va
logi ngii lieu can dugc dua vao dya tren
ket qua nghien cuu li thuydt vd tidng Viet
va khao sat kinh nghiem thuc te trong
viec xay dung chucmg trinh, bien sogn
SGK va day hgc tidng Viet cho ngudi
nudc ngoai trong nhung thap nien gdn
day Cd nghTa la tir CEFR ddn mdt
chucmg trinh tidng Viet cho ngudi nudc
ngoai cu thd, du chi tidt dd lam co sd cho
vide bien sogn SGK, cd rdt nhidu viec
phai Iam Dudi day chung tdi trinh bay
nhiing kdt qua nghien ciiu chinh dd hoan
thanh dugc chuang trinh nay d bac Al
Dd xac dinh cac kidn thuc tidng
Viet can ydu ddi vdi bac Al, chung tdi da
khao sat he thdng cac chu diem va thdng
ke tan sd xuat hien cua eac tir ngii dugc
su dung trong nhieu cudn sach dgy tieng Viet eho ngudi nudc ngoai, trinh dp so cap (cho ngudi mdi bat dau) da dugc luu hanh chu yeu trong khoang 25 nam qua* Ket qua xac dinh cac chu diem, bang tir eiia chung tdi dugc nit ra hi ca hai each tiep can: quy nap (khao sat, thdng ke tir tai lieu dgy hge tidng Viet hien hanh) va didn dich (tir cac ehu diem ma chung tdi xay dyng dya tren CEFR va danh gia cua chinh nhdm nghien ciiu) Cac chu didm giao tiep dugc khao sat tir cac cudn sach day tidng Viet hidn cd la rdt cd gia tri vi
dd chinh la "thyc tidn Viet Nam", frong
dd cd kinh nghiem cua nhidu chuyen gia, nha giao cd kinh nghiem day tidng Viet cho ngudi nude ngoai Chiing tdi thuc hien quy trinh nay dya tren quan niem: nhiing gi dugc eang nhidu tac gia bien soan sach day tieng Viet cho ngudi nudc ngoai dua vao saeh trinh do can ban (co mdt sy ddng thuan tuong ddi cao) thi eang cd co sd de xac djnh dd la ngi dung can day hgc trong chuang trinh bac Al
ma ehung tdi xay dyng
Vd he thdng chu diem, tham khao CEFR va cac chu diem/tinh hudng giao tidp trong nhiing cudn sach day tidng Viet, chung tdi dd xudt cac ehu didm cho chuang trinh Al, va cCng tir dd xay dyng
he thdng kien thiic ve tieng Viet va van hda Viet Nam tuong iing vdi cac chii diem dd Trong 20 cudn tren^ cd mdt sd cudn cd sd ehii diem rat it nhu cudn eua Nguydn Viet Huong (7 chu didm), Nguyen Diic Dan (10 chu diem); ed mdt
sd cudn ten bai hgc vira cd the la chu
Trang 6diem, vira cd the la mdt/mdt sd cau tnic
ngu: phap (Nguyin Van Phuc) hay nhiing
eau ndi, phuong tien ngdn ngii cu the ma
chu diem khdng rd (Biii Phyng, Le
Quang Thidm, Nguyen Long) Vi v^y
viec thdng ke cac ehu diem cd phan khd
khan Tuy vay, cd the khang dinh trong
hau het eac SGK dugc khao sat thi cac
bai hgc ddu gan vdi mgt hoac hai chu
didm trong sd nhiing chii diem da dd cap
d tren, trii cudn cua Nguydn Dinh Hoa
Cd nhimg cudn lay ehu didm lam ten bai
hge nhu cua Bui Mgnh Himg, Du Nggc
Ngan, Dd Thj Minh Hdng, Ngd Nhu
Binh, Nguydn Anh Qud, Phan Van
Giudng, Vu Van Thi Cd nhiing cudn ldy
nhiing each ndi dgc tnmg cho chii diem
(nhu Anh ten Id gi?; Anh ldm nghi gi?;
Bdy gid Id mdy gid? ) de dgt ten cho bai
hgc nhu Doan Thidn Thuat, HUES, Mai
Nggc Chir (B), Nguyen Long, Nguyen
van Hud, Nguyen Viet Huong Cd cudn
xen ke ca hai each dgt ten nhu ciia Jran
Van Tieng (vira ed nhiing bai nhu Gidi
thieu, Di mua sdm; vira cd nhirng bai nhu
Em sdng d ddu?; Di bdng gi?) Rieng
cudn eua Nguyen Minh Thuydt ten bai
hgc vira cd ehu diem vua cd cau noi dac
trung cho chu diem dd, vi dy: Thdi gian,
thdi tiet (Say gid Id mdy gid?; Bao gid
me vi?), Mua sam (Chdu muon mua gi?)
Mdt hoac mdt sd chu diem nhu vay gan
vdi mgt tinh hudng giao tiep dgc thii
Cach thirc tridn khai cac bai hgc nhu vay
thd hidn rd xu hudng dgy hge tieng Viet
theo quan didm giao tidp
Kdt qua khao sat cho thdy, cac chu
didm cd quan he chdng cheo, khdng phai
khi nao ciing de phan biet rach rdi, vi du:
giao thdng va dja diem (hdi dudng), thdi tiet va thdi gian (hdi mua), so lugng va tudi tac, mua sdm (hdi tudi, hdi gia ca),
sd hiiu va do vat (hdi sd huu dd vat), sd hihi va gia dinh (hdi ve gia dinh) Theo kdt qua thdng kd, chu diem "Ngdn ngii"
CO miic phd bidn thap (xep thu 12, chi xuat hidn trong 10 tren 20 cudn sach dugc khao sat), tuy do la mdt ngi dung rdt dang luu y khi mdi bat ddu hgc bdt ki ngdn ngir nao Cd le Ii do la nd thudng dugc tich hgp trong chu didm "Qude tich" Tuong ty, chu diem "tudi tac", "sd thich", "bgn be" ciing thudng dugc tich hgp trong mdt chu diem rdng va phd bien hon nhu gidi thieu ve ban than Nhieu SGK va giao vien dgy hai chu diem cimg mdt luc vi quan he vd ngi dung ciing nhu
sy gan gui ve each bieu dgt (nhu ngudl Viet va tieng Viet, ngudi Nhat va tidng Nhat, ngudi Han va tidng Han) Mdi ehu diem cd mdt sd cau tnic cau dac trung Tuy nhien ciing cd nhtmg cau true cau dugc dimg d nhieu ehu diem nhu:
CO khdng?; da chua?
Td ket qua khao sat tren day, nhiing chu diem xuat hidn nhleu nhat trong cac cudn sach tieng Viet trinh do co ban cd the dugc xep theo thu tu nhu sau: chao,
hdi tdn; thdi gian {bdy gid Id mdy gid?;
hdm nay Id ngdy thu may?; hom nay la ngdy bao nhieu?); dia diem (a ddu?; di thi ndo (hdi dudng)?; di mdt bao ldu?);
mua sam (gid bao nhieu?; mudn mua
gi?); an udng, nha hang {cho toi xem thuc dan; cho toi 2 li cd phi); giao thdng {di bdng gi?); nghe nghidp {ldm nghi gi?);
qude tjch {nguai nudc ndo?); tinh chat, trang thai {no thi ndo?; cdi ndy thi
Trang 7TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
ndo?); dl v|t (day Id cdi g'l?) (Co thl mo
rgng them "con vat": day Id con gi?);
thai tilt, miia (hom nay th&i tiet the ndo?;
bdy gia Id miia gi?); gia dinh (day Id ai?;
day Id bd tdi); so hQu, ton tai (cd 6 td
khdng?; trong nhd co li vi khong?)
Trong do, cac chu diem "chao hoi", "thoi
gian", "dia dilm", "mua sim", "nghe
nghiep", "qu6c tjch", "tinh chat/trang
thai", "dl vat/eon vat" la nhung chu diem
xuit hien nhilu nhit (tren mgt niia so
sach khao sat)
Theo CEFR (va Khung tham chieu
nang lire tiing Viet cua Bg Giao due va
Dao tao dugc ban hanh nam 2015 dua
vao CEFR), chiing toi b l sung them ehu
dilm "truang, lop hgc" va dua chii dilm
nay ciing vol chii diem "gia dinh" thanh
hai trong nhflng chu dilm dugc uu tien
day hgc trong giai doan doan diu Hon
thl nua, d6 la nhQng chii diem rat thiet
than doi vdi hgc sinh, nen can co vi tri uu
tien hon cac chii diem khac, ehi sau cac
chii diem: "chao hoi", "thoi gian", "dia
diem" Theo logic di tir chii diem tir gan
gui den xa hon cung nhu muc do phiie
tap cua nhihig each diln dat co lien quan
thi "gia dinh", "nghe nghiep", "qu6c
tich" ciing can xep trudc "mua sim",
"giao thong" Chii diem "do vat/eon vat"
CO thl tich hgp ca chii dilm "tinh chit,
trang thai" Ngoai ra, theo yeu ciu ciia
CEFR, can co nhirng each dien dat ed
tinh nghi thire, khuon miu (chiic, mod, dl
nghj, gidi thiSu diln gia) Va khong thl
khong CO nhung each noi vl cac hoat
dgng the hi$n c6ng viec hing ngay, thoi
quen, kha nang, so thich ciia con nguai
Nhung each noi nay khong thuge vl mgt
chil diem, tinh huong giao tiep nao rieng biet ma dugc tich hgp vao trong nhieu chil dilm, tinh hulng giao tilp khac nhau Chil diem "an uing, nha hang" nen dugc ggp chung vao chii diem "mua sim" thanh "mua sim, an uing"' de chi tap trung vao nhtmg ci^h diin dat lien quan den nhiing hoat dgng sinh tin hang ngay, chu khong gidi thieu nhirng tir ngit kho va cau tnic cu phap phirc tap Trong CEFR, sa hiru (nhiing gi minh co) dugc coi la chu diem thiet yeu, dugc liet ke cu the trong khung, ben canh chii diem gioi thieu ban than, ngucri than Nhung theo ket qua khao sat eiia chiing toi thi chu diem so hOu chi chilm vi tri thit 14 trong s6 nhQng chii diem phfi hiln trong SGK day tieng Viet cho nguoi nudc ngoai ma chung toi thong ke (chi xuit hien U-ong 8 cuon tren 20 cuSn) Phai chang cd mgt su khac biet dang kl giQa nguai chau Au va nguoi Viet trong
y thirc vl so hQu? Hay "nhflng gi minh co" chi thuan tuy la chii diem ve do vat? Thay vi xep thanh ehu diem rieng, chiing toi tich hgp "sd hiru" vao chung vdi cac chii dilm khac nhu "gia dinh", "do vat" Tdm Iai, theo chung toi, cac chii diem ca ban can day hgc d trinh do Al bao gom: 1) chao hdi, gidi thieu ban than
va ngucri khac, mgt sd each dien dat cd tinh nghi thirc; 2) thdi gian; 3) dia diem; 4) truong, ldp hgc; 5) gia dmh; 6) nghe nghiep; 7) qudc tich, ngon ngfl; 8) mua sim, an udng; 9) giao thdng; 10) dl vat, con vat; 11) thdi tilt, miia; 12) hoat dong hang ngay, sd thich
Cd nhilu co sd day hgc nggai ngfl nhu British Council trao cho ngudi hgc
Trang 8mdt danh sach cac ehu diem va ngudi
hgc cd the chgn lya bat ki chii diem nao
de hgc Tuy nhidn, each lam do chi thich
hgp vdi ngudi hgc d trinh do nang cao
theo nguyen tdc cap do cang cao djnh
hudng hgc tap theo nhu cau ngudi hgc
cang cu thd va rd rang [4] Ddi vdi ngudi
hgc d bac Al, kha nang lya chgn chu
didm la rdt hgn ehd NghTa la tdt ca mgi
ngudi mdi bat ddu hgc tidng Viet thi ddu
phai hgc qua tat ca cac chu diem gan nhu
nhau
Cae kien thuc ngdn ngfl- va van hoa
dugc de xuat can cii vao nhiing tinh
hudng giao tiep dy kidn sau khi tham
khao CEFR va khao sat cac chu didm
dugc day trong 20 cudn sach
Ve ngii phap, can nam cac dgc
tnmg CO ban thudc logi hinh ngdn ngii
don lap cua tieng Viet: khdng bien hinh,
trat ty tu ddng vai trd quan trgng (trat ty
cu phap S (chu ngii) - V (vi ngii) - O (bd
ngii), yeu td chinh thudng dimg trudc
trong cau tnic ngii ehinh phu); mdt vai
"loai tir" phd bien nhu con, cdi, quyin
{cudn); tir xung hd, tu chi dinh phd bidn
nhu: em, thdy, ed, minh, tdi, anh, ehi,
bgn; ndy, kia, dy, ddy, day; quan he tir co
ban nhu: eita, a, tgi, trong, trin, xung
quanh, tir, din, vi, nen, nhung; tu ngii
nghi van nhu: ai, gl, ndo, ddu, khi ndo,
bao gid, bao nhiiu, sao, vi sao, thi ndo;
tir chi lugng khdng xac dinh nhu: nhdng,
cdc, nhiiu, it; tieu tu tinh thai va tir ngii
hd dap thdng dung nhu d g, nhe, vdng,
dg; cdu tnic dung de so sanh ed tir han,
nhdt, bdng, nhu, kem; mgt sd cau true
cau: Danh - Id — Danh; Danh - Dpng;
Danh - Tinh; mgt so cdu trdc cau md
rdng bang each them trang ngii va md rdng thanh phan cau (bang dinh ngii, bd ngii) vdi cau true ngii doan don gian; nhung cau cd cau tnic cau don va cau ghep cd hai ve cau; bidt dung cau khang dinh va cdu phu djnh; cac Ioai cau giao tiep phd bien: cau tran thuat, cau nghi van, cau cau khien, cau cam than Cac cau tnic ngir phap co ban va loai ngii lieu ciing dugc xac dinh tuong ddi cu the va dugc sap xdp theo mdt trinh tu khuyen nghi Chang han, tinh hudng chao hdi thi
phai dung: Chdo X (anh, chi, em, thdy,
CO )!; X (anh, chi, em, thdy, cd ) cd khoe khdng?; tinh hudng gidi thieu: X (tdi, anh, em, thdy, eo ) ten la X; X (toi, anh, em, thdy, co ) Id Y (sinh vien gido viin )
Ve ngii dyng, can nam dugc: each dung tir ngu xung hd theo quan he ve tudi tac va tdn ti; nghl thuc chao hdi, tgm bidt, cam on, xin ldi, gidi thieu, chuc mimg, mdi, de nghi, ddng y, tir chdi; nghi thuc khiem nhudng trudc Idi khen Vd van hda, can nam mdt sd net ehinh vd quan he gia dinh ngudi Viet; vd quan he cdng ddng cua ngudi Viet; vd dia li Viet Nam Kien thiic ve ngti am, chinh ta cd the eoi la "bat bien", vi nd dya tren ydu cau hidn nhidn ddi vdi tat ca nhiing ai bdt dau hge tieng Viet, du theo bdt ki md hinh giao dye nao 6 bac Al, ngudi hge edn ndm: bang chii cai va he thong ddu thanh cua tidng Viet; mdi quan he giiia
am (phu am, nguyen am, thanh dieu) vdi chii cai va dau thanh trong tidng Viet; each phat am cac nguyen am, phu am, thanh dieu; each dgc, vidt cac chu: cai, ddu thanh va am tidt trong tidng Viet; mgt
Trang 9TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM
so quy tic chinh ta: Quy tic diing chQ cai
"k", -q" "c" ghi phu am /k/ nhu uong
"ki", "quy", "ca", chfl cai "ng", "ngh"
ghi phu am /tj/ nhu trong "ngay", "nghe",
ehu cai "g", "gh" ghi phu am /D/ nhu
trong "ga", "ghi"; each ndi cac cau dan
gian, thudng dimg U-ong giao tiep hang
ngay (uin thuat, nghi vin, ciu khien,
cam than) dung ngu dieu
vin de dat ra nhilu diaeh diiic nhat
la xac dinh vfin tu vimg tli diieu cho
trinh do Al Trudc hit chiing ta phai ua
ldi cau hdi: Lieu cd the dimg tu dien tan
sfi eua tiing Viet (nlu ed) de xay dung
bang tu vung cho trinh do Al dugc
khdng? Ndi each khae, cd thl ap dung
each lam: nhQng tu ngfl nao cd tan so
xuit hien cao nhat trong tu dien tan sfi thi
se dugc dua vao bang tu vung tieng Viet
cho trinh do Al
Viet Nam ehua xay dung duge khfii
ngQ lieu (corpus) tieng Viet de lam can
cir cho viec xay dung danh sach eac tu
ngu thfing dung nhat Hien da cfi mgt so
tu diln tin sl va tu lieu ve tin sfi tir tieng
Viet, nhung van de ranh gidi tir ciia tieng
Viet va each xir li hien tugng dfing am
(de phan biet mdt trudng hgp nao do la
mgt tu da nghTa hay nhieu tir dfing am
vdi nhau) ehua cd giai phap thda dang
nen sfi Heu tan sfi chua that dang tin cay
Vi thl, cau hdi tren chi cd tinh chit gia
dinh Tuy nhien, ngay ca khi ed dugc
danh sach nhirng tu ngu thfing dung nhit
nhu kilu danh sach 100, 500, 1.000,
1.200 tir ngu thfing dung nhit nhu
trong tieng Anh thi theo chiing tfii, danh
sach nay cung khfing ddng vai trd quylt
djnh trong viec xac dinh bang tir ngQ tfii
thilu cho ngudi nudc ngoai hgc tieng Viet trinh dg Al vi miy le sau day: a Cac khfii ngQ lieu thudng dugc xay dung tir ngQ lieu cua dii eae loai van ban, trong
dd van ban vilt chiem vi tri ehu dao Trong khi dd, vfin tu ngu cho trinh do Al ehu ylu la diing cho ngdn ngu ndi; b Ngay ca khi ed bang tu dugc xay dung tren eg sd ngfin ngQ ndi thi dd ciing la ngfin ngu ndi cua ngucri ban ngu (ngu6i Viet) Ngudi nudc ngoai khi mdi bat dau hgc tiing Viet hg phai hge nhiing tinh hufing giao tilp ma hing ngay ngudi ban ngu it khi gap phai, chang han: gidi thien ten, gia dinh, nghe nghiep, qudc tjch, hoi gid Nhihig dnh hudng dd tuy rat dien hinh dfii vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, va doi klii ngudi Viet ciing dimg de giao tiep vol nhau, nhung nd chiem mgt ti le rat nhd be trong thuc tien giao tiep phong phii, da dang cua ngudi ban ngfl
Khdng phai nhimg tir ngu ma ngucri Viet dimg nhieu nhat thi phai day cho ngudi nudc ngoai dau tien Co the kiem tra xem nhirng tir ngfl dugc dimg trong nhirng bai dau tien cua sach day tieng Anh cho ngudi nudc ngoai cfi phai ia nhirng tu ngfl cd tin sfi cao nhat trong cac bang tan sfi tu vung cua tieng Anh hay khong Sau day la mfit vai kit qua kiem tra ban diu Rit nhilu tu ngfl duge diuig trong nhimg bai diu tien B-ong cuon
Streamline English, nhung khfing co
h-ong bang 500, 1000, 1200 tu phi biln
nhit cua tiing Anh Vi du: daughter,
husband, san, hat (bai 9); chicken, beer, fruit, grape, tomato, wine, banana (bai
10); beef, drink, menu, coffee (bai 11)
khfing ed trong bang 500 tu thfing dung
Trang 10Bang 1000 tir (vi du The Reading
Teacher's Book of Lists, Fourth Edition,
© 2000 by Prentice Hall Authors: Fry,
Kress & Fountoukidis) cd: son, fruit, hat;
nhung eung khdng cd husband, daughter,
chicken, beer, grape, tomato, banana,
beef, menu, coffee Bang 1.200 tir (vi du
Rebecca Sitton's "Spelling Sourcebook")
cd: husband, coffee, daughter, son, hat,
drink; nhung khdng cd wine, chicken,
beer, grape, tomato, banana, beef,
menu Ddn bang tdn sd 1.200 tu thdng
dung nhdt ma khdng cd nhidu tu trong 11
bai dau tien cua sach dgy ngogi ngd eho
thay mdi tuong quan khdng that rd giiia
tan sd cua tir ngii trong giao tidp cua
ngudi ban ngii va thii ty uu tien de dua tu
ngii vao bang tir ngii day cho ngudi nudc
ngoai, it nhat la giai doan bat ddu
Cach xay dyng bang tu cua chiing
tdi trudc het cd tinh chat quy ngp, dya
tren quan diem cho rang can cu vao con
sd thdng kd tu vyng tu cac cudn saeh
tidng Viet can ban, ta cd thd biet dugc
cam nhan eua ngudi ban ngii (tac gia cua
21 bd sach) vd vdn tu vyng can ban ma
mgi ngudi hgc tieng Vidt nhu mgit ngoai
ngii cdn cd Ndi chinh xac hon la dya vao
vdn tu vyng ma cac tac gia da su dung dd
thidt kd cac bai hgc cho ngudi mdi bat
ddu hgc tidng Viet Cac ngii lieu thu thap
dugc va eon sd thdng ke nhu vgy cung
cdp CO sd thuc te cho cac nhgn dinh
Mat khae, nhdm nghien ciiu eiing
kidm ehdng ngii lieu thu thap dugc va
con sd thdng kd bdng phuong phap diln
djch: vdn tu can ban dugc dien dich tit
nhu cdu bidu dat trong cac tinh hudng
giao tidp ma ta xae dinh ngudi hgc trinh
do Al phai hoc, dya vao CEFR Chiing tdi cho rdng CEFR xac dinh cac tinh hudng giao tidp cho Al cdng phai dya vao thyc tidn giao tidp va day hgc nhieu ngogi ngii ciia chau Au, tiic ciing phai cd
di con dudng quy ngp
Dya vao thdng ke tan sd ciia cac tir ngii trong cac bang td vung cua tat ca nhiing cudn saeh day tieng Viet thi chung
ta cd dugc co sd dang tin cgy dd xac dinh nhirng tir ngii nao thudng dugc diing nhat khi thiet ke cac bai hgc tidng Viet cho ngudi mdi bat dau Tuy khdng can biet mgt tu X nao do xuat hidn bao nhidu lan trong mdt cudn sach, nhimg ndu nd xuat hien trong tat ca cac bang ttr vyng cua tat
ca cac cudn sach thi chac chan dd la tu can dugc dua vao bang ttr vyng can ban cho trinh do Al Tir khao sat va thdng ke, chung tdi thu duge':
a Tan sd cua tir ngii xuat hien trong
21 cudn sach dugc khao sat Theo do, tu ngu cd tdn sd eao nhat la tir ngu xuat hidn
21 lan, tdc dugc dung trong tat ca 21 cudn sach Td ngii cd tan sd thap nhat la tir ngii chi xuat hien 1 lan, die chi dugc dimg trong I trong tdng sd 21 cudn sach Kdt qua thdng ke tan sd do ehiing tdi ty thuc hien tu eac bai hgc cua 21 cudn sach, chu khdng phai dua vao bang tir vung cd sdn d cudi mdi cudn, vi khdng phai cudn sach nao cung cd bang tu vyng nhu vay, va ndu
cd thi each xu li cua cac tac gia khac nhau
cd su khac biet dang ke
b Hai danh sach: 1) Danh sach xdp
xi 600 tir ngii cd tdn sd cao nhdt; 2) Danh saeh xap xi 700 tu ngii cd tdn sd cao nhdt
Cd thd coi 600 - 700 tu ngii cd tdn
sd cao nhat do la vdn tu vyng can ban