PllM BAM B ^ I M6i CAW BAH W A M DilM ClAO DIIC VA BAO WO VAN DUNG Tif TlffllNG GIAO DUC CUA PLATU TDONG Sif NGHIEP 001 M l '''' CAN DAN, TUAN DIEN GIAO DUC OAO TAG H VIET NAM HIEN NAY ThS NGUYEN HUNG y[.]
Trang 1VAN DUNG Tif TlffllNG GIAO DUC CUA PLATU TDONG Sif NGHIEP 001 Ml ' CAN DAN, TUAN DIEN GIAO DUC - OAO TAG H VIET NAM HIEN NAY
ThS NGUYEN H U N G y U O N G ' - ThS BUi N G O C BiCHTHfe"
Abstract: Most at philosophy systetns contain the intellectual achievements of humankind,
incM-ing Inheritance of ualuable thoughts of Ihe past, development of current issues reflected In lite am-cepts and categories and questions posing for the future The philosophy of Plato holds Ihe essence al cultural, spiritual stale heritage of the times and ancient Greeii thoughts In the philosophy, Pltnn expressed his point of view on building an Ideal state model apart from referring to Ihe possible conclusion The research and interpretation of Plato's education Ideology played a crucial role m treasuring and promoting the value of thought on comprehensive reform of vocational educalm in our country today
Keywords: Plato's Educational Ideology, Comprehensive reform, Education,
Q ua trinh loan cau hda da tac ddng manh me
de'n suvan ddng, bien ddi khdng ngiing, dem
lai nhiing thdi cd, thuan ldi cung nhu dat ra
nhung thach thiic mdi cho cac dan tdc,qud'c gia, Thyc
tidn nayyeu cau cac nudc tren thegidi ndi chung, Viet
Nam ndi neng phai cd nhung chii truong, dudng id'i,
Cd che, chinh sach phii hdp dd'tan dung thdi cd, hdi
nhap sau hdn trong suphattrien cua thegicri; viec dao
tao ngudn nhan luc chat Iupng cao lam chu thanh tuu
khoa hpc cdng nghe, cd kha nang thich nghi vdi su
thay dd'i nhanh chdngcua thegidi trd thanh giai phap
hfti hidu cho suphattrid'n ben viing Trong bdi canh
dd Ban Chap hanh Tmng Udng da de ra Nghi quydt
sd29-NQ/TW ngay 4/11/2013 ve dd'i m f l can ban,
toan dien GD-BT, dap ungyeu cau CNH, HDH trong
dieu kien kinh tethjtrudng djnh hudng XHCN va hpi
nhapqudcte, nhlm dua ra nhung giaiphap phu hpp
trong "chien lupc" dao tao nguon nhan luc dap iing
ydu cau ciia tinh hinh men, vcS djnh hudng "lay ngudi
hpc lam trung tam", thuc hien ddi mdi mdtcach toan
dien, ddng bp,tuviec lya ehpn doi tupng, xay dung ndi
dung, cai tien phUdng phap den vide xac djnh muc
d'Kh, dua tren sukd'thila nhung thanh tuu giao due
ciia nudc nhavatiep thu nhung tinh hoa cua giao due
qudcte
Baivietnay decap van devan dung tutudng giao
dye (TTGD) ciia Plato trong su nghidp ddi mdi can
ban, toan didn GD-DT dViet Nam hien nay
41 Tap chi Gido due so 380
1 Ndi dung Cff ban vegiao due trongtu tuong triet hpc ciia Plato
1.1 Con ngudi va su nghiep Plato (427
347TCN) sinh tai dao Egine, gan Athens trong rail
gia dinh ddng ddi quy tpc La hpc trp xuat s§c m
Spcrates, dng sdm tap trung nghien cuu vetrietii^c Ong langudisang lap ra Vidn Han lam dAthens-cti
Sd giao dye dupc xem la tnidng dai hpe dau tien cua chau Au, ndi danh cho nghien eiiu, piang dgyktioa hpc vatriet hpc (Lyceum) Sau cai chet cda ngUSIil, dang kinh (Socrates), Plato b i t dau cho photet nhiirig ddi thoai triet hpc v ^ nhan vat chinh laSocrates, trcng dd chu yd'u de cap dd'n eac van de dao diic va chinh trj, giao dye n h l m xay dyng iiha nude litujnj
- nha nudc cdng hda Ong delai nhieu tn/dc tae co gia tri cho nhan ioai cave triet hpc va chinh trj Trong so eac tac pham ndi tieng cdn luu giliden ngay nayplai
ke dd'n tac pha'm "Cdng hoa" (Republic) - tac plffii tap trung nhiing tu tUdng quan trpng cua dng
1.2 Ngidung coban ve tif tudnggiacfciijc ciia Plato T u tudng triet hpc ndi chung, gia" j f '
ndi rieng ciia dng dUdc hinh thanh trdn nhiing J l ' kipn Ijch siJxa hdi cua Hi Lap thdi cd'dai, tren c s 4 kd'thiianhllngtutUPngtid'nbdeuaSccrates,^*' the' hidn qua cao tac pham cii inh nhu: Cdng hoa,
Luat phap Theo quan niem cua Plato: xa W
* fiai lioc fia Itang
" Tnltmg Cao ding Kinli te - Ki tliuat Quang Nam
(ki2-4l20m
Trang 2Iriet gia - ngudi chan dSf, hay con goi la "d^ng
cap vang"; hai la, tang Idp cac "chien binh - ngudi
bao ve"; ba la, nhiJng ngirdi lao dong chan tay va
buon ban, con gpi ta "dang cap dong s&f Trong
do, Plato chu tnicfng giao due hai tang Idp quan
trgng cua xa hoi la "ngudi bao ve" va "nha cai trj"
(ngiidi chan d§t) va de cao mpt nen giao due lien
tuc vdi muc dich hirdng con ngudi den le cong
bSng va cai thien toi cao Theo ong, can giao due
ngay tdkhi tre biet ndi den tren ba muoi tuo'i, trong
do, tre td 3-6 tuoi dupc giao due b§ng nhiing mau
ehuyen than thoai nh^m danli thdc dc td md, tinh
hieu dpng, sang tao; 7-10 tuoi se giao due the thao;
11-13 tuoi se tap dpc, tap viet; 14-16 tuoi hge thi ea,
am nhac; 16-18 tuoi hoc toan hpc; 18-20 tuoi hpc
quan su; 20-30 tuoi se tham gia tuyen ehpn lan thd
nhat, nhung ngudithucsuednang khieu cam quan
duoc dao tao lam tudng ffnh, nhdng ngudi cd tu
chat thong minh duac dao tao lam nha cai tri dong
thdj tiep tuc hpc tap va nghien cdu khoa hpc Td 30
tuoi trd di se tham gia tuyen ehpn lan thd hai de
ehpn ra nhdng ngudi xuats^c lam khoa hpe, phan
con lai lam vien chuc, mpt so khac dupe dao tao
tiep, dac biet mon bien chdng va mon dao ddc de
tham nhuan tinh than triet li va cai thien Plato eho
ring eon ngudi khi sinh ra da ed nhdng tai nang
bam sinh phu hop vdi mpt cong viec nhat djnh, do
dd de dam bao hieu qua trong cdng viec thi moi
ngudi chi nen lam mot nghe phu hpp vdi tai nang
bam sinh cua minh Chinh vivay, mgc dich xuyen
sud't cua qua trinh giao due la nhim khoi day, phat
huy nhdng tai nang bam sinh cua hp trong kie'p
tmdc, de phat trien nhung due tinh bam sinh va
lam cho hp xac dinh duac vi tri, vai trd, nhiem vu,
su cong hien cua m inh trong bp may nha nudc
Theo dng, de giao due tang Idp "ngud^ bao ve"
phai hudng den viee lam cho hptrdthanh nhung ngudi
linh dung cam, gan da, co sde manh deo dai, dd'i vdi
nhdng "^ha cai trj - ngudi chan daf, can hudng de'n
muc dich dao tao ra mot tang ldp triet gia uyen tham,
hp phai nim dupc "su thien" - doi tuang cao nhat eua
tri thuc va ehi khi dd hp mdi nhin thay duac su that
sang tonhat Ben canh d6,nhungtrietgia phai lanhung
nha bien chung uy6n bac ve tri tfl ucli luan chd khdng
phailanhungcomaysieu hinh Plato dexuatmpt so
phuang phap giao due cho tdng doi tuong, diem dae
biettrong phuang phap giao due eua dng la tach biet
treemkhim<Ssinhravdib6mechung.Treemduac
nhau, khong biet ai la bd, me, anh, chi, em njpt cua minh, matatcadeulaanh em, khdng thuhan.doki, oan ghet nhau, tat ea trong mpt ngoi nha chung li tuong Hp dupc hpc day du cac kien thde phu hop vdi
dp tu6l vatham giaftjyen ehpn detrd thanh tang Idp baovevacaitrj
Boi vat lang kjp lam cong tac bao ve nha nudc,
theo Plato, hp la nhung ngudi dupc cha me sinh ra trong dptuoithanh xuan, tuolsung sue nhatcua con ngudi Ngay td khi mdi Ipt long, hp da tach khoi bo me
de ve cac trai tap tmng Tai day, thdi tha au, hp duoc nghe ke chuyen, vi theo dng ke chuyen dupc coi la phuang phap giup tre de dang t i ^ nhan tn thdc, thu hut tre vao nhdng eau chuyen ngu ngdn thu viva dan xay dung eho ehiing co duoc ban tinh tdt dep Nhung cau chuyen dua vao giao due phai dupc kiem duyet canttianvaphaidupc ke bdi nhung ngudikeehuyen chuyen nghiep, de hieu Khi Idn len, tre em dupe tap huan the thao Plato rat eoi trpng mdn hpc nay nham nang eao the lue eho ngudi linh, phat huy tinh tugiac cua hp trong bat ki cdng viec nao ma hp dam nhan
Vdi tang lap "nha cai tri • ngut^'chan dai", ong
dua ra phuang phap tuyen ehpn hp trong hang ngu nhung ngudi bao ve nha nude Nhdng ngudi nay se dupcthuthach long yeu nudc, Idng tmngthanh.su dau kho va khoai lac ca trong tinh than va the xac Tatca nhung ai khdng vuatqua mpttrong nhdng thu thach tren deu bi loai Viec giao due nhdng "nha triet hpe" khong cdn chi dan thuan la day cho hp nhung kien ttidc khoa hpc ma thay vao ddia lam cho linh hon cua hp hoi tudng lai nhung gida cod "the gidi ben kia"-the gidi cua y niem sang ngdi tuyet doi cua "cai thien" toi cao
^ 2 Van dung TTG D cua Plato trong sunghiep doi mdi can ban, toan dien GD-DT a Viet Nam hien nay
Qua viec nghien cuu va luan giai nhdng TTGD cua Plato, nhieu diem tien bp cd tfie van dung trong cdng cupc ddi mdi can ban, toan dien G D-DT d nudc
ta hien nay la:
2.1 Xay dting he thong giao due nhat quan ttf viec it/a chon doi tuang, xay dirng ngi dung, phuang phap den mtjc dich giao diJC Tu tudng
cua Plato ve viee xay dung mot mo hinh giao due chat che, tiep noi lien tuc trong qua trinh giao due con ngudi, la ea sd de cac cap quan li xem xet, hoach djnh md hinh giao due hien dai vdi cac cap hpc phu hop vdi tdng Ida tudi, tu thap den cao, td
Tap chi Giao dye so 380 5
Trang 3mam non - sau dai hpc) Mdi cap hpc can nghidri
eiiu de' xay dung nhung ndi dung, kien thiic phu
hdp vdi trinh dp, tam li Ida tud'i Qua trinh giao due
ptiai dUdc hoach djnh nghiem tijc ti) muc tidu dat
ra eho den ndi dung va phudiig phap, phai g i n lien
vide giao due tri thiic vdi thd' chat, kT nang song,
dao diic, mithuatde'taosudieu hda trong tutudng,
suhid'u biet, hinh thanh ban tinh va nhan each td't
dep cho hpc sinh (HS) Can lua ehpn ndi dung tn
thiic phu hpp, coi trpng giao due eai HS can nham
phathuy nilung kha nang san cd cdng nhu su linh
hoat sang tao cua cac em
2.2 Be cao giao due va ttr giao dtic Tjonq li
tudng ve xay dung mdt nha nudc cdng bang va
hoan thien, Plato nha'n manh viec giao duo eac tang
Idp trong xa hdi, dae biet la "ngudi bao vd" va "nha
eai trj", thdng qua giao due nhiing ngudi linh mdi
thatsucd hie'u bietva tmng thanh, mdi the'hien dupe
Idng ydu nudc, hid'u dUdc vai trd va trach nhiem etia
hp cung nhu li tudng cao ca; "nha cat trj" sau hai lan
tuyen ehpn phaidudc giao due de'datdudc trinh dp
uyen tham va bien chiing Trong dd, dng dae bidt
coitrpng tinh than tiigiac hpc tap, luyen tap thd'thao
de'nang cao sue khoe va su deo dai Theo dng "nha
cai trj" phai rdn luydn ban than de'dat de'n "cai thidn
tdi cao",
Trong edng cupc xay dung va bao ve td qud'c
hien nay, giao due dang giu vai trd dac bidt quan
trpng, thiic day nhanh qua trinh CNH, HDH dat
nudc va hdi nhap sau vao nen kinh td'the gidi; giao
due da va dang tao nen tang vdng chac, tao da eho
su phat trie'n ben vdng trong tudng lai; dao tao ra
nhung eon ngudi cd tri thdc khoa hpc, cd "the gidi
quan" bien chiing va cd sue khde, la ngudn nhan
luc chat Iupng cao dap ung yeu cau phattrie'n trong
the gidi hien dai day bid'n ddng Trong qua trinh
phat trie'n eua su nghiep GD-DT hidn nay, trudc
he'tcac cap quan li giao due can ngliien cuu, xay
dung ndi dung, chudng trinh, phudng phap day
hpc(PPDH)phu hop, ben canh dd, moi ngudi can
tu giac trong viee tu hpc vdi tinh than "hocnila, hgc
ma'i/ipcsud'Wd/' Nghiquyetsd29-NQn"Wngjy
4/11/2013 ve dd'i mdi can ban, toan didn GD-DT
da chi rd: 'Tiep tiic dd'i mdi manh me phuong phap
day va hoc theo hudng hien dai; phat huy tinh tich
cue, chu ddng, sang tao ya van dung kid'n thuc, kT
nang cua ngudi hpc; khdc ptiuc Id'i truyen thu ap
dat mdt chieu, ghi nhd may mdc Tap trung day
61 Tap chi Gido due so 380
sd de' ngudi hpc tu cap nhat va dd'i mdi tri thirc, Iii nang, phat trie'n nang luc Chuye'n tl) hpc chu yen tren Idp sang td' chiic hinh thdc hpc tap da dang, ehii y cac hpatddng xa hpi, ngpai khda, nghien cilu' khoa hpc"
2.3 Subinh ding giiia nam • nu trong tjui trinh giao diic Ngay Id thdi cd' dai, trong kliitu
tudng 'Irong nam, khinh nd" dang thdng trj tren toan the gidi, quan die'm cua Plato da thd'hidn sutien bo, cdng bdng Ong cho rdng phu nu cung cdquyjn dUde giao dye, hpc tap de'phat huy khanang,cong hidn tri tud, sdc luc cho dat nudc nhu nam gidi;iipc tap laquyen cdban cua con ngudi, nam hayniiffeu
cd quyen dUde hpe tap, mpi phan biet ddi xiideu vi pham quyen t i i d o c a nhan; piiai tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho phu nu dUdc binh dang trong hpc tap va nghien cdu de'hp phat huy het kha nang ctia minh trpng qua trinh xay dung dat nudc Trong thi/ctiin cua Ijch sunhan loai, phu niitren the gidi noi chung, phu nd Vidt Nam ndi ridng da ddng gdp mgtpliai cdng sdc khdng nho trong cdng cupc xdy diing vi bao vd td'qud'c Trong hai cude khang chie'n chong thuc dan Phap v a d e qud'c MTde'gianh va bao v^ nen dpc lap dan too, phu nQ Viet Nam da vietl§n nhdng trang su"hao hung, xdng dang vdi danh ti^u
ma Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh da trao tang: "anh hiing, bat khua[t, trung hau, dam dang" Trong edng cuoc xay dung da't nudc hidn nay, trdn tatca mpilintivuc cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi, phu ndcung the hidn rovailfi cua minh, eac nd giao su, nha khoa hpc, nha kinh doanh, nghd sT, nha giao due 00 nhdng ddng gop khdng nho Vi vay, can ngliidn edu, ban hanh cac
CO che, chinh sach tao dieu kien thuan Ipi hem nJa dd'phu nd hpc tap va phat huy nang luc, cung nhif cd'ng fiie'n tai nang cho sU phat trie'n ciia datniriic, nhan loai
2.4 Xay dung noi dung, chuang trinli jifc diJc phu hirp, dao tao dpi ngd can bg, gtae vien (G V) theo huang "cttuan hoa" Plato cho
rang mud'n trd thanh "nha giao due", trudc het phai
la ngudi cd tai nang va tam ddc, ddng thdi 'nhs giao due" phai thudng xuydn hpc tap de'trau doi, mdmang tri thdc cho ban than, phai cd nang luc t! danh gia de'tung budc hoan thien ban Sianvln^ mat, biet lua chon nhung ndi dung, kien thiicpliu hdp de'td' chiic giao due V i du: vdi tre td 3-6 luoi, theo dng, trudc khi ke' chuyen cho tre, "nha g * due" can lua ehpn cac cau chuyen ngu ngdn phu
(kl2-412016)
Trang 4gom cae nha giao due cd ehuyen mdn, uyen bac
ve tri thde, tinh thong ve nghe nghiep) detham dinh
mpt each nghiem ngat, nham dam bao suphu hop
ve mat npi dung de phat huy toi da tac dung giao
due.Dong thdi "nhagiaoduc" phai cdphuang phap
ke chuyen hap din de thu hut su 16 md" eua tre
vao cau chuyen cua minh
Van dung quan diem giao due nay cua Plato, tiieo
chung tdi, de xay dung dupc noidung, chuang trinh
giao due phu hop, dap dng cong cude doi m^ can
ban, toan dien hien nay, tnrdc het Bd GD-DT can
thanh lap mpt hdi dong khoa hpc (gom cac chuyen gia
gioi, CO trinh dp, nang luc, kinh nghiem trong Hnh vuc
giao due, nhung thay, co giao gidi true tiep tham gia
giang day, dupc HS, cha meHS, cac cap quan li giao
due cong nhan venang luc chuyen mdn, ve kha nang
su pham) tham gia xay dung chuong trinh va viet
sach giao khoa; sach giao khoa can dupc tham dinh
mpt each kTcang, can tochde thuc hien thi diem vdi
cac doi tuang HS,tren nhieu vung mien trong canudc
dedanh giavematkhoa hpe, suphu hpp ve noidung,
dap dng dupc nhu cau cua ngudi hpe, nhu cau cua
cdng cuoc doi mdi trudc khi thue hien dai tra; can dao
tao dpi ngu GV dcac cap hpc theo hudng "ehuan
hda", thudng xuyen to chdc cac Idp boi dudng ve
chuyen mdn nghiep vu, va tuyen tnjyen van dpng GV
tu hpe, tu boi dudng de nang eao nang luc trinh dp
dap dng edng cupc doi mdi va hpi nhap vdi nen giao
ducquoet§'
2.5 Lira chgn PPDH phu hap, van dijng
tich cue, iinh heat phuang phap Ice chuyen
vdiHS mam non va tieu hgc Lua ehpn PPDH
phu hap d moi cap hpc, mdn hpc, cho tdng doi
tupng ngudi hpc la mpt trong nhdng van de luon
dupe quan tam dtat cacac nha trudng, casd giao
due, la mpttrong nhdng yeu to quyetdjnh den chat
Iupng GD-OT De lua ehpn dupc PPDH phu hop,
can can cd vao nhieu van de lien quan den qua
trinh day hpc: HS, npi dung, mon hpc cy the, vung
mien cu the, muc tieu, yeu cau giao dye Qua tim
hieu ve phuang phap ke chuyen cua Plato trong
giao due tre tho, ehung toi thay cd the ap dung
phuang phap nay vdi doi tupng la HS mam non,
tieu hpc d cac mon hpc nhu: Lich sif, Bia li, Dao
dtJ'c, Tieng Viet Vi vdi dac diem Ida tudi, trinh do
tu duy cua cac em, nhung cau ehuyen Ijeh su, ngu
ngon, nhung cau chuyen cd that sinh dpng trong
mdi gid hpc, HS nhd lau han, de tiep thu han, tao eho eac em su thoai mai, khdng bi ap lue eang thang,tranh nhung noidung khoa hpc lithuyetkhd khan, giup cac em "hpe ma ehai, choi ma hpc"
2.6 Nhi/ng han che can iuu y trong TTGD cua Plato:-Ong qua nhan manfi nhdng yeu to
"bam sinh" cua con ngudi khi lua chon dd'i tupng giao due - (mac du la quan trpng, song dd ehUa phai yeu to quyet dinh suthanh cdng cua moi con ngudi ma nd con phy thupc vao susieng nang can
cu, chju khd hpe tap, ren luyen cua ca quatrinh) Vi vay, trong qua trinh giao due can khieh le, dpng vien, giup dd de HS ty giac hpc tap, ren luyen va coi day la edng viee trong suot ca cupc ddi, khdng nen qua de cao tri tue "thien bam" chi ed d mpt so HS; - Plato xem nhe mdi trudng giao dye gia dinh,
do dd dng chua thay het dupc vj tri, vai trd cua gia dinh trong quatrinh giao dye Thue te eho thay, gia dinh la cai ndi dau tien hinh thanh nhan each cho tre, nai thudng xuyen nudi dudng nhung tam hon
ve tinh than va tri tue de dao tao nhung ea nhan td't cho xa hpi; -Trong nha nude li tudng hoan thien eua minh, Plato da thu hep dd'i tupng giao dye d hai tang Idp cua xa hpi do la "ngudi bao ve" va
"ngudi cai tri" ma chua thay duac mpi cdng dan deucdquyenhpctap
Mac du ra ddi td thdi ed' dai, song mpt so tu tudng triet hpe ndi chung, TTGD ndi rieng cua Plato v^n edn nguyen gia trj, la ea sd de giao dye hien dai ke thda va phat huy, ben canh dd cung cdn ton tai mpt so han che Vi vay, khi van dyng vao cdng cupc ddi mdi can ban, toan dien nen giao due hien nay, ngoai viee kethda, phattrien nhdng gia trj cua
tu tudng ca ve li luan l&n thuc tiln, can xem xet nhung han ehetrong tutudng dekhac phuc hudng den hoan thien.•
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Ttfng v a n Chung - Nguyfin Quang Th6'ng Lich sd"
triet hoc cd Hi - La (tap 1) NXB Bai hgc long hgp Hd
Ndi, 1990
2 TrSn Ngoc DOng Li lu§n va turhrong trong huy£n
thoai NXB Sdi Gdn, 1967
3 NguySn Ti^n DQng Lich strtrtft hoc Tay Phuong
NXB TP Ho Chi Minh, 2006
4 Pham Cao Ducmg Nh3p mon lich sijcdc nen v&n
minh the gidi (tap 1) NXB 5di Con, 1996
Tap chi Gido due so 380 7