MOT Sfi BIEN PHAP GOP PHAN NANG CAD HIEU QUA SJIOUNG PHllONG PHAP KE CHUYEN TRONG UAY HUC LICH S H O T I E U HOC TS, N G O THI KIM H O A N ThS \£ THIJY MAI'''' Abstract Storytelling method is familiar to[.]
Trang 1MOT Sfi BIEN PHAP GOP PHAN NANG CAD HIEU QUA SJIOUNG PHllONG PHAP KE CHUYEN TRONG UAY HUC LICH S H O T I E U HOC
TS, N G O THI KIM H O A N - ThS \£ THIJY MAI'
Abstract: Storytelling method is familiar to mdny teachers in teaching history, however its
effec-tiueness in Inspiring students is limited This drticle proposes measures to enhance effectiveness ot this method in teaching and to improue qudlity of teaching history in primary school, meeting ihe social requirements
Keywords: History, storytelling, storytelling method, primary
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 28/10/2016: ngdy sua chira: 05/03/2016: ngdy duy(t ddng: 09/03/2016
KS'chuyen lich su(LS) trong day hpc LS la dieu
khdng mdi dpi vdi moi giap vien (GV), nhung
denang phuong phap nay ien thanh kinang
va gay hdng thu cho hpc sinh (HS) trong qua trinh
day hpciamptnghethuatsupham.Thuc tiln day hpc
dtieu hpc hien nay chp tha'y, nhieu GV cdn gap khd
khan trpng qua trinh day hpc LS Vc* dac die'm npi
dung mdn hpc la nhdng su kien da xay ra vdi nhieu
mdc thdt gian va su kien khd khan khd nhd Vi vay,
ne'u GV khdng cd phuong phap day hpc (PPDH)
phu hop se iam cho gid hpc trfl nen nang ne, cang
thing iam mat di hdng thu cua cac em trpng qua trinh
hpc tap Xuatphattdyeu cau thuc tien cua viec nang
cao chat iupng day hpc ndi chung, day hpc LS dtieu
hpc ndi rieng,bai Viet nay decapmptspbien phap gdp
phan nang cap hieu qua su dung phuong phap ke
chuyen (PPKC)trong day hpc LS dSeu hpc
1 Khai niem PPKC va ke chuyen LS
Thep Tudien Bach khoa Viet Nam "Kechuyen
lamgthanh dgng dien ra gida mptchuthe^ ngudi ke
via doi tuiyng la ngudi nghe vemat chij de nao do
Nhdng cau chuyen thugc veihe loai khac nhau nhu:
tnjyen thuyet, cotich hay than thoai Noidung cau
chuyen nhim giai Ihich ve mot dia danh, mgt khai
niem haygldithleu vemgtnhan valLS" [1; tr223]
PPKC LS thupc nhdm thdng tin tai hien LS, la
nhdm phuong phap cc vai trd quan trpng trong day
hpc LS Theo T u dien thuat n g u LS pho' thong
'TniygnLSIabaihinhvanhgcvedetaiLS,cdphan
hucau cOa lac gia, cdphan co the dung lam taiiieu
tham khao ve mgt ngi dung LS Tnjydn LS co tac
dimg boidudng linh cam, giao due td tmng va gay
hung thu hgc tap LS cho HS" |2; tr 432 - 433]
381 Tap chi Gino due so 381
Tac gia Nguyin Van Ddng cho rang: "Kechuy^
LS la mot phddng phap dung tii noi de diia tamdt each sinh dgng, hap dan, co hinh anh vimotdu chuyen da xay ra trong qua khd Cau chuyen kec6 khi chiia nhung manh sukien, bl6i coLS lien qum den noidung bai hgc; co khi la nhung tinh tiet lien qtm den cac nhan vatLS, cdkhichiiagiaithichchomgtcai ten, dia danh cho mgt khai niem, thuat ngd tmng
d a i t e " [3; tr21]
Thep chung tdi, PPKC LS la dung idi noi ketiiflp vdi cac phudng tien tare quan de'dien tasinh dpng noi dung cau chuyen LS ve nhan vat, sukien, dja danh, bien cp LS, thanh tuu van hda , cac cau chuyenc6 thechdadung yeu tehuapnhutnjyencdtich,tniyen thuyet nhung cct truyen phai dam bao tinh chan thuccuaLS,khdng dupc hien dai hda hay xuyen tat
LS Dp dd, trpng qua trinh day hpc LS, GV can li/» ehpn nhdng cau chuyen kephu hdp vdi kie'n Ih^de lam sang tp npi dung bai hpc, giup HS linh hpi liien thdc tct hfln Nhung cau chuyen phu hpp gop phan
lam tang hdng thu, tinh tich cue chu dpng m HS
trong qua trinh hpc tap, cung nhu niem yeu thich mon hpc cua cac em, cung cap them nhdng kie'n ttifc ma sach giap khpa khdng the'dang tai MeicauchuyenB mdt ta'm gudng phan anh nhiing dieu tptxau.Wenac, nhung ta'm Idng cap thuong qua cam cua cac anil hung dan tpc , qua ddcptac dung giac dgctirfonSi tinh cam, dap due chp cac em, ddng thdi gdp phan phat trie'n tu duy HS nhu: tri tUdng tUdng, kha nang phan tich,spsanh,tdm tat tnjyen, ghi nhdcac tinh tat nhan xet, danh gia cac nhan vat, sukidn LS
* TnrSiig 0ai hoc lliii do Ha NQI
(hi 1-512016)
Trang 2qua s y d u n g PPKC t r o n g day hpc LS d t i e u hoc
Ke chuyen cJupc eoi la sa "sao chep" c6 sang
tao, CO ^ e dung phat then kha nang tu5ng tuang va
tai tao eua HS,vivay can khuyen khich HS kechuyen
bang ngon ngu cua minh, phai eoi trong viec boi
di/5ng kTnang ke ehuyen eho HS.Dethuc hien yeu
cau do, GV nen cho HS doc taf6e sach giao khoa
di/a theo cac eau hoi cho tru6c cua G V, eac cau hoi
dua ra phai mang tinh khai quat va doi hoi phai tap
hop nhieu chitiet trong cau ehuyen giup HS tra loi,
sau do dan dung tranh, anh theo trinh tu d i l n bien
cau chuyen de HS n h d v a c o khanang kelai Do su
tap Mjng ehuycua HS tieu hpc ve mptvan de khong
ducfclau, vithe thdi gian kechuyen khong nen keo
daiqua 10-15 phiit Can danh nliieu th6i gian de HS
tiep xue vdl tu lieu, qua do hinh thanh bleu tupng,
khainiem Cothesudung nhieu hinh t l ire kechuyen
nhu: ca cau chuyen, tutig doan, trucfc ca Icfp, tn/dc
mpt nhdm, sau khi doe sach giao khoa, sach tham
khao, ke'theo tranh anh , can ket hpp da dang, linh
hoat cae PPDH giup HS tai hien dupc kien thirc LS
Sau day, chung toi xin dexuatmpt so PPKC cuthe
gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hpc mon LS dtieu
hpc nhu:
2.1 Kethqp PPKC vdi sudung do dUng tmc
quan Phuemg tien tn/e quan trong day hpe LS het
sue da dang nhu hinh ve, tranh anh, so do, ban do,
lupc do Sudung dodung tnA; quan vua nham khai
thac ngidung LS the hien qua tranh anh bo sung cho
bai giang,viJra phat huy nang luc tuduy,kich thieh tri
tuong tucfng phong phu, tao hutig thu hpc tap va eo
tae dung giao due tutudng,tinh cam HS Tuduy eua
HS tieu hpc thudng dupe hinh thanh tCrnhung van de
cuthe,tn/cquan,dodddesudungPPKCkethppd6
dung trucquancd hieu quatrong day hpcLS.GVcan
xacdinhnhOngmue tieu CO ban veklen thde, kTnang,
thai d o m a H S can dat duoc trong bai Tren CO sddd,
xacdjnh muc dich ke chuyen V i d u : CO thegiiipHS
hinh dung ra bde tranh thong qua eau chuyen dupc
ke,friayduocquakhLi'LSdi§nranhuthenao,saud6
lua chon tranh anh do G V hoac HS chuan bj phu hop
vdl npi dung eau chuyen; GV cung can ehuan bi he
thongcauhoigcrtmddeHSn&m dupc noidung cau
chuyen phan anh, hieu kien thdc bai hpe
22 Kethap PPKC vdi thao luan Khi sudyng
PPKC ket hop vdi thao luan, GV khong truyen dat
HS phai nhd, thuoc long, manen thletke, djnh hudng
to chdc cac hoatdpng cho HS,tao dieu kien eho eae
em dupc tham gia frao doi y kien, kinh nghiem cua minh t d d d rut ra tri thdc eua bai hpc Dethuc hien tot yeu cau nay, tarde het, G V phai xae dinh duoc muc tieu coban vekien thdc, kTnang,thaidp maHS can dat, nhdng noidung coban HS can n§m viSig Can
cd vao muc tieu bai hpc, GV can xae djnh PPKC phu hpp, chuan bj he thong cau hoi mang tinh gpi mddSn d5t, th let kephleu baitap detochdcehoHS thao luan noidung cua eau chuyen, bai hpe.Tren eo
sd ket qua thao luan va ke ehuyen eua eac nhom,
G V khai quat lai dien bien cua su kien LS hoac dae diem nhan vat LS ; cdthe yeu eau mpt so HS nitra nhung nhan xet, ket luan sau khi nghe ke chuyen, hoac ket hc^ ke chuyen vdl cac trd choi, cau do de eung co kien thdc va gay hdng thu cho HS G V can dpng vien, khen thudng kip thdi cac nhom heat dpng tich cue, CO kS't qua toL Sudung PPKC ket hpp vdi thao luan rat can thiet trong day hpc LS, gdp p h i n nang eao tinh tieh cue, tugiac va chu dpng cua HS,
tang cudng7ay WS/am tnjng Cam"trong quatrinh
day hpc, gdp phan nang cao chat luong day hpc LS dtrudng tieu hpe
2.3 Ket hgp PPKC vdi trao doi, dam thoai
Vi§c su dung PPKC ket hpp vdi trao doi, dam thoai nh5m cu thehda sukien, hien tupng LS, giup HS khoi phuc lai buc tranh eua qua khd, tao bleu tupng LS Thong qua moi cau ehuyen, G V khong ehi la ngudi dong vai trd ehu dao hudng dan HS, ma phai phat huy tinh tieh cue cua HS trong trao doi, dam thoai,
b l n g viee G V neu ra nhOng cau hoi deHS thao luan Nhung eau hoidupcxoayquanh noidung eau ehuyen
LS ma GV ke, giup HS hieu ro mue dich, npi dung cau chuyen nhung vSn dam bao kl^'n thde CP ban Tuy nhien can xac djnh trao doi, dam thoai ch i la yeu
to botrpcho PPKC, do do khong nen qua lam dung
ma can su dung sao eho phu hpp vdi cau chuyen duoc ke Cdthe ket hop trao doi, dam thoai trong cac cau chuyen LS ke ve cac van de Idn cd mau thuan, can li giai de tim ra van de hoac cac cau chuyen ve nhan vat, bien cp, dia danh tao ra budc ngoat Idn trong LS
Vidt/ Khi to chde eho HS tim hieu vetinh eanh
ngudi nong dan Viet Nam cuoi the kl XIX, dau the kl
Tap chi Gido due so 381 ;
Trang 3Nam ttong thdi Phap thugc (bai A: Xa hgi VietNam
cu6ilhekiXIX-dauthe'k!XX-lS5),saua6t6chdc
cho HS trao do'i, dam thoai thdng qua mdt sd cau
hoi goi y: - O i / d t W Phap thugc, ngudi nong dan
VietNam phailao dgng trong dieu kien nhuthe nao ?
• Em CO suynghigi veddl song nong din VietNam
thdi Phap thuoc? - Vai trd cua giai cap nong dan
trong cugc dau tranh chdng thuc dan Phap xam
luac?lien co sd y kie'n trao dd'i cua HS, GV cd the
ke cho HS nghe mau chuyen ve su khd' cue cua
ngudi ndng dan dudi ach cai trj cua thuc dan Phap,
sau dd chdt y dudi ach thd'ng tri cua thuc dan Phap,
ngudi dan Viet Nam ndi chung, ndng dan ndi rieng
bj ap bde bpc Idt nang ne, ddi sd'ng cua hp vd cung
cue khd', lai dupc ke thda truyen thd'ng yeu nudc
chd'ng ngoai xam cua dan tdc, vi vay, hp san sang
ddng len da'u tranh chd'ng thuc dan Phap de gianh
dpciapdantpc
2.4 Ket hop PPKC vdi ling dung cong nghe
ttdnff ft/i Nhd s u h d trfl cua cdng nghe thdng tin,
cac cdng cu va phudng tien phuc vu chp viec day
hpc, ke chuyen nhu: van ban, hinh anh, phim didn
hoat, am thanh, hethong kenh chd, kenh hinh Qua
dd, HS khdng chiduflc ren luyen cac kha nang nghe,
ndi, dpc, viet ma cdn quan sat va cam nhan dupc
cac sukien,giup HS hinh thanh bie'u tupng LS thong
quatriJc quan sinh dpng, cac em se n j m batva hinh
dung dupc cac su kien LS mpt each chan thuc, rd
net Deviec sudiing dathieu qua cao, GV can duoc
trang bj nhdng kie'n thuc ve cdng nghe thdng tin
Ben canh dc, GV cung can xac djnh ndi dung cd
ban cua bai de'ii/a ehpn cau chuyen cho phu hdp, cd
nhu vay mdi tap duoc su ket hop nhuan nhuyin,
linh hpat ranh mach d l hie'u trpng cau chuyen Vi
du: khitc'chdc chp HS tim hie'u v l chie'n thdng Bach
Bang nam 938 oua Ngd Quyen (LS va Dja li 4)
tren lupc dd Chien thdng Bach DSng nam 938 va
doan video Ngd Quyen vdi chien thdng Bach DSng
nam 938 (doan videp cd s i n tren thu vien Viplet),
GV ket hpp dat cau hei gpi md: - Khi quan Nam
Han chuan bikeo vao xam luge nudc la, Ngo Quyen
tathi/chlSn kesach gi dechu dgng danh giac? Vi
saoonglalchgn each danh ay? - Khi thuy quan cua
Hoang Thao keo vao cua bien Bach Bing, Ngo
Ouyendacdchutnianggidenhijquandlchlgtvao
401 Tap chi Giao due so 381
ngam, nudc tneu bit dau xuong, dudisiiSnh iao cua Ngo Quyen, quan dan ta da phan cong quin dich nhuthenao? - Kelquacua Iran thuychi^ta
sao?Thdng qua cap cau hdi, ket hop vdi viec guan sat iuflc dc (videp) se kich thich tu duy va Iri lirong tuflng cua HS, giup cac em tich cue, chu dpng Iham gia vap qua trinh ITnh hpi kie'n thdc
S i i d u n g PPKC trong day hpc LS edtac dung td't trong viec nang cao nang luc nhan thuc vaphat trie'n pha'm chat dap due cua HS, gdp phin "eg ttie hda" su kien LS, giup HS de dang khdi phgc b^ tranh qua khd, la cfl s d de' hinh thanh lihai niem tim ra ban chat cija su kien LS, gdp phan phat Irien toan dien nSng lire nhan thdc cdng nhu khciday xuc cam LS d H S Tuy nhien, de'PPKCtrongd^y hpc LS dat ke't qua cae, GV can lua ehpn chuyen
ke sap chp phu hpp vdi ndi dung kien thdc bai hgc, sSp xep thdi gian chp phu hpp, tranh tinh trgng
"chay giap an"; can ke't hdp PPKC vdi cac PPDH khac sap chp hop ii, can ren iuyen de gipng k§'hay, hap dan thu hutdudc HS, sap chp chuyen ke "khong chibSng ngdn ngd, mabSng ca trai tim", giup HS cam nhan duoc cai hay an chda trong cau chuySn,
t d d d cac em mdi nhd kie'n thuc bai hpc gan li^nviS chuydn ke'cuaGV a
Tai li^u t h a m k h a o
11 ] HOi ddng qudc gia chi dao biftn so^n Tir di^n Bich
khoa Viet Nam (2005) Tirdign Bdch khoa Vi^ttiim
(tip 2) NXB G i i o due
[2] Phan Ngpc Lien (chu bien) (2008) TUdlin llail ngaLichsiiphdthdng.t^XBmm'l
[3] NguySn Van Dkng (2000), Phmmgphdpkl'cm'
lick sii trong dgy hpc Ifch sir d trung hpc cdsii^i?
ctii Nghien cuu giao due, sd 4
[4] Dang Diic An (chu bien) (2012) Nhang ini'
chuydn lich sd thegidi (tip I) NXB GiSo dye
[5j Nguyin Anh (2006) Nhdng mdu chuyin Hch si
thii W NXB Tir di^n BSch khoa -,
[6] N.G Dairi (1978) Chudn bi g i * A(ic Ijc* Jlf"»'
thi ndo (D5ng Bich H& - Nguyin Cao Lay djcti) NXB
Giao due
17] Nguyin Th€ Ho4n -1.1 Quy Mtii (2011) WlW
mdu chuyin Itch sd (quyin I) NXB Dai hpc Sirpk*"
C6i Phuang phdp day hpc lich sii (2009) NXB D>i
hgc Supham
(kil-512016)