HirONG DAN HOC SINH ON LUYEN VA LAM BAI THI TBUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA MON LICH SV PGS TS NGUYEN M A N H HUCJNG Abstract Since 2015, the High school graduaiion dnd Enirance university has merged to[.]
Trang 1HirONG DAN HOC SINH ON LUYEN VA LAM BAI THI TBUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA MON LICH SV
PGS.TS N G U Y E N M A N H
HUCJNG-Abstract: Since 2015, the High school graduaiion dnd Enirance university has merged to become National High School Examination This change confuses teachers and pupils and requires changes
In reviewing and taking examination This article proposes some measures to hetp students get realty
to the examination with 5 groups of method in hislory subjecl with aim to gel good result Keywords; guiding pupils review, practice and do exdms in Hislory subject, National High School Examination, History subject
yvgoy nhdn bdi: 20/03/2016: ngdy stia chua: 24/03/2016: ngdy duyet ddng: 25/03/20/6
I.Thuc hien Quyetdjnh sc3538/QD-BGDOT
ngay 09/9/2014^cua Bp trudng Bp GD-DT, nam
2015 nudc ta to' chdc ki thi trung hpc phd'thdng
qud'c gia (THPTQG), tich hop hai ki thi (td'tnghiep
THPT va tuyen sinh cap dang, dai hpc), nham thuc
hien Nghi quyet sc 29-NQ/TW ngay 4/11/2013 ve
dpi mdi can ban.tpan dien GD-DT, dp la: "Boimdi
can ban hinh thdc va phuang phap Ihl, kiem tra va
danh gia ketquaGD-BT, dam bao tnjnp thuc khach
quan Viec thi, kiem tra vadanh gia ketqua GD-BT
can tdngbddc Iheo cac teu chilien tien dugc xahgi
va cgng dong giao due the gidi lin cay va cong nhan"
So vdiki thi truyin thd'ng trudc day, ki thi TH PTQG
cd niiilu diem mdi: K i t q u a cua kithi nay se la can
cude vda cdng nhan td't nghieu TH PT, vua xeltuyln
vap cac trudng dai hpc, cac dang; ki thi nay dupc tc'
chdc mpt each nghiem tuc,dam bao tinhtrangthuc,
khach quan, mpi tieu cue nhu: quay cdp, trap dd'i
bai se khang cdn ten taL Vivay, mdi hpc sinh (HS)
phai nd luc hetminh trpng qua trinh hpc tip,dn iuyen
de lam bai bang kiln thuc, nang luc cua ban than
Suthay del nay dadatra chp giap vien (GV)va HS
nhdng ban khpan, ttiSc m l c : Ki Ihi nayco die'm gi
mdi? Can hudng din HS on luyen nhdng gi?
Phuangphaponluyen nhuthenao? Cautrucdethi
CO cac dang ciu hoi nao vi cich giai quyel m Si dang
ra_saodekhilambaithidatketquatdt?Jdthucmn
viec hudng d i n HS dn luyen va true tiep tham gia
Cham thituyen sinh men Lichsu{lS) chp tha'y, nhilu
HS du yeu thich LS, lua ehpn mdn hpc nay de'thi
nhung lai chua tim ra phuang phap tipc tap va kT
nang lam bai thi hieu qua
Bai vietnay d l cap hudng dan H S dn luyen va lam
bai thi THPTQG mdn LS, giup GV, HS xac djnh
441 Tap chi G i d e due so 3 8 1
dung mach ndi dung kien thdc (bam sattheo chuong trinh quy dinh) de dn tap cljng nhuphuflng phap,K nSng dn luyen va larit bai thi dedat ketqua cao
2 Hudng d i n HS dn iuyen va lam bai thi THPTQG mon LS
2.1 Van dung cong thtic "5W-2How" kill
on iuyen va lam bai thi Cdng thdc '5)A( - 2 How'
la v i i t tSt cua cac "td khda" trpng tieng Anh, gom:
What? (su kien (SK) LS j i da xay ra va nhuthe nap?): li'/7e/7?(vapthdi diem nap?); Who?[QsnU^
vdi ai - nhan vat, giai cap, tang Idp, td'chdc nao?,,.);
Where? {gan vdi dia diem, khcng gian nao?); Kill
van dung 4W trong dn luyen, GV yeu cau HS khong nen may mdc, vi trpng mdt sp trudng hdp SK LS khdng can phai chi tiet, cu the've ngay/thang/nam
ma mang "tinh tuong dd'i" Thdi gian cua SK LS rS
da dang, cd the duoc tinh b l n g phut (10 gid45 phul ngay 30/4/1975, xetSng vabd binh quan Giaiphdng tien vap Dinh Ddc lap, bStsdng toan bp npi cac chinh quylnSai Gdn); cd khi theo mua (mua he nam 1920, Nguyin Ai Qud'c dupc tiep xdc vdi Luan cudngcila Lenin ), hpac thap k!, the kl (dau thap ki, cuoirt kl ); ddi khi lai dung cum td chi tUdng doi "trong nhflng nam", "dau nhflng nam", "cud'i nhi/ng nSm' (nhung nam 20 c i j a t h l k i XX, phcng trap yeu n *
d Viet Nam cd hai khuynh hudng chinh trj cung lis-taija tu san va vd san ) Tuong tu, khdng gian LS dien ra cd the ia mpt gdc cay da (cdy da Tan Trao-noi d i l n ra l l xua't quan cua mpt ddn vi Giai phong quan dp VdNguyen Giap chi huy tiln vigiaiphont thj xaThai Nguyen, mddau chp cupc tdng khSnghft thang Tam nam 1945),tai mptcddie'm,canqu;(cii
* Tnrilng Dai hqc Sir pham ila N f i
(kil
• " " ^
Trang 2Bac Viet Nam, {(huvLTc Dong Nam A ); Why?{\\
giai vi sao, tai sao SK LS lai d i l n ra nhu vay? Xdc la
phai binh luan, nhan xet, danh gia, chung minh, giai
thich li giai ve SK LS) GV can luu y HS: kien
thtic LS luon co hai phan: ' W ' ( n h a n g SK, hien
tucfngdadiln ra trong quakhu'.du muon hay khong
cung khong thay doi du(?c), khong tranh luan, khong
hien dai hoa hoac xuyen tac phan "so" (gom 4W 6
fren); luan "(Why?) la phan quan trpng doi vcfi ngircfi
hoc, on luyen va lam bai thi LS, diem cua bai thi cao
hay thap phu thupc nhi^u vao phan "luan" (khoang
60-70% diem so cua bai thi) Vi du, (khi de cap ve
SK Ho Chu tjch ra Icfi keu gpi toan quoc khang
chien), cac em phai li giai dupc vi sao Dang, Chinh
phu ta lai phat dpng khang chien toan quoc chong
thi/c dan Phap vao ngay 19/12/1946 ma khong
phai la thdi gian khac DT nhien, de "luan" dupc
phan "su", cac em can phai ghi nho, xac djnh duoc
qua trinh dien ra cua 4W (khac vol hpc thupc long,
thuoc vet) Tren thuc te, khong it HS tuy biet dupc
phan "si?', nhung lai khong the giai thich, nhan xet,
binh luan dupc SK V i du: nhieu em tuy nhddupc
chien thSngDien Bien Phu ketthuc ngay 7/5/1954,
nhung khong the ligiai dupc vi sao lai gpi day la
chien thdng Idn nhat cua quan dan ta trong khang
chien chong Phap (1945-1954)
"2 How"g6m: CO cac dang cau hoi (khi on luyen
m6inpidung,chude)vacachgiaiquyetm6idang cau
hoinhuthenao?(xemmLic2.5./Oh/?nfir/7/em/am/7a/
vdi cac dang cau hoi thudng gap trong de thi)
22.Hgctheo "sado tir duy", ket hgp v6i"tti
khoa" G V can luu y H S dp dai cua bai thi khong ti le
thuan vcfi diem so cua bai thi, khong phai ciiviet that
dai la dupc diem cao, van de cot loi la du y, dung y va
hieu dupc ban chat cua SK Vi vay, nen sudung SP
do tu duy ca trong qua trinh hpc va tardc khi lam bai,
phai phac th ao raychinh can giaiquyet, tranh bj thieu
soty Dac biet trong qua trinh day hpc, on luyen, GV
can nhan manh mptsotu, mptso noidung, khai niem
ma HS d l bj nham lan, khong chinh xac lam sai di
ban chatcua SK Vi du, khi decap ve noidung coban
cua Hiep dinh So bp (6/3/1946), cac em phai neu
dupc 3 y chinh cung cac 'liJr khoa": Phap cong nhan
Ut 1^ mptquoc gia ft/rfo ); Ta daigycho Phap ; fiai
bindSngy ) Neu HS vietnham \(t ft/ctothanh dgc
l$p thi se khong co diem va bi danh gia la hoc vet,
khong hieu SK LS nay
2.3 Xac djnh, lien he nhi/ng SK Idn cua the
gioi CO tac dgng true tiep den LS Viet Nam a
gicfl, nen se chiu anh huong tac dpn^ nhjjng SK LS thegicfi, dac biet latrong xu thetoan cau hoa hien nay Trong cac dang de thi, HS se gap cau hoi lien quan
g i i ^ LS the gidi va LS dan tpc Vi du: Trinh bay nhung thing iai cua quan Bong minh tdcuoinam 1944 den giua thang 8-1945 va cho biet tac dong cua nhung Mngloidodoivdicacljmang VietNam^ Hoac: Phati tfch hoan canh LS dan den su chuyen hudng dau tanh ctia Dang trong th<^ kil 939-1945 Jrongr)h\inQ
truang hpp nay, HS phai hieu nhung SK tieu bieu cua
LS the gioi de lien he, van dung vao giai quyetnhOng noi dung LS Viet Nam co lien quan
2.4 Day hgc nhirng ngi dung LScd lien quan deh cac Nghi quyet cua Bang trong giaidoan
1930-1945.Jh\Jci\en cho thay, HS hay bi nham lin
va roi khi hpc ve nhung chu trupng chi dao each mangtrong cac Nghj quyet cua Trung uong Dang, nhatia giai doan 1930-1945.De kh§c phuc han che nay, GV hudng dan HS kinh nghiem xac djnh 5 cum '1i> khoa" dudi day dcac Nghj quyet Hpi nghj Tmng uong Dang (thang 10/1930, thang 7/1936, thang 11/1939, thang 5/1941 va thang 3/1945 Cling
de cap den npi dung nay); 1) Xac djnh dudng loi chien lupc each mang (khong bao gid thay doi): Dau nam 1930, Cuong ITnh cua Dang xac dinh each mang Viet Nam trai qua 2 giai doan la lam tu san dan quyen each mang va tho dia each mang, sau khi thanh cong se bo qua giai doan tuban chu nghTa de'tien len chu nghTa xa hpi Tusau nam 1975, Viet Nam thuc hien giai doan 2 cua ducffig loi nay; 2) Xac djnh doitucfng,nhiem vy each mang (cothethay doi
do hoan canh LS) Vidu, trong giai doan 1936-1939, Dang xac djnh doi tupng ma each mang can danh
do khong phai la de quoc Phap noi chung ma la bpn phan dpng thuoc dja va tay sai; Hpi nghi Tmng UPng thang 11/1939 xac djnh ke thu la de quoc Phap va tay sai; Hpi nghi Trung upng thang 5/1941 xac djnh
ke thu la de quoc - phat xit Nhat, Phap va tay sai, sau ngay Nhatdaochinh Phap (9/3/1945),H6inghi Ban thudng vu Trung uong Dang xac djnh ke thu chi con phat xit Nhat va tay sai cua chung - Chinh phu
bu nhin Tran Trpng Kim); 3) Xac dinh luc lupnci each mangvathanh lap Mattrandanipc thong nhat (cd the thay doi do hoan canh LS) Vi du, thang 7/1936, Dang dua ra chu truong thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de Dong Dupng; den thang 3/1938 doi ten thanh Mat tran Dan chu Dong Duong, thang 11/1939 doi ten thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan tdc phan de Dong Duong, thang 5/1941
Tap chi Gido due so 381 45
Trang 3Viet Nam (Mattran Viet Minh); 4) Dua ra khau hi?u
dau tranh (cothethay doi do hoan canh LS);5)Xac
dmh hinh thuc, phUOng phap dau tranh each mang
(CO the thay doi do hoan canh); 6) Hpi nghi Trung
uong 8 (5/1941) nhan manh cdng tac chuan bi khdi
nghTa la nhiem vy trung tam cua toan Dang, toan
dan (tich ci/c xay dung ve luc Iupng chinh trj, luc
Iupng vu trang va can cu dia each mang)
2.5 Kinh nghiem lam bai vdi cac dang cau
hoi thudng gap trong dethi Xu hudng doi mdi
phuang phap kiem tra, danh gia ndichung, mon LS
noi rieng trong nhung nam gan day, ben canh dang
eau hoi "dong" (neu, trinh bay, xac dinh, keten.,.),
con CO dang cau hoi "md", yeu eau thi smh "van
dung" kien thuc (li giai, chung minh, dua vao bang
diriieuchosin roi dua ra nhan xet, danh gia,_phat
bieu y kien ve nhan dinh, lien he vdi thuc tien ),
hoac ket hop ea hai dang tren Neu HS chi on kien
thu'c ma khong lam quen, luyen cac dang eau hoi thi
kho dat dupc diem cao (do moi dang cau hoi cd
each tra Idi khac nhau) De giup eac em khong bj
liing tung khi lam bai, GV hudng dan HS can ehu y
nhUng dang cau hoi sau:
2.5.1 Dang cau hoi CO 2 ve.ve dau ket thiic bing
Vnao?", hoac tu'"gi?",ve sau yeu cau lam ro nhimg
thong tin lien quan den vedau Vi du: Thangloiquan
si/nao cua nhan dan ta da tac dong tn/c tiep buoc
tvliphaingoi vao ban dam phan va kiHiep dinh Pah
ve VietNam? Viec ki Hiep dinh Pari c6 anh huang
nhuthenao doivdicucdien chien tmdng mien Nam ?
dang cau hoi nay, HS khong can mPbai ma nen tra
Idi ngay vao ve thunhat deddmat thai gian, can suy
nghTkTdetra idi cho chinh xac y, vi neu tra ldi sai se
mat diem ca cau Can can cuvao dau "phay", cym
tl) l u den", hoac tu "va" Cau hoi yeu cau cac em
phai neu dupc 2 th§ng loi quan sutieu bieu cua ta,
do la: Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than
1968 buoc MT phai chap thuan "ngoi vao ban dam
phan" vdi ta jai Hiep dinh Pari; thang Ipi cua quan
dan mien BSe cuoi nam 1972 lam nen tran "Dien
Bien Phu tren khong" budc MTphai ki H iep djnh Pan
ve ketthuc chien tranh lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam
(ngay 27/1/1973) De tra Idi tot ve hai cua cau hoi,
cac em dua vao boi canh LS cu the de phan lich, II
giai, binh luan, nhan xet ,
2.5.2 Dang cau hoi cuoi cau CO cum tif "nhu the
nao?"vayeucaulam ronoidunglien quan den cum
tudd Vi dy: Ti^sau nam 1954, Dang ta da xac dinh
vai tro each mang cua 2 miSn Bic, Nam nhu thenao?
461 Tap chi Giao due so 381
chien chong MJcdu nudc (1954-1975f> Dang can
hoi nay khong khd,^chi d muc dp nhan biet vatrinh bay, H S de dupc diem cao neu ehuyen can on t ^ va nSm vung kien thu'c
2.5.3 Dang cau hoi CO hat ve, thudng si/duftghai cum td "neu va nhan xet " hoac Irinh bay va nhan xef.Vidu: Neu va nhan xetchinh sachdoingoaicik Lien bang Nga va MI tusau "chien tranh lanli'den
nam 2000.Dayladang cau hoi yeu cau thi sintidhai
m LTC dp "n han bief va "van dyng", co bieu diem neng dtung ve cua cau hoi Vi vay, cac em nen tra loi ve
"neu", hoac "trinh bay" tardc de dupc diem dmi/cdp nhan biet, sau ddmoi tra Idi ve "nhan xef.Cutfiesaj khi neu chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua Nga va MT, HS can nhan xet duoc: - Sau Chien tranh lanh cham diJ1,ca Nga va MTdeu cd sudieu chinh trong ehinh sach doi ngoai cua minh ;-Chinh sach doi ngoai cua Nga nhiim giu viing va nang cao vj the cua minh dchau
Au, chau A eung nhu tren trudng quoc te ,; • Chinh sach doi ngoai cua MT hudng den thiet lap mpt trattu thegidi"dPn cue", trong do MTdong vai tro ehiphoiva lanh dao the gidi
2.5.4 Dang cau hoi the hien rosupliifi lidaye trinh do tu duy cua thi smh, thudng bat dau bang caecum tdVi sao ?; Li giai ?; Phan tich ?; Cl)ti{ig minh ?;Lam ro Bang nhi^g SK co chgn Igc f)iy lam sang to Vi dy: Vi sao budc sang thu - tfd/iff
1950, Dangva Chinh phuta lai quyet dinh mdchBii dich Bien gidi? Neu y nghia cua chien djch Bay la
dang eau hoi phan hda trinh dp tu duy cua HS, thudng b^tdau bang caecum tu Visao ?;Ligiai ; Phan tich ; Chung minh ; Lam ro,^ B^ngphfing
SK CO chon ipc hay lam sang t6 De tra Icfi totdanci cau hoi nay, his can bam satvaoboicanhLS cuthe Cau tra Idi nen b§t dau b^ng td "vi", "do", hoac "xuat, phattu ," Phuong phap tdtnhatkhitra Idi dang cau hoi nay la ket hop ca hai each trinh bay: diln djch (b^ng viec dua ra eum 'Id khda", roi diin giai, phan tich), sau do tong ket, khai quat lai (phuong phap quy nap) 0 vi du nay, HS can xac djnh dUcJC 3y chinh bling cym "tu khda", sau do dung cac diJIieii
LS d e l i giai, lam ro: Budc sang thu-dong 1950, Dang va Chinh phu ta quyet djnh md chien dich Bien gidi vi: - The va luc cua quan dan ta da manh len ; -Dieu kien quoc te lue nay ed nhieu thuan lOi chota,.„;-Thucdan Phap trien khai"KehoachRovf ngan can budc tien eua cupc khang chien, ta can phai dap tan am muu cua thuc dan Phap; • Chien thang nay dua eupc khang chien chong thuc dan
(kil-5l20W
Trang 4gianh the chu ddng tren chien tn;dng
^ 2.5.5 Dang cau hoi yeu cau ffiisinh hay xac dinh
dung mdc thdigian xayra SK/bien coLS, saudolam ro
noidung kien thOclien quan den SKdd Vi dy: Xacdinh
m^ tha gian mddau cong cugc doi ma dat nudc cua
Dang va Nha nudc ta Phan tich nhung yeu tdtac dong
d&ichutnjatigvadudngiadamdidatnudccikDang
Dang cau hoi eo 2 ve, mdi ve cd mdt bieu diem rieng,
Neutraldisaivel sebimatdiem cacau, nen can than
trpng khidua raquyetdjnh va khong nhatthiet phaicy
the, chitiet, ehi fet thdi gian bang ngay/thang.Detra ldi
totye2, eae em dya vao boi canh LS cd lien quan (ed
thelatrude hoae sau SK)
2.5.6 Dang cau hoi yeu cau thisinh lam ro nhdng
thong tin lien quan den m gtdoan van ban da duac viet
trong sach giao khoa, yeu cau cac em nhan dien, sau
domabinhluan,ligiaihoacnhanxet y\6u: "Banchi
Cinhan dinh: Cugc dao chinh da tao nen su khung
hoang chinh tri sau sac, song nhung dieu kien tdng
khcinghJa chua chin mua Phat xit Nhat trd thanh ke
thuchinh cua nhan dan BongDUdng Khau hieu 'Danh
dua Phap • Nhaf'dUdc thay bing khau hieu Vanh
dua phat xit Nhaf Hinh ^uc dau tranh tubathgp tac,
baicong bai&ti den bieu tinh, miuy, vu trang du kich va
san sang chuyen qua hinh mOc tdng khai nghia khico
dffii;/f^n "[1;tr 112] Boan trich tren la chu tn/ang
trong hgi nghi nao cua Dang Cgng san Bong Duang 7
GmMch va nhan xet visao Dang lai dua ta chu tn/ang
dd> Vdi dang eau hoi nay, ne'u cac em nhan dien sai ve
dausematdiem cacau, nen can bam vao cac "bikhoa"
trong doan van ban dexac dinh thdidiem xay ra SK LS
(nhu ten ke thu, ten khau hieu dau tranh, hinh thue
phuong phap dau tranh ) De tra Idi tdt ve sau, phai
bam sat vao boi eanh LS eua SK
2.5.7 Dang cau hoi yeu cau thisinh lam ro SK,
hien tut/ng LS dua vao mgt bang thong tin dulieu cho
sin.yidu:
sn
1
2
4
5
SK chinh
Phat xit QiJc tan cong Lien X6
Ctijgn tranh the gicii thU hai biing no
Phat xit Nhai tuven bo flclu hang khong C\iu kien
Phat xit Nhat d^nh Lang San, sau do xam chiem
Donq DUdnij
Chmh phu Phat xit DiJc diu hSng kti6ng dieu kien
Thdi
Anh (chj) hay: - Xac dinh va sap xep lai eac SK
sau theo thdluthdi gian cua chien tranh the gidi thu
hai (1939-194'5); - Phan tich SK thdi CP "ngan nam
CO m p f doi vdi nhan dan eae nude Dong Nam A
N h i ^ g nudc nao trong khu vye Dong Nam A da tan
doe lap? Cung cd khi de bai cho mot bang SK lien quan den khu vuc nao do sau nam 1945, roi yeu cau thi sinh chi ra nhung bien doi Idn cua khu vuc De lam tdt dang eau hdi nay, cae em phai bam sat vao hoan canh LS SK
2.5.8 Dang cau hoi yeu cau thisinh so sanh, danh gia cac SK, hien tugng LS trong cung mgtthdikihoac gida cac thdi ki khac nhau nhung cung loai Vi du: Cac chien luac chidn tranh thuc dan kieu moi ma de qudc MItien hanh a mien Nam VietNam (1961-1975)
CO nhdng diem gi gidng nhau? toa.\ cau hdi nay yeu
cau HS so sanh, danh gia cac SK, hien tupng LS trong cung mdt thdi ki hoac giua cac thdi ki khac nhau nhung eung loai Neu debai bat dau bang menh deso sanh, cac em can chira nhung diem gidng va khac
nhau cua ddi tucftig Trong tnidng hap de bai yeu cau
chi ra nhung diem gidng nhau hoac khac nhau eua ddi tupng thi cae em can tap taing vao nhung diem gidng hoac khac nhau de lam rd, phan tich
2.5.9.pang cau hoi yeu cau thisinh phaldua quan diem, ykien cuaminh vemgtnhan dinh nao
do lien quan den kien thdc sach giao khoa, rdi ii giai, giai thich (co thela cau hSldgc lap, hoac ve thuhai CLja mgtcau h6i).\f\du: Toan cau hoa la xu the phat then khach quan, la mot thuc te khong the dao nguac trong tinh hinh hien nay Anh (chi) hay cho biet quan diem cua minh vdy kien tren Dayla6ar\g eau hoi
mdi, duoc nhan dien bang 4 menh de, vdi cac cym
tusau:-Phat bieu ykien venhan dinh Trong nua sau the kiXX, he thdng dequdc chu nghia co nhifng chuyen bien quan trong; - Hay lam sang to nhan din h: Toan cau hoa la xu the phattrien khach quan,
la mgt thuc td khong the dao nguac Co diing hay
khong khi eho rang ?; Visao? Vidu: Cdcfiing/iay
khong khi cho rang: Cach mang thing Tam nam
1945 d Viet Nam khong phai la cugc each mang bao luc? Visao?C6 y kien eho r§ng Hay dua ra quan diem cua em vey kien tren, Vi du: Phong trao giai phong dan toe sau chien tranh the gidi thu2 da gop phan lam thay ddi ban dd chinh tn the gidi Hay dua ra quan diem cua em vey kidn tren Dang cau
hdi nay, GV hudng dan HS khdng lam mdbai ma tra Idi ngay de dupc diem ve dau (thudng la 0,5 diem), tra Idi sai se mat diem cacau nen phai than trpng De tra ldi, HS bam theo cau true: dau tien, dan toan van ldi nhan djnh roi khang dinh la diing (hay chinh xac) hoac sai (hay khdng chinh xae, khdng diing) Tiep dd, dung phuong phap diln djch, ket
(Xem liep Irang 56)
Tap chi Gido due so 381 47