JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOT 10 18173/2354 1075 2015 0003 Educational Sci , 2015, Vol 60, No I, pp 20 29 This paper is available online at http //stdb hnue edu vn G I A I P H A P D I N H H U O N G N[.]
Trang 1Educational Sci., 2015, Vol 60, No I, pp 20-29
This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn
G I A I P H A P D I N H H U O N G N G U 6 I H O C
T R O N G M O I T R U I N G D A Y H O C T R U C T U Y E N
N g u y e n T h i H f l d n g G i a n g
Viin Suphgm Ky thudt, Trudng Dgi hgc Bdeh khoa Hd Ndi
Tdm lat Trong the ki XXT - thdi dai cua ki nguyen so va ihdng tin - day hoc irUc luyin trd
day hpc trUc tuyen dai ra nhieu bai toan khd cho ngUdi day ngUcii hoc va ca nhflng chuyen gia Ihiet ke khda h o c Mdi trong nhflng thach thflc de tnen khai day hpc trUc tuyen hieu
hoc tap phii hdp vdi nang lUc, dac diem hoc lap cua ho Vi vay, muc di'ch chinh cua bai bao nay la dUa ra cac giai phap sU pham trong viec thilt k l mdi trUdng day hoc trUc tuyin phii hdp vdi dac tinh cua sinh vien, trong dd mau khao sat la sinh vien kT thuat cua trUdng Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha Ndi Ket qua nghien cflu d l xuat nhom cac phUdng phap - phUdng tien day hoc trUc tuyin, tao nen nhflng moi trUdng hoc tap true tuyin thich flng vdi dac trUng ciia tflng nhdm ngUdi hoc, gop phan nang cao chat lUdng ciia cac khda hpc trUc tuyen hien nayi
7M* khda: E-learning cdng nghe dgy hgc true luyen dinh hudng ngudi hoc phong cdeh hgc lap triic luyen
1 Mb dau
Day hpc trUc tuyin ra ddi tfl d i u nhflng ndm 1990 d i n nay dUdc phdt tnen khd manh me d nhieu to chflc gido due, cac cd sd dao tao cung nhu cac doanh nghiep Trong g i n hai thap ki qua, lUdng sinh vien tham gia cac khda hpc trUc tuyin va cdc khda hpc k i t hdp tang dang ke bdi giao due trUc tuyen cung cap kha nang Iruy cap tang cUdng, sU linh d d n g va thuan lien cho ngUdi hoc Tuy nhien, theo n g h i i n cflu ciia Diaz [ I ], day hpc irflc tuyin c u n g cd mdt ban che chinh dd la ti II
bd hoc eao, ti le hoan thanh va thanh cdng cfla ngUdi hoe trUc tuyin thap hdn ngudi hoc cua cac khda hpc giap mat N g u y i n nhan chfnh cua ban che nay la qua trinh day hoc liUc tuyin cd nhilu thay ddi cd ban v i phUdng phap, binh thflc td chflc, phUdng lien day hpc so vdi day hoc giap mat
V i l e bd hoc cua ngUdi hpc inJc tuyen x u i t phdt tfl nhflng thach thflc ma ngUdi hpc ddi mat vdi cac mdi trUdng hpc tap true tuyen hoac mdi trUdng hoc tap kit hdp, dd la ngUdi hoc khdng hil'u v l
sU khde b i l l gifla mdi trudng hoc tap IrUc tuyen vd cac khda hpc giap mat truyin Ihdng, hdn nfla, ngfldi hpc khdng cd cac kT nang de hpc hieu qua trong cac khda hoe trflc tuyin vd cac khda hoc
k l l bdp Ben canh dd, sU chuyen ddi irong day hoe tti Idp hoc giap mat cd hudng dan eua gido v i i n sang tu bpc true Uiyin khdng d i l n ra d l dang Trong Idp hoc truyen Ihdng, ngUdi hpc phii ihudc vap giao v i l n v l ddng cd hpc tap, sU budng ddn, thill lap m u c dich, gidm sat liln irinh, tir danh gia
Ngiiy nhan hai: 15/10/2014, Ngay nhan dang' 27/01/2015
Trang 2V ^
va bilu qua hpc tap cua ngUdi bpc NgUdc lai, ngUdi hpc irUc luyen can cd trach nhiem hdn trong
qua irinh bpc tap cua riing bp tliy nhiin, nhilu ngUdi hpe IrUc tuyen khdng chuan bi hoac khdng
san sang de ihue hien nhu vay bdi nhflng ngUdi hpc trUdng Ihanh dd cd nhflng kT nang hpc tap la
san pham eua nhieu nam phat tril'n vd hinh thanh ihdi quen Irong Idp hoe giap mat
Do dd, sU tbanb cdng cua ngudt hoe va viec duy tri sd Ifldng ngUdi hoc trd thanh mpt khdi
diu quan trpng nhit cho cac cd sd dao tao cung cap cdc khda hoc true tuyen Vi vay, ngUdi hpc
can dfldc chuan bi de hpc trong cac khda bpc irUc myln, ddng thdi hp can dUdc djnh hudng trong
sudl qua trinh bpc lap nham mue dfch giup bp thanh cdng trong cac khda hpc nay Dd la li do cdn
cd mdi IrUdng hpc tap djnh bUdng cho ngUdi hoe irUe tuyin
Pban tilp theo, tac gia xin dl cap den If luan va cdng nghl day hoe true myen, lam cd sd de
thilt kl mdi irUdng day bpc trUc tuyin dUdc dinh hUdng phu bdp vdi tflng nbdm ngUdi hdc
2 Noi dung nghien cihi
2.1 Li luan va cong nghe day hpc triTc tuyen
Nhu da dinb nghia d bai bao [2], day hpc trUc myin Id binh Ihflc day hoe tich hdp cac flng
dung ciia CNTT&TT vao vile phdn phdi cac bai hpc thdng qua internet
Ngay nay, mang internet va cac dich vu cua nd da bung nd va cd san trong mpi boat ddng
xa hdi, irong dd cd giao due Do dd hau hit cac ldp bpc deu cd the sfl dung internet va cac phUdng
lien dien tfl d mpt mflc dd nhil dinh Vi vay, mpt Idp hpc sfl dung hinh ihflc day hpc true luyin
hay khdng phu thupc vao ba lieu chi cd ban: Mflc dp truyen tai kiln thflc qua internet (thdng qua
chien lUdc/phUdng phap sU pham dUdc thilt ki); Ti le hpc lieu dien tfl dfldc sfl dung trong khda
hpc (hpc bdng phUdng tien day hoc hien dai); Mflc dp linh dpng vl khdng-lhdi gian gifla thiy va
trd (mdi trfldng day bpc) Can cfl vao ba lieu chf nay, Allen [3] cho rang trUdng hpc cd the cung
cap cae khda bpc inrc myln theo nhilu each thflc khde nhau nhU: Khda hoe giap mat dila trin web
(tl le ndi dung dUdc phan phdi true tuyin khoang tfl 1% tdi 29%), khda bpc kit hdp gidp mat va
true myin (ti le nay tfl 30% Idi 79%), khda hoc true tuyin (iT II ndy tfl 80% trd lin) Kit qua la mpl
khda bpc dfldc gpi Id khda bpc IrUc myin khi li le cac ndi dung hpc tap dUdc phdn phdi IrUc tuyen
qua inlernei pbai ifl 80% trd lin
Ld mdt binh thfle day hpe dUa trin nhflng thanh lUu eua internet va mang viln ihdng, qua
trinh day hpc trUc tuyen vdn mang ban chat eua qua trinh day hpc thdng thudng Vi vay, van dung
quan diem vi cdng nghl day hpc [4], ed the dinh nghTa cdng nghl day hpc IrUc tuyin nhU sau:
Cdng nghi dgy hgc true tuyen Id mdi he ihdng phuang lien dgy hoc true luyin phuang
phdp dgy hoc tnfc tuyin vd ki ndng dgy hoc true tuyen nham vdn dung nhimg qui luat ciia idm It
hgc gido due hoc, tdc ddng vao ngudi hgc trite tuyin, tgo nen mdt nhdn each xdc dinh
Nbu vay, qua trinh day hoe true luyen Iheo liep can cdng nghe se pbai dam bao cac nguyen
lac [4] thdng nhal gifla: Tfnh khoa hpc va tfnh cdng nghe, tfnh kha tbi va tinb hieu qua, linh luan
thu nguyin tie vdi tfnh dpc lap sang tao Nhflng nguyen lac nay se tbiet lap cac mdi quan he gifla
ba thanh phan phUdng tien day hpe true myln, phUdng phap day hpc true myen va ki nang day
hpc trUe tuyen Iheo quy lual "vdi mdi nhiem vu hay edng vile can lam, cd the xdc dinh dUdc mdt
lap hdp phUdng tien va pbUdng phap sao cbo chi can ki nang tac nghilp (tflc la kT nang sfl dung
phfldng tiln va phfldng phap) dat mfle tdi thieu cin thilt Id se dam bao lam dfldc (kha thi), cdn
niu kT nang dd cdng thuan thuc, tdi mflc kT xao hoac hdn nfla, idi mflc sang lao, Ihi cdng cd the lam
tdt, tflc la hieu qua cang cao (theo nghTa cua tiiu ciji dd djnh), tdi mflc cd the cai tiln phUdng lien
va phUdng phap hien ed hoac gdp phan phat minh, sang chi pbUdng tiln va phUdng phdp mdi Tap
hdp phUdng tiln va pbUdng phap mdi, vdi mdt ki nang tae nghilp tdi thieu can thiet mdi, lai cho
Trang 3Vl vay, Irong day hpc IrUc tuyin, mdi quan he ndy dUdc md la cu ihe nhU sau:
v i mat vai li, phUdng lien day hoc true tuyin dUdc phan loai Ihanh hai ting cd ban Tang 1
la cac da phUdng lien (mulilmedia) nhu van ban (lext), dm thanh (audio), hinh anh tTnh, hoat hinh,
phim, Ird chdi, md phdng mang thdng tin ve ndi dung hpe tap Da phUdng tien cd the coi \a
nhflng thanh phin Ihdng tin bat nhan cua mdi bai hpc; tang 2 la cac dich vu internet de truyen tai Ihdng tin tdi ngUdi hpc nhu Thu diln tfl, trang web, dien dan, tin nhan, xem phim trUc tuyin, mang
xa hpi, hpi ngh] trUc tuyen Nlu nhu trong day hpc truyen thdng, ngUdi giao vien se truyen tai npi dung hoe tap irflc tilp tbi irong day hoc IrUc tuyin, phUdng tiln day hoc se vfla chfla dflng ndi dung hpc tap, vfla thay the chflc nang truyen lai npi dung ciia gido viln tdi ngUdi hpc Kit qua la,
he thdng phUdng lien day bpc true tuyin ddng mdt vai trd Ihilt yiu trong mdi trudng hoc tap trUc luyin, bdi nd vfla la phUdng tien, vfla lich hdp phUdng phap theo quan dii'm day hoc truyin thong Vile cung cap cac da phUdng tien qua dich vu miernet dUdc tiln hanh qua cdc boat ddng bpc lap dUOc thill kl budng ldi ngUdi hoc Cac boat ddng hoc lap la cac thdnb pban dUdc cau tnic
sU pham trong mpt bdi bpc true myen Va cudi ciing, cdc bai bpc trUc luyen dUdc id hdp vdi nhau tbanb mdt khda hpc irUc tuyin theo nhflng chiln lUdc sU pham eu the Qud trinh kit hdp lien dUdc tbiet kl dua tren mue lieu cua khda hpc, cac dac trUng cua ngUdi hpc, ddc diem khoa hoc cua ndi dung can truyen tai Dd chinh la ban chit cua phUdng phdp day hoc true tuyin Vi vay, phUdng phdp day hpc irUc luyin cd the bieu la phUdng phap tbiet kl cdc da phUdng tien, cdeh thflc sfl dung cac dich vu internet de tiuyin lai ndi dung tdi ngUdi hoc liifc tuyen va la cac chiln lUdc sU pham
de td chflc mdt khda bpc trflc tuyen
Day hpc irUc tuyin chfnh la mdt loai hinh dich vu internet flng dung trong gido due, cac ki nang day hpc irUc tuyen mang nhflng dac trUng neng, phu hdp vdi ngUdi hpc irUc tuyin vd dap flng mdi tnJdng flng dung ICT Do dd, ki nang day hoc Irflc tuyen chfnh lit cac ki ndng sfl dung va ihiil kl phfldng tien day hpc hien dai, kT ndng sfl dung cac dich vu internet trong chia se kiln ihflc,
kT nang day - tu hoc
Vdi nhflng cd sd If luan vd cdng nghl day IHIL* irUc tuyin nay, viec dinh hUdng ngUdi hpc irUc tuyen dat ra nhflng ylu cau khac bilt khi thill kc cac khda hpc trflc luyin, lao nin nhflng ddc trflng cd ban cua cdng nghe day hpc true luyen theo liep can dmh budng ngUdi hoc
2.2 NhUng dac trUng cd ban cua cong nghe day hoc trUc tuyen theo tiep can dinh hu6ng ngUcfi hoc
De Ihilt kl dUdc cac khda hpc trUc myln dam bao tinh djnh hudng thi'ch ngbi theo dac irUng cua ngUdi hpc, qua irinh day hpc theo liep cdn cdng nghl cin dam bao:
- Ve phuang liin dgy hgc irife luyen Nhflng thanh Iitu cua cdng nghe Ihdng tin va truyin
thdng dd dem den cho con ngudi nhflng san pham da phUdng tien hap dan, nhflng dich vu inlernei rat phong phu, da dang Tuy nhiin, mdi ngUdi diing cung cd nhflng thdi quen, sd Ihich, kT nang sfl dung khac nhau Nhflng dich vu inlernei vdi vai trd la phUdng lien day bpc imc luyin cd the tao ra mdt mdi inJdng hpc tap edng tac (sfl dung cdc dich vu mang xa hdi nhu Facebook, Wiki, Forum ) hay cd the la mdi trudng hpc tap tu nghiin cihi dpc lap (chang han nhU Webquest) hoae
ed the Id mdi tixfdng hudng din day du (chang han nhu bai giang chuan SCORM) Vi vay, viec lUa ehpn cac kil'u dich vu internet de thiil kl khda hpe thich nghi can can cfl vao dac ining (vi tdm li, thdi quen, sd thieh, nang lUc ) cua tflng nhdm ngUdi hpc
- Dot vdi phitang phdp day hgc true luyin Mac dii hd trd cdc dae tinh ca nhdn hda n^udi
dung vl dja dii'm, thdi gian, ddi tUdng nhUng cdc khda hoc liUc tuyin dUdc ddnh gia cdn thiiu tinh thich flng trdng chia se ndi dung, tai lieu hpc tap NgUdi hpc trUc tuyin Id ngUdi hpc da dang ve trinh dd, bdi vay eac khda hoc khdng the qua kbit khe vl ylu ciu Irinh dp ddi vdi ngudi hpc tham
Trang 4dfldc thda man" Do dd cd the ndi "khdng cd hpc trd ddt, ma chi vi khdng cd each truyen tai ndi dung phii hdp tdi ngUdi hpc" Ndi khac di, mpi ngUdi d moi trinh dd deu cd the tham gia khda hoc khi bo ed nguyen vong Kit qua la, cac khda hoc trUc tuyin phdi cd pbUdng phap iruyin tai ndi dung Ihich flng vdi tflng ddi lUdng ngUdi hoc, Ylu cau nay ddi hdi pbai tiln hanh phan loai ngUdi hpc trdng hpc tap irUc luyln Qua irinh nay IhUdng dUa tren cac md hinh phan loai ngUdi hoc dd trinh bay d bai bao [5] Cdc md hinh nay sfl dung nhflng cdn cfl khac nhau phan loai ngUdi hpc Tuy nhiin, de phai trien cac chien lUdc djnh hUdng ngUdi hpc trUc luyln can phai lUa chpn cac md binh gan vdi ddc li'nb eiia ngfldi hoc true tuyin (dUa tren cac dac irung tam li, ddng lUc vd ki nang
xa hdi trong tUdng ldc irin mang) Theo Margaret Maitinez [6], md hinh djnh hUdng hpc lap LOM ta mdt md hinh dUdc xay dUng dUa Uln nhflng nghien cflU ve ngudi hoc true tuyen Vi vay,
md binh LOM hoan loan phu hdp de de xudt cac phUiing phdp day hpe trUc tuyen theo tilp can djnh hudng ngUdi hpc
- Cdc kindng dgy hgc irife luyen Hoc lap IrUc tuyen yeu cau mpl tap cac ki ndng khac vdi
hpc tap Irong mdi injdng giap mat nhU kT nang tm hpc va mdt sd kT nang hanh vi Theo Clark va Mayer [7], ngUdi bpc true tuyen can cd cac kT ndng sieu nhdn ihflc Cdc kT nang nay chinh la kha ndng thiet lap cac muc dfch hoc lap de quyll dinh lam Ihl nao dal tdi cac muc dich dd, va thUc biln nhflng diiu chinh khi cdn thiet Nhflng ngUdi hoc ngheo kT nang silu nhdn ihflc cdn nhilu hudng dan bdn trong khi nhflng ngUdi hoc giau kT nang silu nhan thflc cd xu bUdng lU hoan ihtin Vile thilt lap kT nang ndy dUdc md ta nhU cac pham chat ciia "ngUdi hoc lU hUdng dan" Danh gia nhflng ngfldi hoc tbanb cdng trong cac khda hoc tiUc myen Pillay [8] cho rang, cac kT nang quan trpng can ihiet d ngUdi hoc true luyen la kha nang lUa chpn cac ird giup trong hpc tap mdt each dung dan, viec quan ti thdi gian bieu qua va kha nang lap tiung trong qua trinh hpc Vi vay, de trd giup ngudi bpc true tuyin thanh edng trong cac khda hoc, cac mdi trudng dinh hudng phai phat trien cac kT nang day hpc "lU hUdng ddn" d ngUdi hoc
Qua nhflng phdn tfcb ve ba thanh phan cd ban ciia cdng nghe day hoc true tuyen dl' hinh thanh mdi trfldng dinh hfldng hpc tap, vile tim hil'u dac tiTfng bpc tap cua tflng nhdm ngUdi hpc theo md binh LOM se cung cap cd sd lUa ehpn cdc phUdng lien, pbUdng phdp va kT nang day hpc
cu the dung trong mdi irUdng dinb hUdng Vi vay, ndi dung liep theo gidi thieu kit qua khao sal IhUc trang hpc tap cua sinh viln cac nganh ki ihuat theo cdc nhdm ngUdi hpc, phdn loai bdi LOM 2.3 Nhung phong each hoc tap dien hinh cua sinh vien cac nganh kT thuat
Cac tieu chi de khao sat phong each hoc tap
Dua tren nhflng de xual cua Margaret Martinez vl md binh dmh bUdng ngUdi hoc, vile khao sdt dac irUng cua ngUdi bpc dUa tren bdn nhdm phong each: Sang tao, thuc hien, tuan lenh
va chdng ddi
Trong dd, viec ma hda thang gia trj ciia tflng nhdm phong cdeh dUde md ta d bang sau:
Nhdm phong each Sdng lao Thuc hien Tuan lenh Chdng ddi
Thang gia Iri
1
2
3
4 Nhflng dac tmng cho tflng nhdm ngfldi hpc dUdc khao sat Ihdng qua bang bdi, ndi dung bang hdi de cap den 10 tinh hudng ma ngfldi hpc da trai nghiem trong qua Irinh hpc tap cua minh: I- Khi nao thi ngUdi bpc se lap irung vdo hoc ldp; 2- Ho chu ddng hpc trong hoan canh nao; 3-NgUdi hoe quylt lam hpc d mflc dd nao; 4- Cac kieu nhiem vu hpc tap ma ngUdi hoc lUa chon;
Trang 55-Cach thfle ngUdi hoc giai quyit nhiem vu hpc tap eua minh; 6- Su nd lUc trong hoc tap; 7- Tfnh Ifl chiu Irach nhiem trong hpc lap eua mdi ca nhan ngUdi hoc; 8- PhUdng thfle tac ddng cua mdi trUdng bpc lap anh hUdng tdi v i l e hoe nhu the nao; 9- S u phu thudc ciia ngUdi hpc vao mdi IrUdng; lO-Kil'u mdi trUdng bpc tap ma ngUdi hpc Ua thich
- Doi tuang khao sdt
D e dac irung cho smh v i l n nhdm nganh ki thuat, nghien cthi dd liin hanh khao sat cac sinh
v i l n cua irudng Dai hoc Bdch Khoa Ha Ndi lam dai d i l n
- Kich thudc mau
Vdi dp chfnh xdc £• = 0 123 va dp tin cay la 7 = 9 5 % , phUdng sai mau d i i u ehinh la
s = d^ = (0 85)^ Ta cd the xdc dinh sd lUdng mau sinh v i l n c i n k h a o sal nhu sau:
D o 7 = 9'>'7rnln (n = 1 9 6
\ti X d"
-Ap dung cdng Ihflc xac dinh sd lUdng mau n
1,962 X Q^g^i
I 0,1232
D o dd, ta se chpn sd lUdng mau Id 187 sinh v i l n Bach K h o a de liin hanh khao sat
- Kit qud khao sdt
K i t qua khao sat dUdc pban lich bdng p h i m m i m S P S S
Bdng 1 Khao sdt chung vi kii'u phong each dien hinh dUa trin Ift tiiu chi khao sdt
TT
1
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tieu chi
Khi nao th'i ngirdi hoc se tiip
trung vao hoc tap
Ngucli hgc chii dong hoc
trong hoan canh nao
Ngifdi hoc quygt tam hoc cl
mile tjo nao
Cac Itieu nhiem vu hoc tap
ma ngUdl hoc lua chon
Cach thilc ngudi hpc giai
quy§t nhiem vu hoc tap ciia
minh
Su no life trong hpc tap
Ti'nh tij chiu trach nhiem
trong hoc tap ciia moi ca
nhan ngudi hoc
PhUdng thiic tac (Jong ciJa
moi trudng hoc tap anh
hudng t6i viec hgc nhu the
nag
SiJ phiJ thupc ciia ngUdi hgc
vag moi tnfdng
Ki£u moi trudng hgc tap ma
ngUdi hpc ua thi'ch
"lYung binh chung
N Valiii
187
187
187
187
187
186
187
187
187
187
Missing
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
M e a n
2,1016
1,7594
1,8824
1,5882
1,9786
2,0484
1 ,.1743
2,5455
1,7487
1,9679
1,8995
S t d E r r o r
of M e a n 0,05117
0,04555
0,08014
0,06283
0,06823
0,06659
0,04606
0,07628
0,06047
0,06014
0,061746
Std Deviation
0,69973
0,62291
1,09596
0,85915
0,93301
0,90812
0,62989
1,04306
0,82692
0,82243 0,844118
Trang 6Kit qua khao sat cbo thay gia trj trung binh cua 9/10 lieu chi tap trung quanh gia in 2 (irfl lilu chi 7), tfle la nhin chung sinh vien DHBKHN Ihudc nbdm ngUdi hoc IhUc biln NgUdi hpc IhUc bien la nhiJng ngUdi hpc trUc tuyen tiem nang bdi cac ki ndng hpc tap chu ddng, Ua cpng tdc
va lam vile nbdm Day la mdt dieu kiln thuan ldi de tril'n khai binh thflc day hpc tnic myln cho sinb viln DHBKfTN
Bang 2 Thong ki tan suat cua
Khi nao thi ngUdi hoc se Idp
trang vao hgc lap
Ngitdi hoc chii dong hgc Irong
hoan canh nao
NgUtii hoc qoycl lam hoc d
miic do nao
Cue kieu nhiem vu hgc lap ma
ngUdi hoc \\Sa chgn
Cach thiic ngudi hoc giai quyel
nhiem vu \\at tap ciia minh
Su no lUc trong hgc tap
Ti'nh UI chiu trach nhiem trong
hoc tap ciia moi ca nhan ngUcIi
Phitdng thiic lac dgng ciia moi
tniting hoc tap anh hudng tdi
viec hoc nhu the nao
Su phu thugc ciia ngufli hgc
vao moi tnfdng
Kieu moi tnrdng hoc tap ma
ngitdi hoc ita thich
Trung binh chung
Frequenc) Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency
Percent Frequency
Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Total Frequency Total Percent
tiing nhom phong each the hiin
Sang
-SQ
16
32.1
94 50.3
114
61
40.6
53 28.3
129
69
16.6
83 44.4
54 28.9
724
38.8
Thuc hien
115 61.5
116
62
27.3
45 24.1
46 24.6
90 48.1
49
26.2
70
37.4
78 41,7
97 51.9
756
40.5
Tuan lenh
35 18,7
7 3.7
12 6.4
19 10.2
58
24 12.8
6
3.2
39
20,9
16 8.6
24 12.R
240
12.9
qua 10 tieu chi
Chong
7 3.7
4 2,1
10
16
9 4,8
7 3.7
19 10.2
1
1.6
47
1.5.1
10 5.3
12 6.4
146
7.8
Total
187
100
100
iOO
100
100
99.5
187
100
100
100
100
1866
100
Mi.„i„e
1 0.5
Kit qua khao sal tan suat cua tflng nhdm ngudi hpc qua 10 lieu chi cho thay, ti le chiem Idn nhat la ngUdi bpc ihuc hien, chilm 40,5% lUdng ngUdi hoc khao sat Kel qua nay phu bdp vdi kit qua vl phong each hpc tap dien binh Ti II ngUdi hpc sang tao dflng thfl hai, chiim 38,8% lUdng ngUdi hpc khao sat Hai kit qua nay cho thay sinh viln DHBKHN da phan la nhflng ngUdi hpc thflc hien va sang tao Diiu nay eho thay hp la nhflng ngUdi hpc chu ddng, cd kha nang tu bpc idl vdi bai phong each hoc tap dien hinh la thicb tu nghien cflu ddc lap va thich lam vile nhdm Ben canh dd, cd khoang 12,9% lUdng sinh vien la ngUdi bpc tuan lenh, va khoang 7,8% lUpng sinh vien
la ngudi hpc chdng ddi Qua dd eho thay, linh da dang irong phong each hpc tap cua sinh vien De dam bao li II Ihanh cdng trong hpc lap va giam ti II bd hoc, mdi trudng hoc tap irUc tuyin can dfldc thilt kl linh boat, thich flng vdi tflng nhdm ngUdi hoc dUdc thdng kl nay
Nham dap flng kha nang dinh hfldng cho Iflng nbdm ngUdi hoc ke tren, dac trUng hpc tap cua bdn nhdm ngUdi hoc se quyel djnh loai hinh cdng cu hpc lap tao nin mdi trudng tUdng flng
Vi vay, pban cudi cua bai bao xin de cap cac chiln lUdc sU pham gan vdi cac cdng cu bpc lap true
Trang 72.4 De xuat cac chien Itfdc sir pham dinh hirdng trong moi triTcfng trrfc tuyen
Dl xuat phUdng thflc dinh hUdng ngudi hpc trong day hoc trUc luyin flng dung md hinh dinh hudng hpc tap LOIVI dUdc md la d bai bao [5] cho thay, vile phan phdi cac ndi dung hoc tap
se difdc chia Ihdnh b6n phUdng ihflc khac nhau lUdng flng vdi bon nhdm nguili hoc ke tren Trong mdi md-dun dinh hfldng hpc lap, mdi ngUdi hpc ie hoc trong mpl mdi trUdng phii hdp dUdc thiet
kl theo chiin lUdc day hpc thich nghi vdi ddc tinh ciia nhdm ngUdi hpc dd, TrUdc khi gidi lhi?u cdc pbUdng an thilt ki cho tflng nhdm, bai bao xin de cap tdi cau triic vd dac trUng cua tflng kieu mdi trUdng hoe tap tiUc tuyin:
Moi trtidng hgc tap cdng tdc
Hoc tap cpng tac Id mol chiln lUdc day - hoc u'ch cUc, trong dd cac thanh vien tham gia boat dong vd hoc tap ciing nhau trong nhflng nhdm nhd (mdi nhdm bao gdm cdc thdnh vien cd Irinh dp
va kha nang khac nhau) nhdm mue dich phat trien sU hieu bill va chilm linh mpt ndi dung hoc tap nao dd Vi vay, dac irUng cdng nghl cua mdi IrUdng hoc tap cdng tac bao gom:
- vi phuang lien day hoc Sfl dung cac dich vu mang xa hpi de lao mdi inrilng thao luan
theo nbdm nhu Facebook, Forum, Wiki ,
- Ve phuang phdp dav hgc: To chflc cac boat ddng nhdm theo dinh hUdng nhU sfl dung thao
luan nhdm cbo viec hoc tap, Ihiet kl cac boat ddng hoc tdp ddi hdi sinh vien IhUc hien chflc nang Irong nbdm nbU nghien cflu linh hudng, nhung van gifl dUdc irdcb nhilin cd nhdn va ddng ihdi rang budc dUdc boat ddng cua da sd eac sinh viln trong ldp
- Vikindng dgy hoc: Phdi trien cac tinh hudng hoc tap lien quan din sU phu thudc lich cue,
tu ehiu trach nhiim, dUa vd nhan thdng tin phan hdi, sfl dung hdp li cac ki ndng cpng tac, lU danh gia nhdm mdt each deu ddn
Moi trudng hoc tap tU nghien cdu doe lap
La mdi IrUdng hpc tap dUdc thiet ke theo dinh hudng dieu tia, nghiin cflxi trong dd hau hll hoac tat ca thdng tin ma ngUdi hoc lU lam vile vdi hoac tU lim kilm Ifl cac djch vu inlernei Cac dac lining cdng nghl cua mdi trUdng nay la:
- Ve phuang tiin dgy hgc: Cac dich vu Tntenet dl' chia se va tim kiim tai lilu, vi du nhU
Webquest
- Vi phuang phdp dgy hgc Sfl dung phUdng phap day hoc du an, mang tinh chat nghien
cflu ddc lap
- vi kindng dgy hgc: Hoat ddng hpc tap chii dan dUtlc bao irCim bdi mol nhiem vu khd Ihi
va Ihu vj Nhiem vu hpe tap dUdc thiel kl ylu edu tU duy d mflc cao bdn khdng chi ddn gian la sfl long bdp Dilu nay bao gdm td'ng hop, phdn tich, giai quyet van di, sU sang tao va ddnh gia
Moi trUdng hudng ddn day dd
La mdi trUdng sfl dung cac bai giang da phUdng liln cd vai trd thay Ihi chflc nang cua ngUdi giao vien giang bai Cac dac Inlng cdng nghl ciia mdi irudng nay la:
- Vi phuang lien dgy hoc: Bai giang da phUdng lien, chang han nhu bdi gidng.SCORM
- Vi phuang phdp dgy hoc: Sfl dung phUdng phap day hoc thuyll trinh minh hoa iheu diin
djch hoac quy nap, cd hUdng ddn chi tilt kit hdp vdi cac Irdc nghiem cd phan hdi Ngudi hpc dUde ddn dat de linh hpi kiln thfle nhu tren mot Idp hoc cd gido vien
- vi kindng dgy hgc: KT nang ti'ch hdp da phUdng tiln va tbiet ke cac lUdng lac cd hudng
dan cho ngfldi hpc
Can cfl vao cac cau true ddc trung cua tflng kieu mdi irudng, ta cd cac de xuat cbo tflng nhdm ngfldi hpc cu the nh'u sau:
Trang 8Bdng 3 Nhdm ngUdi hgc
NgUbi hoc
sang tao
Ngtfdi hoc
thirc hien
Ngirdi hoc
tuan lenh
Ngudi hoc
chong doi
Dac diem hoc t a p trong moi trrfftng trUc tuyen [6]
Cd cac ki nang hpc tap phflc tap: Chu ddng, tu hoc khdng
can hudng dan tu danh gia va doc lap Nhflng ki nang
nay cd the lam ho thanh cdng khi la ngitdi hoc IrUc luyen
Ngudi hpc sang tao sfl dung kha nang tu dinh hudng, lap
ke hoach chiln iUdc va lif duy loan dien dc nd lUc dat tdi
cac muc dich dai han Nhflng ngudi hoc nay thUttng ihUc
hien mot each lieu ITnh, sang tan va kien Iri cam kel cao
Ngudi hoc thuc hien la nhflng ngirdi hoc trifc tuyin cd ki
nang, day la nhflng ngUdi hoc dicn hinh chii dpng vii tu
hudng dan trong cac tinh hudng hoc tap gia Iri Mat khac
ho can stf hd trd tif cac giao vien hoac hu5n luyen vien dc
thilt lap cac muc dich ciia ho hoac cSn cac phan thudng
ben ngoai de tao dttng ddng cd cho cac muc tieu can hoiin
thanh Dien hinh la nhflng ngUdi hoc nay thudng EU duy
ngan han, hUdng theo dU an, nhflng ngUcJi nay dat dUdc
mot each co he thong va cd kha nang vdi cac muc dich va
nhiem vu hpc tap lieu chuan tfl truns binh din cao
Ngirdi hoc man lenh la ngUdi hoc true tuyen it thanh cdng
hdi vi hp phu thupc nhilu vao chSi lUdng va sd iUdng cac
hd trd tfl mdi trUdng vii cac mdi quan he xa hoi Ho thich
dUa viio cac hudng dan ro rang va cac bitdc ddn gian dunc
phflc lap se lam ho thit bai Nhflng ngirdi hoc nay thudng
lien quan tdi sU an toan, an ninh va chap nhan
Ngudi hoc chong doi thieu nhflng niem tin cd ban cu the
niem tin nay la mot phan thill ylu ctia cac qua irinh dinh
hudng khac Chang ban nhU ho cd the nghi ngd gia in
ve muc tieu dat dUdc dircfc thiet lap bdi ngUcii khac Ho
CO the khong the chap nhan hoac thich dat dUdc cac muc
tieu diTdc thiel lap bdi ngudi khac Cuoi ciing, hp khdng
the tin rang qua trinh hpc tap hoc thual va nhflng dilu dat
dirdc cd the giiip hp dat dUdc nhflng muc dich ca nhan
Nhflng muc dich ca nhan cua ngUdi hoc chdng ddi xung
dot manh me vdi cac muc dich hoc tap dUiic thilt lap va
hd trd bdi ngUdi khac NgUdi hoc thudng xuyen chong
ddi chiu dUng nhflng thdt hai dai han lap lai tfl cac sai
lam, ldi hoc ihuat, thieu thanh cong va cac llnh huong
thdt bai Nhflng ngUdi hoc nay khong the tin vao giao due
thdng thudng hoac cac tinh huong hoc thual nhir la cac
anh hudng tich cUc, can thilt hay yeu ihich tron^cudc
song ciia hp
Kieu moi truiing hoc
t a p dinh hudng chinh
Moi trudng hoc lap dUa tren nghien cihi doc lap
Mdi irUdng hpc tap cdng tac
Moi Irudng hirdng dan diy du
Hdn hdp cac kieu mni trudng danh cho sang lao hoac thuc hien
Ttf bang chien lUdc sU pham de xuat ta thay:
- Kieu mdi trudng bpc tap cua ngUdi bpc sang lao la mdi irUdng hpc tap tu nghien cflu Do
dd cd the sfl dung Webquest de phat Irien mdi IrUdng nay Ddy Id mdi trUdng cung cap cho ngUdi bpc nhflng yeu cau bpc lap theo tinh huong nghiin ctfu, hUdng d5n ngudi hpc tra ci?u, dpc cac lai lieu trin mang de tU minh kham pha kiln thflc, tU hinh tbanb va ren luyln ki nang cung nhu thai
Trang 9dp Bin canh viec thiit kl nhiem vu, tiin trinh ciia qua trinh hpc theo dinh budng nghien cflu^nay, chiin lUdc sU pham quan trong nhat dl kiem snal ngUdi hoc trnng mdi trUdng Webquesl nam d cdng eu danh gia dUdc tbiet kl trong mdi Webquesl
- Kieu mdi trUdng hpe lap cua ngUdi hpc ihuc hien la mdi trUdng hpc tap cdng tac, thao luan nhdm cd hfldng dan cua giao viln Do dd cd the sfl dung Wiki, Forum, Facebook de phat men mdi IrUdng nay Day la nhflng cdng cu mang xa hdi cho phep ngUdi hudng dan cung nhU ngUdi hoc cung nhau chia se kien thflc, cac tdi lieu hpc lap va ciing nhau ihdo ludn, trao ddi de giai quyet cac ylu cau bpc lap Khi xdy dUng kjch ban day hoc dua Irln tinh hudng than luan hdp li, ngUdi day hoan loan cd the thiit lap mdi trUdng hpe tdp tiUc tuyin cdng lac phu hdp vdi nhdm ngUdi hgc thuc hien
- Kieu mdi irUdng hpc lap ciia ngUdi hpc tuan lenh la mdi irUdng hpe tap ed hudng dan, giam sdt cao Bdi ngUdi hpc man llnh hoan loan tin tudng vao sU day bao cfla ngUdi day Nen khdng gi Idl hdn mpt bai giang vdi day du cac ldi giang, minh hpa, md phdng, cac cau hdi, cac phan hdi Vi vay, mdi trUdng hoc tap cho ngUdi bpc tuan llnh nin dupe xay dUng tren nen tang phat trien bai giang da phUdng lien
- Ddi vdi ngUdi hpc chdng ddi, do dac tinh lam li khdng dn dmh, thiiu niem tin cd ban vao cac budng dan cua giao viln nen mdi tnrdng hoe lap nin de linh boat gifla hat kil'u mdi irUdng la ngUdi bpc sang lao vd ngUdi hpc tbUc hien, han chi sfl dting mdi trudng cd hudng dan day dii doi vdi nbdm ngUdi hpc nay
Cung vdi cac cdng cu chuyen bill cho tflng kieu mdi trfldng irln, mdi irudng dinh hudng hpc tap tiTte luyin edn dUdc ho trd bdi cdc cdng cu hnc tap true luyln nhU Online Chal, Virtual Classroom, Email, SMS, Search Tools, Andex nhdm giup ngfldi hpc cd the dao sau kiln thflc, kham pha cac phfldng thflc bpc tdp Irln mang, phai tril'n cac ki nang tin hoc trflc luyln, ddng thdi ddp flng yeu cua mdi trfldng hpc tap irUc tuyin, dd ehinh la kha ndng phdt trien eac ki nang "ni hudng dan" d ngUdi hpc
3 Ket luan
Y nghTa khoa hpc cua bai bao dUdc the hien d ba kit qua nghien eflu cd ban: (I) Phan lich dfldc ylu cau cua mdi trfldng dinb hudng hoc tap, (2) Khao sat dUdc cac phong each hoc lap dien binh eua sinh vien ki thudt Ihdng qua dai diln mau la sinh vien DHBKHN va (3) De xual cac chien lUdc sU pham eu the flng vdi iflng phong each hpc lap diln hinh, dap flng yeu cau ciia moi trfldng djnh hfldng hpc lap trflc luyen
Nhflng kit qua nghiin ciJu nay se la cd sd sU pham de tnen khai cac khda hpc trtlc tuyen thich nghi vdi tflng nhdm ngUdi hpe dUdc phan loai theo md hinh LOM Hi vpng, vdi nhflng de xuat nay, ngUdi hpc irUc tuyin se ed the cd cac mdi tiardng hpc tap linh ddng vl khdng gian, thcJi gian, doi IUdng va thich nghi vl ndi dung, phuong phdp vdi phong each, dac irung hoc tap cua ban than ngudi hpc Nhd dd, ngUdi bpc irUc tuyin se hflng thu hdn vdi cac khda bpc trUc tuyin, giam
ti II bd hpe, tfl dd gdp phan nang cao chat lUdng cac khda hpc iruc tuyen
TAI LIED THAM KHAO
[I] David P, Diaz, 2002 Online Drop Rales Revisited, The Technology Source
[2] Nguyen Thi Huong Giang, 2013 Evaluation of Online Instructional Model for Teaching
Hands-On Techniccd Skills International Engineering and Technical Education Conference
11-2013, ISBN: 978-0-646-59658-7
[3] I Elaine Allen, Jeff Seaman, 2010 Class Differences - Online Education in the United States,
Trang 10[4] Nguyen Xuan Lae, Tang Van Hoan, 2013 Tiep can edng nghi trong dgy hoc Co hgc dng
dung Ki ylu Hdi nghi loan quoc vi Giang day cdc mdn Cd hpc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh
[5] Nguyen Tbi Huong Giang, 2013 Classification of leanicrs in an adaptive learning
management system Journal of science of HNUE, Vol 58, No 5 pp i 59-165
[6] Margaret Martinez, What is personalized learning? The e-learning developers' Journal
(5-2002)
[7] Clark R., Mayer R., 2004 E-Leaming and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for
consumers and designers of multimedia learning CA, USA Pfeiffer
[8] Pillay H., Irving K., Tones M., 2007 Validation of the diagno.stic tool for assessing Teriiarv
students' readiness for online learning Higher Education Research & Development, 26:2,
217-23
ABSTRACT Solutions for learning orientation in an online environment
The 21*' Cenmry is the age of digital and information technology and online learning is
now the norm However, many difficulties will be encountered when an aiiempi is made lo make the change from face-to-face teaching to online teaching Teachers, educational experts and management personnel must cope with many challenges when attempting to implement online courses effectively Designing an online course that can serve every learner is a key interest In this paper are proposed pedagogical solutions based on HUST's smdenl learning style survey which aim to create an adaptive and effective online learning environment and improve the quality of online courses
Keywords: E-learning, online learning, online learning style, online learning orienlalion