Trong cdc tiieu dgl phong kiin, Thanh Hda diu cd nhing vi Jkhoa ^^'^ !••»'• l-^h, ngdy cdng dugc bdi ddp vd Iuu giu din ldn ngay nay n khda: Tmyin thdng hiiu hgc, khaa bdng nguii Thanh
Trang 1TRUYftN T H O N G H l A u H O C , K H O A ClT C U A NGlTCH
T H A N H H O A THOa K t Q U O C G I A P H O N G KIEN B O C L A P
Nguyia Thj Hoa*, Hoing Thanh Hai^
TOMTAT
r ™ , ^ W , „ ^ > , „ ^ , ^ txpAo„g kiin ddc lap, Thanh Hda khdng chi cd tiuyin Ihong anh dung b^ khudt chdng xdm lugc kiln cuing sdng Igo xdy dung ddt nuTmd con la mgt vung ddt vdn hda phong phi ddc sdc, Irong dd nil bid 'Jyin ihZgUiu hgcUtoa bang Trong cdc tiieu dgl phong kiin, Thanh Hda diu cd nhing vi Jkhoa
^^'^ !••»'• l-^h, ngdy cdng dugc bdi ddp vd Iuu giu din ldn ngay nay
n khda: Tmyin thdng hiiu hgc, khaa bdng nguii Thanh Hda
L DAT VAN BE
hnh, nhfa kiff Tam vuang nhi Chua", sto smh m nhifa mh htog dto ,fa ma cta la
Z h « ? ' """^ " ^ " ' " • ""^^^ *«"« "^ =•> - ^ ^ S lie suy, lie ftta^
nhmg ftdi nta cmg sto smhmnhmg vidai ttoa, ltoi rang dmh nfa Vto hoi nude nhi
2 NOI DUNG NGHIEN cCm
hoc i^L T' 'V^" 'l!" '*'* '^"'""°'" """•• ^* ••"• «^° '^y™ "-^-s w^"
njc, Idioa bang cia ngttdi xir Thanh
T T , a n h ' * r t ° f ' ' ' " " " ' "'".* " ' '™^*° '"^"S Wfa hpc, ttoa bfag eia ngudi xu
Sdrhu"y^::r"^"""^^"^^'^""'^*^" ^ s
* hpc Phan Huy Chu di ,y gtti: Thanh Hda maeh nui cao chd, vd^ sdng Ita lum qumh bita o phia Bong, A, Lao d phtt Tiy, Bic giap ttfa Sm Nara Nam giap dao Nghf
r m r t t i l , ' " • "'•'<*^ ' ^ ' '' ^ ^ *^P * " " ^™« ^*"- « c rilu ttTtaXfo
s h T r ^ ^ l J " " ' " ' • " " ''• " " " '=^'' ^ ^ - ^ ^ " - ™ 6 d tool Chung die nta
smh ra nhifa bac vumg tomg khi tinh hnah, h „ „ i , ' • J: •
^ ™" h™ I" hpp lai nay ra nhieu vta tao Bfa nhimg 'Son Nghiin cth, vd btin sggn Lich sir Thanh Hda
Trang 2sfin vfit quy, cung khfic mpi noi Boi vi 3^ ^Br^ M i^gttM '0m firai iS.^ ra nfaSi^ b | c phi
tfauong, vupng kfai chung due nSn xung dfii^ d&ng^^u efi;oiidc"*lU; tr.47J
Voi ve non song tuoi t6t vfi dfit flueng dS hinh ftanh nh&ng phong tue t6t d^i: '*Ngucn Kinh ke si thucmg chu6ng hpc ^^ui, dcd nao cung- c6 b ^ h i ^ tai, trCi d3i^ hilu
n ^ a , nhihig ngufri tdi lac co khi cdt till kfadng phfii it Co B nh5 kbi cfaSt cumg maoih CJift nui s6ng vay" [13; tr.l074] Cfic su thfin trong Qu6c su: q i ^ trieu Nguyio trong bO £ ^ Nam nhfit th6ng chi cung dS nhfin x^t: " ST tii thich v&i hoc, ^& khi tifit Duy cfic htiyigQ Qufing Dia, Tfaacfa Thfinh vfi Cfim Thiiy, co bifit it nhifiu vfin tg" [9; tr.281 - 282]
Thu hai, trong lich sii, Thanh Hoa "kh6ng phai la ving ^ t pfa6n faoa, d6 h^i, ctog khdng pfafii la trung tfim kinh tfi trpng yfiu cua dit nuoc, nfaung 1^ lk cfii ndi sfin sinh vk h$i
n h ^ giGa n6n v3n hoa ngfin nfim tCr pfauong B5e vdi van hda bfin ffia va vfin hda phuong Nam truyen ra, dfi tao nfin net dac thu gpi la van hoa xfi Thanh" [11; tr.2l] Chhih teuy^ Ihfing hi6u fapc, khoa bfing ciing Ifi mdt yfiu td quan trpng lfim nfin vSn K6a Sai Thanh Khi chep vfi phu Hfi Tnrng, thu tjch c6 cho biet "V6n c6 tifing lfi vSn B M ma ba h u y ^ H o ^ Hda, My Hoa, Hfiu Lpc cd phfin trpi hon Tdng Son, Nha Son cung c6 tifing Ifi thuiin phfic
Ngucri di hpc vk lfim mOng nhifiu, ngircri lam thp va budn bfin kfadng may" [13; tr.lOSOj Vifit vfi phii Thi^u Hda, Tioh Gia: "Nguoi di hpc vfi ngudi cfiy rupng nhifiu" [ 13; tr 1112], Nhu vfiy, tit thdi xa xua, Thanfa Hda dfi ed truyen fliong trpng sJ *'nh^t s^, nhi ndng", , Thu ba, Tfaanh Hoa lfi viing dit dja linh nhfin kifit, vi v§.y "ddng co" hpc Moh <^ ^
quan, hpc de thofit nghfio ciing lfi nguyfin nhfin quan trpng d^ hinh tfaanfa truyan th6ng h i ^ hpc Dfiy ciing lfi nguyfin nhan ngudi xijr Thanh chuyfin cu "lfim giau" truyin fli6ng khpa bfing cho kinh tfafinfa Thang Long vfi nhieu noi khac Chfing h^ui "lfing Ddng N g ^ (tir Lifim, Hfi Npi) lfi lfing kfaoa bfing nfii tifing, trong dd cfic tien sT mach vfin t$,p trung vfio 4 hp: PfaEun, Phan, Nguyin, Hofing vfi hai ddng hp Nguyfin khfic, trong dd ba hp chuyfa cU tir Thanh Hda ra"[6; tr 112]
Thu tu, truyin thong hiiu hoc cua ngu&i Thanh Hoa duac hinh thdnh vd vun dhp riSr trong tung gia dmh, dong hg, long xa Tii xa xua, giao due dg dupt "xa h^i hda " m^t cfich
sfiu rdng d m6i gia dinh, mfii ddng hp, mfii lang Do lfi syr quan ^ m vfi khuyen khich ve V|t chfit, tinfa flifin dfii vdi nfaung ngudi hpc vfi dd dfit
Bat ky ddng fap nao cung dua vfin dfi giao dgc lfin hfing diu, dpng vifin con chfiu trong
hp hpc tfip dfi lfim r?ng rd ddng tdc Hon nfia, flieo quan nifim ciia n ^ d i xua "A^t ngudi ldm quan cd ho dugc nhd" Trong hp mfi cd ngudi dd diit lfim quan tfai cfi hp miing r©, bdi yl day lfi Slf hanh di?n so vdi cfic ddng hp khac trong Ifing, ngudi trong hp mu6n lfim vfin tf,
khfi udc kfadng pfafii ehay vay cay nhd cua quan faay nhd ngudi ngofii tdc Bfin cgnh dd, tnmg
hp mfi cd nhieu ngudi cd hpc thuc, lfim quan thi sfi che chd cho ngudi trong hp, khdng sp bj quan tren bfit nat Ddng fap nao ding dfinh mpt phan dit huong hda de canfa tfie, hogc ddng gdp ciia cac gja dmh dfi lfim qu? khuyfin hpc Ngfiy gio hp cung lfi ngfiy t6ng kfit cdng tfic hpc tap cua con em trong hp, nhihig chfiu chfim ngoan, hpc t ^ tdt sfi dupc khen thutog,
Trang 3^ Vipchpceui«AKrc?aeIingcfaxai&numam.ltagntacmglipquykhuyfahpc
de Hmyto khich vifa hpc cfa c m em mmh Quy khuyfa hpc d day la dim ba sio rudng
« a t t i k mfag cdng, nhifa hay it ttiy hii^ ltog gpi Ii "Aoc * ^ ", htag nam Iiy hoa lpi'dl
khemhudng, giup dd cho nMi« ngudi theo ddi kmh sil Ngoii ra, cta lang cdn lip Td Chi
<B kWeh 18 vifa hpc Vifa tt tirhing nam 2 lfa: Xufa ,8, Thu td nghi ttnic nhu ,6 thfa
Ngoai IB eie a- to ttudc ihi di ttii dfa 16 "Ky khoa" khi thi dd dfa l l "Ta on " Nhimg gia
anh ttudc kU eho con di hpe a i dfa Tu Chi dd Iam II "khaitdm"
Mdi khi cd vipc ling thi ngudi ed hpc vi dfa dupc lfag m tifa ngdi chifa ttfa toy
vfa mfa^dd khta nhau, du phfai tota va qum todc h, hmi, nhmg hpc vi thip h m dfa phii
ngdi chien dudi Bfa canh dd, nhflng ngudi ed hpc vi khi vta hdi to vto dfa dupc kmh
ttpng, hojc kU ltag cd vide dfa dupe ngdi vi tti cao nhit fliS biin"ti-ongkhoa hon ti-ong
« c The hd sm ndi tiep va phat huy (hi he ttudc eho nta ia xuit hifa nhifa ddng ho
iiifa hpc, khoa btag •
2 J Khii quit truyfa th6ng hifa hpc, khoa bang eia ngudi Thanh Hda thdi
phong kifa a$c Mp
Ngay to khi nfa Nho hpe cia nudc ta chua bi, diu, thdi ttiupc Budng (618
-T ° 2 : " ^ ^ " ^ ™ ' ^ " ™ * '^™« ^"^ ™ ' ^ • " " S Cdng Php ngudi thta Cim Chiu xi
Tudng Vta (nay l i ltag Tudng Vta xa Binh Thinh, huyfa Yta Bmh tinh Thanh Hda)
dl sang « i Trmg Qufa du thi va dfa dd Tifa si "Biy chmh la hai ngudi da cd edng
Oa, mach dai khoa Nho hpc dta tita cho ca nudc ta ngudi dfa tita dat hpc vi Tifa si
Hta hpe" [5; tt.340] Sau chifa tiifag Bach Btag nam 938 di, nude hi budc vta ky
nguyfa phong kifa ddc lip to ehu Cae ttifa dai Ngd (939 - 987) Bmh (968 -980) Tifa
U (980 -1009) phii chim Io eWnh dfa ndi bd va giy dmg co nghiep, dfag didi su tfa tai
cua cta ttifa dai niy qua ngta ngui nfa khdng du thdi gian dl td chic giao due vi khoa
or Vifc day vi hpe ehu Hfa chi dupc tiiuc hita ttong cic nhi chfa Phat gita ddng vai ttd
tieh cue trong nhtag budi btah minh eia gita due So vdi ci nudc Pha, gita d Thanh Hda
ttinh Unh hm Nhieu vj su md diu cho vifa ttuyfa bi dao Phi, di tong Im chto d Chta
Ad^hofa chhih la con em eta cua Chfa Ai, nhu Khuong Ttag Hdi, Bai Thtog Btag Ndi
ttfag nhat phai k« dfa nhi su Ngd Chfa Luu, hifa li Khuong Vid, da, su, que d humg Ci,
Lpi h ^ Thumg Lae, qufa Cftu Chta (huyfa rmh Gia ngay nay) "Mic diu li tai su
r t f ^ ^ t ' " ' "**" **"• ""^S '"" A n ao ca sa la md to ldng yta nude cia mp, nhi
ddtrJ thic Vip, Nam d ,h6 ky X" [12; tt.l4]
Sang Uidi Ly -Tifa, viec hpe hinh, Uii cu da ed lual Ie rd rtag, ,d chuc quy c i va md
Ifag hon ttong,ota xa hpi, vi Uil da dta too dupe nhifa nhta titi eho di, nudc Thanh Hda
toe niy di nm lfa nhu mpt ttmg tim hpc htah, khoa btag tifa bifa, cd rit nhifa ngudi d6
Z T ^ T h " " r : "'"• " ^ ^ "^^ * ™ ^ " ° ^ '^°"8 Uidi ky Phong kifa dOc
Trang 4hpc smh nam Nhtai Thm (1232) dM vna Tifa Biil'I»ig>«ng*i^j>»idBg(Al chiW © f t ^
cdc dgi hgc st Luu Mien, ngudi Itag VTMi T i f f « Hoing QUaagi tt aiA Bdng nhSit lm Bifa Khoa Uii Thii hpc smh nam K.J Hpi (1239>gdi' Vna Trtn Thfl T d l ^ dng 8^ Di nhi danh (Trgng Nguyen) kbi mdi 22 to6i Ong lim quan dupc thfag dfa chic Titu tnd
Khda-flii Thii hpe smh, nim Ky Hpi, nifa bifa Thifa Ung Chhih Bteh thft 7 (1939), dffi vSi- Tifa Thai Tdng, Luu Mifa do de nhit giip, dd nhit danh; E m Mifa ttog giif cie chic" ribtt
An phi xd Thanh Hfa vi cd cdng Iao rit ldn ttong vi|c dta ^ cta dd sdng S u d J t ^
Trfa, nhifa ngudi Thanh Hda hpc gidi, diu cao, d l lai dtah tifag cfao ddi sau, dd l i ^o
Mifa Hotog Hoan, Trumg Phdng (Vmh Lde), La Tu (Hfa Lde), Ed B i Qui* (hay Ld Qui, - Bdng Sm), Le Thfa (Ndng Cdng), Hotag Hdi Khanh (Yfa Bjnh)
Ngudi ndi tifag nhit eho vifa hpe hanh, Uii cft tiidi Trfa d x d Tharih l i M Vfa Hta
Ong que d ltag Phi hj (nay fliudc x i Thifa Trung, huyfa ThiM Hfa) 6ng dS btegphfa
khoa flii Bmh Mdi (1247), ddi vua Trfa Thai Tdng, khi mdi 18 tofc t S V f a Httu i M ' f i ^ gift cic chue quan ttpng ttmg trilu dtoh, nhu Hta ltai vifa hpc si, Binh b0 Thupng fliu,, todc Nhfa uyen hiu Ddng gdp to Ita nhit cia dng cho dit uudc Ii d i bifaiSdSn bd, g f t Viet sft ky gom 30 quyfa Biy Ii bd qudc sft dia tifa d nudc ta, nfa dng xftng dfag d l ^ coi li dng To cia nfa sft hpc Viet Nam
Thdi Hd, khoa ttii Thii hpc stab ntoi 1400, xu Thanh ed Nguyfa Mtag Tuin Cing;
diu vdi Nguyfa Trii, hj Tft Tin, ffl sing tic tip ttio "Cic pha flii tip" vdi nhifa bii fh»h^;
Su nghipp chdi lpi nhit cfa HS Nguydn Trftng (con ttirdng cia Hd Quj Ey) cd I t l
su nghiep khoa hpc khi dng da ehl ra sfag flifa edng sdm nhit d phuong Bdng KM bj giac Mmh bit giii vl Trung Qufa, vdi tim ttang dau xd, cia niO, ngudi dto mit nudc, dng;
di vidt cufa sich "Nam 6ng mdng Iuc"
Nim 1428, ngay sau khi chifa Uitog quto Mtah, LS Lpi ffl td chic lai vipc hpe
t^-vi ttii cft rit cd quy c i t^-vi cd nhifa cii cich so vdi cic ttifa dai tiudc Hofag Hda vfa lS' cai ndi hpc hinh, Uu cft cua Thanh Hda nta dudi ttifa Ld So da cd nhilu ngudi dd d»t nhu: Nguyfa Nhfa Ll (1461 - 1522) ngudi x i Hotog Lpc, Uu dd D$ tam giip dfag ttfa si
xuat flita khca Tto Sdu (1481) Ong da dupc Uitog eic chfte qum to Tri huyin Ite dfa Hiln sdi si Lumg Bic Btag (1475 - 1526), ngudi x i Hofag Phong, ttii d l D$ nhit giip tita si cip d | Be nhi danh (btag nhta) 6ng lim quan ti^i flitag dfa ehftc Lgi bd Td thi lang kilm Ddng cdc hgc st
MOt thdi gian cim quyfa h m 60 nim - mO, giai dom ljch sft khdng dii, Iji x i y i a nhifa bien ed, nhmg nha Mac vfa td chfte cic khoa till dfa dto d l toyfa dmg nhfa tii
"Vmg dit Hotog Hda cmg ed nhilu nbo si thi eft do dat ttidi Mac nhu: Nguyfa Thanh; i
(1506 - 1545) ngudi xa Hofag Edc dd Tiin stkhoa Tto Sftu Trifa Mac Phuc Hii (154f).' '
Lumg HOu Khanh (1527 - 1590), ngudi ling Hdi Trifa (xi Hotog Phong), 14 n g n » Uidng mtah man cta cd nhilu ddng gdp eho su n g h i ^ ttimg hung nhi Ld Thdi Ma«
-dng thi dd dat cao d ky ttii Hpi -dng vl phd t i ehp vua Ld chia Trjnh dl thuc hifa f
Trang 5" n ^ S d t ^ l r ^ " " - " ^ ' - ^ ' " — ^ ' - « * - t a g n h ^
l i , , T ^ ^ ^ T^ ttidi kJ nay cd nhifa ngudi flu cu dd dat eao nhu: U Nhfl Bit
^ ^ f f ) : Nguyta Nhta nnfai (1534 - 1597) ngudi xa Hofag U e , Uii dd D 2
gutpnen s,xua, thdn khoa flii Hdi ntai Quy Mii nito hifa Qumg Hmg Uift 6 (T583)
stxtutt,hcm,Dmh Nguyin (Hodng Gidp, khoa Uii Btoh ntoi Bmh Mii (1607)' S T n U f a
J ^ kMc d l ^ t ^ nhu khoa flu Humg ntai Ky B^u nifa hifa Vtoh ^ a t l L ^ l
(1729) ttumg flu Thanh Hda liy dd 60 ngudi sItoHofag Hda d d l 8 n g u d i [ 7 T t 5 * ? 0
Trong su nghpp md mang bd cdi phia Nam cia cac chfa Ngm,fa Bta Duv T 1
mot ta qufa cong Uita bic nhat mi eta ,a mpt dmh si ndi tiing 4 Uil ky ; m i v « ic
h t e J ^ d r " ' ^ ! ' ' ' ' ' ' " " ^ ' " ™ ^ " « ' " ' ^ " ' ^ « ' ^ ' ~ ^ ' = L o n ™ v r ( d n g
hpe rStgidi, nhmg v i l i gia dtah hit xudng nfa khdng duoc di Uii) '
Smg Uidi Nguyfa, nhit li to nta sau thl kv XDC ihn YY „ s „ a -
srsrhSfdi^zr^c.^-^"-^ -^ Bic ffii n ' ' ™ 1 * r * " ^ • " '""' '*"• 8*""^ ''S^« ^ ' ^ ' ^ Hoa, Sm Nam Kinh
« £ N m y f a ' l ; r J t , ' ' r " " ' • ™^ ^ * « * ^ " " * • * - '^' « ™ « *^ ™^n *
^rj^^^^s^i^eSfi::^^—^
dfa c d ^ " h T • " ' " n ' ^ T '""• ^ " ^ '^^^ " ° ^ « " " ^ ™ Oi^ Ndng Cdng, Nga Sm
Z d f a t n T i , ' ' " • ? : ° " * * "•= "^'^ " ' " " ^ "^ ' * " ' '^ ™ ' - ^o sfhta™
^^^Tit^:i7Z:27h^VvT''''T'''''^-'^'''-^
i.l»m„i,A A , ' ° " ™ "9" ht vta gom nhung ngum da dau di thi
bi du6i m khdi hdi nfa dang hpe d l « ta 3 , ' " ^ ™° "• ° "*'• "*' " ' " " ^ ^^
Tifa bifa nhit eho 1 I ^ l ^ U : : „ 7 " ^ r ' ' ? ' ' ™ ' ' ^ *
-Thumg (xi Hofag Lde huyta Hofal Ho^ h ! ^ ° ^ ''°°« * * '^ "'"8 S«'
Trang 6Thlh to khoa ttii nim Bmh Mao đi vha Gia Long (khoa flu huong diu tito A trudng ttii Thanh Hoi), dfa khoa flii Mau Ngp ( 1 9 » ) đi vua Kha Binh ( khoa M Huong cu& ctag d hirtag ttii Thanh Hoa), vdi 40 khoa Uii, cd 500 figudi dfa cft n^n^ troi^ 45 od 430 ngudi diu iai tinrdng thi Thanh Hoa, edn lai flu ^ u d eSe Irudng thi khic nhu N ^ # An, H i Ndị Theo quy dinh cua trifa dtoh, d tnrdng tbi Huon^ mli thfli dupe liy diu 1 c i nhfa Uii dupc liy diu 3 to tiị Nhu vay, ttpng 40 khoa thi H u m ^ ffi ed 1500 to tiị SAsItttd moi ky flii Humg d trudng flii Thanh Hoi khi dtog, tu 1000 dfa 2800 Trong 8^43010* nhfa ngudi Thanh Hoi flii diu d trudng thi Huong Thahh'Hoi, lihifa ngudi dfi vta Knh đ Phi Xufa thi hdi, tbi dmh, da cd 29 ngudi dta dai khoa, đ ed IS tifa sJ, 14 phd bing
Tiong 15 tifa sy cd 1 btag nhta (Trilu Nguyin khdng cho ai đ Ttmg nguyfa vk BSr^
nhan va emg chi liy đ 2 ngudi), 2 Thim hoa (Trifa Nguyin liy dS S t ci 9 Thim hoa), 4 Hofag giip Nhifa ngudi da cd nhiing cdng hifa xui, sic cho trifa ^nh, nhu H i B i ^ Phidn (Hofag Hoa), Nhft Ba Sy (Hofag Hoi), Mai Anh Tuto (Nga Son) Tiong ttidi l 4 nhi Nguyfa, nhilu Nho si Hofag Hda thi cft đ dat eao vi dfa d6c Idng đe sftc phpng stf
di, nude, nhu Dtog Qudc Lmg (1805-1869) ngudi Hofag Cit, thi dS Gidl nguyin i * n
Mmh Mfah ttift 12 (1831); Nguyfa B i Nha (1822-1848), ngudi x i Hotog Bao, naýtt
Hotag Lpc ttii d l Dl nhi gidp liin stxudt thdn thi nhdt (Hodng Gidp) khoa thi HOi nim
Quy Mao (1843); Nguyfa Xufa (1831-?) ngudi Itag Tio Try, tmg Bumg Thtog, nay 14
xS Hofag hj, ih Ci nhdn khoa Giip Ty (1864) dudi ttidi Tu Bftc Nhftng ngudi Hoing Hda thi đ Gidi nguyin, Ci nhdn va Huong cdng ttidi Nguyfa cd htag ttam ngudi nhu E8
Xuta Tifạ ltag Quy Chft; Bo Xuto Cit Itag Yfa Vvrc, x i Hotog Long, H4 Duy Phiftl ngudi Hofag LOc; Le Huy Phm, xa Hofag Phue; Ed Tri True xa, Hofag Trmg; Nguy&l Bdn Bu, ngudi Itag Hofag Phic; Nguyin Btah Vtạ ngudi xi Hofag Anh, Ed Vilt Tf? ngudi xa Hofag Qumg,v.v [7; tt.62 - 63]
Vdi ttruyfa flidng hifa hpc, khoa btag dupc hun die qua htag ngta nim, Thanh Hda cmg li tinh cd nhilu "ltag khoa btag", "vtag khoa btag", "đng hp khoa btấ Tifa bifa nhi, la cic huyfa Hofag Hda, Bdng Sm, Vmh LOc, Tinh Gia, Ndng Cong vi cie ltag, nhu ltag Ddng Bifa (nay li Itag Bdng Tnmg, huypn Vmh LOc), ltag BOt Thii, BOt Thupng (nay 14 xa Hofag LOc huyfa Hotog Hoi), ling CO Dinh (huyfa Ndng Cfag), Itag Tnrmg Xi (huyen Hta LOc), vmg Tta Sm, Ngpc Dudng (Ttoh Gia), vtog Binh, Hoinh (Yen Bjnh) Theo sach Danh si Thanh Hda vi vita hpc flidi xua, dli chifa vdi sicH Cae nha khoa btag Vipt Nam, 204 dng nghe ttidi phong kifa Thanh Hda dupc chia cho 2? đng hp ed ttuyin ttidng khoa cft Trong đ, ed mOt so đng hp khpa btag đ dat nhifa qua cta flidi ki nhu hp Le: 57 ngudi, hp Nguyin: 53 ngudi, hp D l : 14 ngudị
3 KfiT EUAN
Truyin ttidng hilu hpe, khoa btag cfa ngudi Thanh Hfa hinh thinh to rit sdm, dupc
Trang 7hing dfa c i mnfc Tny nhien, ttAih tuu chi yiu vfa li nfa Hta hoc Tu todng duy a n
md xult hifa giai doan sau 1919, nhraig cmg nhu cic dia phumg khic d Viet Nam do
am nmu xim tape cua Sure dto Phip, do bli cinh xa hdi, nta ri, yfa dt
Nfa gita due, khoa c i khdng chi cd y ngbia nfag cao dfa tti, md mmg vta hoa cie
vung cie huyfa, mi qum ttpng 14 cta gdp phfa h m die tinh flifa yta nvKtc, chdng xam
tape c ^ d ^ dfa ta, nhat l i tfag Idp nho si Mac dfa eie ttudng qufa ngu, Phap ngft mdi radm&ufliekyXX,nhungmdtsdttianhnifaytanudcdinhmhchdngtilpUiunhihi8to todng tien bp mdi, nhit la khi Dfag COng sta Viet Nam Uitah lip, ho da ttd Uianh n h L ngum Cfag sta dfa tifa cfa que humg
Trayfa ttidng hifa hpc, khoa bfag Uta toc dupc duy tti v4 phi, ttifa qua cac Uidi k«
5 " ? L " * ' " ' " ° ' " * * " ' ^ ^ " * • ^ ^ ' ' ^ * °''™8 vfa la md„mh dfa dfa ca nudc vd fliinh tuu giao due, dio tao
TAI LI5U THAM KHAO [I] Pl«nHuyChi(2007),i/cAin&A/^c*«mgto„,c«.Nxb.Gitaduc HaNdi
[2] Cao Xuto Due (2011), Qudc tiiiu Huang khoa luc, Nxb Lao dOng - Trmg tim vta
hda ngdn ngtt Btag - Tay, Ha NOi
[3] m K ^ Khoa (2009), Ldng nghi thu cdng vd ldng khoa bdng thii phong kiin a
dong bang sdng Md, Nxb Tu difa bach khoa Hi Npi
W Ngd SI Lifa vi s i thfa ttifa U (1998), Dgi Vill si ky lodn thu, tfp UI, Nxb Khoa
hpc Xa hpi, Hfi Npi
[5] hj Thj Mai (2003), Ddt Thanh Hod thU Nguyin - Ddt hgc Trong Thanh Had thii
ky 1S02 -1930, Kyyiu hgi Ihdo khoa hoc, Nxb Thanh Hoi
M Nguyta Btah Manh, Chuyin cu vd Idc ddng cia no din ki, ,ud khoa ci a mgl sd donghgxi Thanh, Tap ch' Vta hda dta gian sd 5 (143) - 1012
[7] Trinh Nhm Le Trang Tto (ehi bifa) (2015), Lich si gido dgc huyen Hadng Hda,
Nxb Thanfa H6a
[8] Q«ac sft quta ttifa Nguyfa (1970), Dgi Nam nhdl thing chi (Tip 1), Nxb Khoa hoc
xa hOi, Ha Npi
[9] ^d^e sft quta ttifa Nguyfa (1970) Bgi Nam nhd, lhdng chi (Tap 2) Nxb Khoa hoc
x a hpi Ha Npi
tlO] Trfa van Thuc Nguyfa Huu Tam (2015) rn<v^„ thing hiiu hgc mdl Irong nhung
tmh each dgc sdc cua nguii Thanh Hda t,ua cdc thu Hch cd ttong Tii lita HOi Ihta
khoa bpc Xay dung hinh dnh tdt dep ctia nguii thanh Hoa ti-ong long ban be ti-ong nuac va qudc tl,tttrimgBai hoe HdngBitc
fli] P ; - ' » V t a T u f a ( 2 0 1 5 ) ^ i ^ , , „ , , „ , ^ ^ „ „ , ^ „ ,,^,^^
Trang 8[12] Sd GB&BT Thanh Hda ( 1995), 50 ndm gido dgc vd ddo tgo Thanh Hda 194S-199S,
su kifa vi flianh ton, Nxb Thanh Hfa
[13] Vifa nghiSn cuu Hta Ndm (2003), Bdng Khdnh du dia chi, Nxb Thl gidi Ha Npi
THANH HOA PEOPLE'S TRADITIONAL FONDNESS FOR LEARNING, COMPETITION EXAMINATIONS DURING THE
INDEPENDENT FEUDAL TIME
Nguyen Tbi Hoa, Hoang Thanh Hai ABSTRACT
Through a thousand-year period of an Independent Feudal State, Thanh Hoa is not only the homeland of indomitable ti-adillon infighting invaders, unyielding and creative people in nation building but also Ihe land of enriched and special cultiire especially the Iradilional fondness for leaming and competition-examinations Under Vietnamese feudal dynasties, Thanh Hoa had many laureates who passed the Court examinations, a number
of competition-examinations' villages and many competition-examinations 'families There are several explanations regarding how the Iradilional fondness for leaming was established, nourished and has been preserved until rtow
Keywords: Traditional fondness for leaming, competition-examinations, Thanh Hoa people