Q NGHIEN CI)U LJ LUAN NANG CAO Ki NANG NHAN THUfC TOAN HOC 0 0 BAN CHUAN Bj NGUON NHAN LUC CHO NEN KINH TE TRI THUfC Of VIET NAM TRAN VUI Tnf Ang Oai hoc Sir pham Ba! hoc Hu£ Email tranvul@yatioa cDm[.]
Trang 1NANG CAO Ki NANG NHAN THUfC TOAN HOC 0 0 BAN CHUAN Bj NGUON NHAN LUC CHO NEN KINH TE TRI THUfC Of VIET NAM
TRAN VUI
Tnf Ang Oai hoc Sir pham - Ba! hoc Hu£ Email: tranvul@yatioa.cDm
Tom tdt: Bdi viet phdn tich nhtfng vdn di hge duae ttf kit qud ddnh gid quoc tiPISA 2012 vd 2015 vi gido due man
Todn trung hoc d Viet Nam Theo tdc gid bdi viet, hoc sinh trung hoc Viet Nam dd chtfng to dugc nang lUc ndm bdt nhdng
ki nang nhdn thdc todn hoc ca bdn trong gidi quyet cdc vdn de thUe ti theo boi cdnh Gido vien day Todn d Viet Nam c6 kiin thtfc todn cosd vdng chdc vd biet cdch phdt then tuduy todn hoe eho hoc sinh Ttf nhdng nhdn dinh eua the gidi tdc gid md td, mmh chtfng, dUa ra edc ddlieu ddng tin cay dephdn tich ve tiem ndng cua hoc smh vd gido vien day mon Todn Viet Nam trong ddo tao nguon nhdn luc tre cho nen kinh te tn thtfc
Ttf khda: Kindng; nhdn thtfe; todn hoc cobdn; ngudn nhan luc tre; nen kinh ti tri thtfc
(Nhdn bai ngdy 28/02/2017, Nhan ket qud phdn bien vd chlnh stfa ngdy 20/3/2017; Duyet ddng ngdy 25/04/2017)
I.Oatvande
Chuang trinh Oinh gil hoc sinh (HS) qudc te PISA
(Programme for International Student Assessment) ciia
Td chdc Hop tac va Phat tnen Kmh te OECD [Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development) gdm cae
nudc cd nen kmh te phat trien tren the gidi, nham danh
dang phIt trien tren pham vi toan cau Theo chung tdi,
toln cua HS Viet Nam rat ding tin cly, hiem cd kha nang
thien VI vl bat cd li do gi Nd chi ra ring, he thong giao
viec cung cap cho HS nhdng kl nang nhan thdc toan hoc
due tap trung"dca hai phuong dien: nhung quyet dmh
lien quan den dao tao, sd dung giao vien (GV) v l cic
qua trinh dieu hinh, danh gia thinh tich hoc t i p cua HS
quocgia da quy dmh [1],
Hai eau hdi chinh can phai tim ra eau tra ldi dd
la-Lam the nao de GV toan dUng Idp tao ra duoc cac hoat
ddng giao due toan tdt ed the dem lai cho HS co hdi de
nlng cao ki nang nhan thUc toan hoe co ban d mdc eao?
Tai sao trinh do toln hoc CO ban ciia HSd mdc cao se lam
nen tang de chuan bi ngudn nhan lUe cho nen kinh te tri
thdc? Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi se trao ddi cle clu tra
HS trung hoc cd nang lUc toan hoc co ban d "mdc cao"
hon trung binh cua cae nuoc tham gia PISA, la tien de de
tnthUc, nhung kmh te Viet Nam lai d"mdc thap"
2 Ki nang toan hoc CO ban cua hoc sinh Viet Nam
quaPtSA
2.1 Ki ndng todn hoc ca bdn cua hoe sinh Viit
Nam trong PISA 2012 vd 2015
Dieu thuan lOi cho nen giao due Toln nudc nha la
ban than HS Viet Nam rat quan tam den viec hoc toan
hoe toan dudi sUc ep cua gia dmh va xa hdi Hau het, cac
\2, • KHOA HOC GIAO DUC
em duoc khao sat d PISA 2012 v l 2015 da ddng y vdi khang dinh sau day, "la xdng dang de nd lde trong viec hoc t o l n d nha trUdng, bdi vi kien thdc dugc trang bi se
d cudc sdng sau nly" HS Viet Nam hoc tdt cac kl nang cham chi hoc t i p de qua duoc cle kl thi trong mdt mdi trudng gilo due dac thu phuang Odng II nang ve "hoc
de thi! Oe giup HS dat thanh tich cao, GV vdi nen tang kien thdc vdng chacdl phai chuan bi mdt luang Idn cac
y tudng nhd mang tinh kl nang, quy trinh "de ren luyen thude"trong cac de thi theo chuong trinh [2], [3], PISA t i p trung vao danh gia HS 15 tudi "biet dUoc nhdng gi?"vl cle em"cd the lam duoc nhdng gi vdi vdn kien thdc biet duoc?" trong nhdng tinh hudng gan gOi ciia OECD da riit ra nhdng nhan dinh sau
[3] Thu nhap qudc dan cua mdt qudc gia ti le thuan vdi trinh do toln va khoa hoc ciia cle HS 15 tudi duoc danh gia, Viet Nam la mdt ngoai le Viet Nam da vUOl ngudng nang luc trung binh cua cle nudc OECD, nhUng kmh te lai vao loai ngheo nhlt trong cac nudc tham gia NhUvay, chung ta nen hieu rang nhan dmh dd ehi II dieu
kien cln va khdng dii
-dPI5A2012, Viet Nam dat 511 diem veToln/494 OECD-TB, xep thd 17 trong 64 nudc cd nen kinh te phat trien hoac dang phat tnen tham gia,
- d PISA 2015, Viet Nam dat 495 diem ve Toln/490 OECD-TB, xep thd 22 trong 72 nudc
- Td ket qua PISA, cd the thIy HS Viet Nam van dang cdn thua kem HS d cac nudc phIt trien trong viec gill quyet cac van de gan gUi trong cudc sdng hien dai, mang bdi cInh xa hdi, tich hap vdi cac khoa hoc khae toan hoc vdi ndi dung toan-cu the
- Nhdng kl nang nhan thdc toan hoc eo bin d mile eao ciia HS Viet Nam la nen tang can thiet de phIt tnen giao due toan theo hudng giai quyet van de thuc te mdi
Trang 2la mdt each sang tao ed kha nang van dyng kien thdc de giai quyet cae van
Cy the, ti ie HSViet Nam dat mdc nang lde cao ciia de thUe te thudng ngay, Viec day manh nghien edu de mdn Toan nam 2015 la 13%, thap han mde trung binh md ta cae dae trUng tU duy va suy luan t o l n hoe eiia HS ciia OECD II 15,3% Dac biet, trong mdn thi Toan nam Viet Nam trong qua trinh "gill quyet eae van de toan hoc
2012 va 2015, ti le phan tram HS dat cac nang lUc toan va thUc te" se mang lai nhieu y nghia cho giao due toan hoc dugc the hien d Bang 1 dudi day,
Bdng 1 Tl le phan tram HS Viet Nam dgt edc nang lUc
todn trong PISA ndm 2012 vd20l5
Nang
lire
Cao
Trung
binh
Thap
Cum
Phan
anh
Lien
ket
Tai
tao
Mdc
5 , 6
3,4
1,2
M o t a
Thanh thao va van
d u n g kien thdc toan
t r o n g m o i t i n h h u d n g
Biet kien t h d c toan va
van d u n g duoc
K h d n g t h a n h thao
kien thdc toan
%
2012
14,2
72,5 13,3
%
2015
13
73
14
PISA phan loai nang lUc toan hoc thanh ba cum: tai
tao, lien ket, phan anh, Mdi cum nhu vay tuong dng vdi
hai mUc, Tli tao dng vdi mdc 1, 2 duoc xem la nang luc
thap Lien ket dng vdi mdc 3, 4 chi nang lUe trung binh
Phan anh dng vdi mdc 5,6 duoc danh gia II nang lye cao,
Ket qua d Bang 1 cho thay ring nang lUc toan ciia
HSViet Nam tuang ddi ddng deu Oa sd cle em deu duae
trang bj tdt kien thdc toan eo ban, Nguoc lai, d nhieu
nude khae ed sy chenh lech, phan hda cue Idn, chdng td
cosd bat binh dang trong giao due [3], Trong mdn Toan,
HS Viet Nam ed nang lUc tu duy va suy luan t o l n hoe eo
tiem nang to Idn dd, HS chu yeu dat nang luc d mdc 3, 4
nly ddi hdi HS phai biet van dung sang tao cac kien thdc
da biet de lam nen nhdng cai gi do mdi v l khdng quen
thudc vdi nhung dang da biet
2.2 Ndng Itfc tuduy vd suy ludn todn hoc cua hge
sinh phd thdng
Trong tam ciia chuang trinh pho thdng hien hinh
cung nhu trUdc day la kien thdc quy trinh va viec tai tao
lai cac bUde giai toan mdt each tuan tU de tra ldi mdt Idp
clu hdi theo dang nhat dinh HS thuong tuminh llm v l
nudc nha v l tao ca hdi de bao cao khoa hoc, xuat ban cae an pham giao dye toan qudc te, cho the gidi biet nhdng ket qua nghien cdu ve khi nang t u duy va suy luan toan hpeed he thdng ciia HSViet Nam
3 Nang cao ki nang nhan thdc toan hoc ctf b^n cua hoc sinh
3.1 Mdc son trong gido due todn cdp Trung hge cua Viit Nam ttf PISA 2012
Kht so sanh ket qua dat duoc vdi thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi, Viet Nam xep vao nhdm nUde ed GOP
HS Viet Nam, xac dmh vi tri kl nang toan hoe cd ban va nang luc giai quyet van de thyc te, de td dd tim ra dUdc nhdng tiep can nghien cdu giao dye ca bin lam co sd duy toan hoc d cac mdc cao hon cho HS [4]
Oay II lan dau tien gilo due pho thdng Viet Nam duac de cap tren ban do the gidi, d vi trf ciia nhdng nUde the hien tdt cac llnh vUe duoc danh gia [1] Ket qua nay xac nhan nhdng kl nang toan hoc co ban ciia HS Viet Nam de phat trien giao due theo hudng gili quyet van tdnam 2012, the gidi cdng nhan HS trung hoc Viet Nam cdcac kinang nhan thdc toan hoc caban d mde cao
3.2 Thi hiin cua hoc sinh Viet Nam trong PISA
Diem manh cua HSViet Nam trong PISA 2012 II da the hien tdt cac kl nang toan hoc ca ban, xep thd 21/65 cao hon mdc trung binh ciia OECD Oiem yeu cua HS Viet Nam la viec chuyen the khdng thanh cdng cac van de hoc de giai quyet, trong khi cac em gili quyet rat tdt cac
Ve chi sd nay, HSViet Nam xep hang gan nhu thap nhat trong eae nudc tham gia [5]
Danh gia PISA quan tam den eae chi sd the hien cua
HS tham gia d bdn khia canh sau: ki nang toan hoc co ban, chuyen the van de cd Idi van theo bdi canh, toan tra ldi cac bai tap trong sach giao khoa va sach bai tap
mdt cach ddc lap Khi dat cau hdi cho HS, hau het GV ^°^ "^"9 ^^'^'3 "^^ ^'"h Imh hoat trong giai quyet van de
se giai thich tai sao cau tra ldi dd la dung theo chuang ^^^ ^ ^^"9 ^
trinh hoc dUoe quy dmh Chuong trinh ddi mdi thuc sU
[neu cd) se cd g^ng giam sd luong cac kl nang ca ban
cu the de giup HS nlm bit cac y tUdng toan hoc then
chdt, td dd khdng ngUng phIt tnen tU duy toan hoc va
cic khai niem nen tang ciia
Tren thuc te, van cd HS hay hoc vet edng thdc va nhd each tinh toan m l khdng hieu duoe y nghia ban chat eiia cac khai mem toln hoc co ban cd lien quan Nhung de van dung su thanh thao t o l n hoe d l giai quyet nhdng bai toan thuc te mdi la ma HS chua bao gid mdn hoe, tUong Ung vdi
mdc dd phan anh, Chuong
trinh mdl ciing vdi ddi ngu
nhd cac y tudng toan hoe
Idn"xuyen sudt theo tdng
mdc dd tu duy cua HS tU
tieu hoc den trung hoc, va
Bdng 2 The hien cua HS Viet Nam trong PISA 2012
j K i n a n g t o a n hocccrb^n
So vdi t r u n g
binh ciia OECD
Chuyen the van de c6 loi van theo boi canh
Toan hoc Tinh Imh hoat trong iJtig diing giai quyet van de
Thap han trung binh
Trang 3H NGHIEN CUU Ll LUAN
thdc mang tinh khai niem vdi ndi dung toan cy the HS
can hieu duac quy t i c ciia eae thuat toan, cic quy trinh
giai toan v l y nghia ciia cac khai mem cO ban HS Viet
Nam thanh thao cac kien thdc toan eo ban, nhung can
phai ket hop vdi thuc h i n h md hinh hda toan hoc trong
mdt trudng giai quyet van de thuc te hoac toan hoc ddi
hdi t u duy toan hoc bac cao
3.3 Ca hpi cudc song cua cd nhdn khi co cdc ki
nangtodnhoceaban
T h i n h thao kl nang n h l n thdc t o l n hoc co b i n la
mdt trong nhdng myc dich Idn ciia cac chuong trinh
g i l o due toan tren the gidi de chuan bi cho HS co co hdi
cude sdng ca nhan trong tuang lai Od I I mdt yeu td dU
bao manh ve ket q u i tich cUc ddi vdi thanh men, anh
sau trung hoc va thu nhap trong tuong lai dU kien ciia
ngudl trudng t h i n h phat hien ra rang [3]' "CIc kl nang
cac CO hdi trong cude sdng ciia ca nhan Nhdng ngUdi
yeu ve kl nang toan hoe se g i p han che trong viec tiep
nhdng viec lam duoc thudng nhieu hon."
Vay, lam the nao m l Viet Nam co the vuat qua
nhdng b i t loi ve kmh te xa hdi de the hien rat tdt trong
mdl hen he gida "chit luong nen giao due" v l "kmh te
qudc gia" OECO rut ra ket qua dang quan t i m [3], "Nen
giao due xuat sac khdng the x l y ra neu khdng cd mdt
mdc phat tnen kmh te cao"
NhUvay, dViet Nam, giao due phd thdng da cung
e l p tdt nhdng kien thUc toan hoc co ban de HS tiep tuc
hoc sau trung hoe, nhung nen giao due cao d i n g , dai
tiem nang ciia HS, nen khdng eung cap dUac ngudn
nhan lUc tre cd kl nang nghe nghiep va tn thdc de chuan
bi cho nen kmh te tn thdc thinh vUong [6] Theo Ngan
hang The gioi, nen kmh te tn thuc duoc quy dmh bdi bon
tru cdt, do la ThU nhat, cic co cau the che dem lai Uu
dai cho cle doanh nghiep va sd dung tn thdc, ThU hai,
tdt, Thd ba, co sd ha tang va truy d p cdng nghe thdng
tin, Thdtu, mdt vien cInh ddi mdi sdi ddng bao gdm cac
Nhu vay, Viet Nam cd trinh dd nhan thdc toan va khoa
hoc CO b i n d mde eao, la nen t i n g de chuan bi ngudn
nhan luc cho nen kmh te tn thdc
3.4 NhQng dp Itfc cua xd hoi, gia dinh len viic hoc
cua hge sinh
Theo truyen thdng lau nay, day toan dViet Nam chu
trong vao thUc h i n h giai bai tap voi cac ndi dung toan
eu the Day toan giup HS hieu va giai duac b l i tap toan
cda GV day toan dViet Nam la ludn suu tam, tdng hop va
lai eho HS ciia mmh Nhung rdi, theo thai gian, cae quy
trinh g i l l toan ddi voi cac lop bai toan cu the, cang ngay
cang phinh ra Chung trd thanh mot "ngan hang cac kien
thue quy tnnh" vOi nhung quy tnnh giai eu the Khi do,
eao'; 6 dd, HS p h l i danh nhieu thdi gian de ren luyen nhdng quy trinh giai toan duae "tU duy s i n " bdi GV 0 tren Idp, hay d ele Idp hoc them Trong mdi trudng HS co thdi quen duae GV bay s i n cho each tU duy toan hoc thi quen thudc, cac em se bdi rdi khi t U m i n h tim phuong an
g i l l va khd cd dUOc nhdng Idi g i l i sang tao Trong moi trudng hoc t i p kieu "Id luyen ap s u i t cao" n h u vay, HS se mat dan kha nang t u duy ddc lap rat can thiet cho cudc
95 phan tram sd cic hieu trUdng thda nhan trudng minh
cd td chdc ele hoat ddng hoc them mdn Toan, chiem ti le cao t h d b a trong 65 nude duae khao sat [1)
4 Lay giao vien t o a n lam goe de nang cao ki
nang cabin
Chung ta can p h l i thda nhan r i n g viec GV duoc dao tao tdt ve n d i d u n g va cd phuong phap day hoc xuat sac I I xUong song cua c i c he thdng giao due thanh edng nghe nghiep dang duac t r l n trong va p h I t huy
GV todn Viet Nam cd kien thtfc todn ehde chdn-O Viet
Nam, the manh ciia GV t o l n b i c trung hoe, dac biet la trung hoc phd thdng dUoc dao tao vdi kien thdc toan hoc trdu tuOng cao nen cd kien thdc "ndi dung toln-cu het cac b l i toan coban d trung hoc theo nhieu each tiep truyen dat cho HS nhdng quy trinh va thuat toan cu tlie degiai toan
GV todn Viet Nam day de HS eua mmh hoc GV toan
da t u minh di theo mdt eon dudng thuc tien sat vdi moi loai chuang trinh ddi mdi trong thdi gian vda qua GV tuang, chinh xac, theo cau true, cd he thdng va dUOc chuyen the sat vdi ddi tuang HS GV ludn tU ddi mdi each day phu hop vdi tUng ddi tuang HS, Thay cd nhln vao mat hoc trd sang len vi hieu toan de day Trong khi dd, trinh de d i n h gia va xep loai GV
GV todn Viet Nam day deHS hieu toan- GV day de HS
hieu duac toan va ap dung de g i l i cac bai tap trong saeh Ban chat cua toan hoe la trdu tUang va doi hot HS phai
ki nang t o l n eo ban de I p dung vao giat toan,
GV todn d Viet Nam biet vdn dung ed hai loai kien thtfc khdi mem va quy trinh Neu HS chi mdi nhd thuoc
khdng the van dung duoc kien thUc toan cua minh de
em GV toan phan biet gida day hoc toan theo nhdng ki the vd( day t o l n de HS hieu duac cac khai mem va tinh chat then chdt eua toan hoc phd thdng Viec day toan de hieu vdt nhdng thuc hanh cdng thdc va quy tac cd ndi
da hoc, t u do van dung ea hai loai kien thuc khai mem va
quy tnnh vao giai quyet van de
GV todn a Viet Nam co khd ndng thiet ke cdc hoat dong todn GV hoan toan eo k h i nang thiet ke va tao nen
Trang 4cac hoat ddng giao due md de nudi dudng HS phat trien
tu duy va cae suy luan cd 11 ehi khi chUOng trinh, saeh
giao khoa v l thi ed ehu trpng vao danh gia "Nlng lUC tU
duy va suy luan ed he thdng ciia HS pho thdng" de giai
de l i p lai "tu duy da duae che bien sin bdi GV" de tra
ldi cae cau hdi theo mau de thi ma HS can phai sd dung
nhieu thdi gian de luyen tap
GV todn d Viet Nam ed khd ndng qudn II tot Idp hoc
Theo truyen thdng, sd luang HS trong Idp trung hoc khi
GV quan li tdt cac hoat ddng toan tren Idp de tao mdi
trudng eho moi HS tham gia v l ren luyen cic kl nang
chdc hoat ddng day hpe, danh gia minh mach kha nang
hieu toln va kha nang van dung giai toan ciia cac em d
tren Idp
5 Ketluan
Nang cao kl nang nhan thdc toan hoc cO ban de
gili quyet v l n de t o l n thUc te theo tinh hudng trong
cdng din cd mong mudn tham gia va ddng gdp vao su
nl ,dng kien thde toan hoc ea bin la "nen t i n g cln thiet"
nhan lUc tre chat luang cao cho nen kmh te tn thdc Nen
giao dye xuat sic khdng the xay ra neu khdng cd mdt
mdc phat trien kinh te cao [8],
Nen giao due d day duac hieu II c l he thdng giao
due td mam non den sau dai hoc, Theo danh gil eiia
PISA 2012, va 2015, HS 15 tudi cua Viet Nam thanh thao
binh so vdi cac nUdc trong khu vUc v l tren the gidi,
thap, trd thinh mdt ngoai le trong gilo due theo ket qua
cua OECD [3],
Mdt sd nude d Chau Ada nhan thde duoc "nen kmh
te tri thde thinh vUong" va chuyen trong tam chuang
trinh toan ciia qudc gia minh hudng ve "gili quyet v l n
de toan thUe te" va lam the nao de nd trd thinh mdt
phan ehinh ciia chuong trinh bae trung hoc, cao ding v l
Doi vdi Viet Nam, chung ta can phai biet phat huy "nen thUe toan hoe ea ban" de xay ddng eae chuang trinh 6 cao dang va dai hoc gan lien vdt boi canh thUe te de dao tao duac ngudn nhan lUc tre chat luong cao trong viec xly dung nen kinh te tn thdc Qua nhdng viec phan tich cac ket qua nghien cdu, chung ta cd the ket luan ring HS trung hoc ciia Viet Nam cd cae ki nang nhan thde co ban cho nen kinh te tri thdc
TAILIIUTHAMKHAO
[1] OECD, [2014),'P/5A 2012 results in focus: V/hat 15-year-olds know and what they ean do with what they know OECD, Pans, France
[2] Bloem, S-, (2013), PISA in low and middle income countries OECO Education Working Paper No 93 OECO [3] OECO, (2016), The Survey of Adult Skills: Reader's Companion, Second Edition, OECD Skills
Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi org/10.1787/9789264258075-en
[4], Tran Vui, (2015), Lesson study as a means to innovation for teaching and learning mathematics in Vietnam: Research lesson on the the property of the three medians in a triangle, tn Inprasttha M & Isoda M., & Iverson W P., &Yeap H B, (Eds), Lesson study: Challenges
in mathematics education Series on Mathematics Educations, Vol, 3, World Scientific, Singapore, p, 273-292 [5] Le Thi My Ha, (2014), Education assessment system and PISA 2012 in Vietnam, PISA Vietnam [6] World Bank, (2013), Skilling up ViefnamPrepanng the workforce for a modern market economy -Vietnam Development Report, Main report Washington
curated/en/610301468176937722/Main-report
[7] World Bank, [2012), World Bank's Knowledge economic index World Bank http://siteresourees
worldbank.org/intunikam/resources/2012 pdf
[8] Asadullah, N M & Perera, D, L., (2015), Vietnam's PISA surprise The Diplomat, http://thediplomat
eom/2015/11/vietnams-pisa-surprlse/
ENHANCING BASIC MATHEMATICAL COGNITIVE SKILLS
TO PREPARE HUMAN RESOURCES FOR THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY IN VIETNAM
Tran Vui
Hue University of Education Emaih tranvui@yahoo.com Abstract: The article analyses lessons learnt from the PISA 2012 and 2015 in terms of Maths teaching at lower
secondary level in Vietnam In author's opinion, secondary students in Vietnam are proven to be competent in mastering basic mathematical cognitive skills in order to solve contextualized practical problem Maths teachers in Vietnam have solid mathematical knowledge and know how to develop mathematical thinking for students From the world's perspective, the author describes, demonstrates, provides reliable data to analyze the potential of Vietnamese maths teachers and students in training young human resources for the knowledge-based economy
Keywords: Skill; cognition; basic Maths, young human resource; knowledge-based economy