I D NGHIEN CtU Ll LUAN MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN VE PHAT TRIEN CHirONG TRINH MON HOC DAP ONG YEU CAU DO! M0I CHIfONG TRINH GIAO DUG PHO THONG'''' Bd TIEN DAT vit nhom nghien GUU'''' Email didatS5@gmaiLcom Vien K[.]
Trang 1MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN VE PHAT TRIEN CHirONG TRINH MON HOC DAP ONG YEU CAU DO! M0I CHIfONG TRINH GIAO DUG PHO THONG'
Bd TIEN DAT vit nhom nghien GUU'
Email: didatS5@gmaiLcom
Vien Khoa hoc Siitt due wei Nam
Tdm tdt: Trong nhdng ndm qua, cdc nghiin ctfu ve phdt trien chuang trinh dd duge chu trgng Viin Khoa hge Gido
due Viet Nam xde dinh day Id mpt trong nhdng hUdng nghiin edu trgng tdm, dinh hUdng cho cdc nhiim vu nghiin edu trinh gido due phd thdng, tde gid bdi viet diem Igi mpt sd vdn di ca bdn trong phdt trien chuang trinh mdn hoc ddp dng yiu cdu doi mdi ehuung trinh gido due pho thdng duge due rut tdcde kit qud nghiin edu trong thdi gian qua
Tif khda: Chuang trinh; phdt trien chuang trinh mdn hge; doi mdi chuang trinh; gido ducpho thdng
(Nhdn bdi ngdy 07/12/2016; Nhdn ketqudphdn biin vd chinh sda ngdy 04/01/2017; Duyit dang ngdy 25/01/2017)
I D a t v a n d e
Trong nhQng nam qua, d c nghien cQu ve phIt
t r i l n chuong trinh (CT) d l dQpc chu trpng Vien Khoa
hpe Gilo dye Viet Nam xlc dinh day la mdt trong nhilmg
hudng nghien cQu trpng tam, dinh hudng cho cac
nhiem vu nghiin cQu thudng xuyen, die biet la dTrung
tai d p Vien theo hudng nay cung da dupc thUe hien Ban
chi dao Odi mdi CT, sach giao khoa (SGK) phd thdng (Bd
vu nghien cQu cap bach nhIm xay dQng co sd khoa hpe
cho ddi mdi CT vdi sQ tham gia cua nhieu n h l khoa hped
cac trudng dai hoc (OH), vien nghien cQu; to chdc nhieu
hdi thIo khoa hoc Cae k i t q u i nghien cQu da van dung
hinh thanh cae djnh hudng, md hinh phat trien CT mdn
hpe Vdi quan niem rang, phIt trien CT mdn hoc la mdt
trong cac van de cdt Idi cua phat trien CT GDPT, trong
khudn khd bai Viet nay, chiing tdi diem lai"Mdtsdvdnde
ea bdn trong phdt trien CTmdn hoc ddp dng yeu cdu doi
t h d i g i a n q u a
2 B d i d n h d o i m d i c h U O n g t r i n h , s a c h g i a o k h o a
g i a o d u e p h o t h o n g
Ngay nay, t h e gidi d a n g t r i i q u a n h Q n g b i l n d d i d o
q u a t r i n h c h u y e n d d i n h a n h tQ m p t xa h d i c d n g n g h i e p
sang xa h d i hau edng n g h i e p va xa h d i t h d n g t i n , t r o n g
l.Theo tmh than Nghi quyet so 19-HQfTW ngay 04/11/2013 cua
Hoi nghi lan thu tam Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang (khoa XI) ve
Doi mdi can Wn, toan dien GD&DT, dap Ling yeu cau cong nghiep
hoa, hien dai hoa trong ffieu kien kinh te thi trudng dmh hu6ng xa
ngay 28/11/2014 cua Quoc hoi ve Ooi men CT, SGK GD pho thong;
Quyet dmh so 404/QD-TTg ngay 27/3/2015 ciia Thu tudng Chinh
phu phe duyet De an Ooi moi CT SGK GD pho thong,
2 NhomnghiencLfugomcactacgia OaoThai Lai, Duong Quang
Ngoc, Pham OUc Quang; Luong Viet Thai, Bui Ngoc Diep; Dao Van
Toan; Le Anh Tuan,
d o d c q u a t r i n h n a y p h a n I d n d y a t r e n viec p h a t t n e n va
d d i m d i g i l o d y e (GD) N h Q n g c l i each v e q u I n l i , kinh
te, p h I p luat , v l b i n c h a t d e u d u a t r d n m d t chat lupng
GD m d i O d i m d i c a n b i n , t o l n d i e n G D & D T d a t r d t h i n h
d a i h d a d a t n u d c Bdi d n h d d d d i h d i GDPT cung p h l i
y e u c l u sau:
- Mo hinh eua GDPT se p h l i la m d h i n h t a p trung
v a o xay d U n g v l h o l n t h i e n n h a n d c h ( p h a m c h a t v a
n a n g iQc) e o n ngQdi V i e t N a m d a p Qng y e u cau hdi nhap
va p h a t t r i l n c u a d a t n o d e t r o n g d i l u k i e n k i n h t e thj
t r u d n g d j n h h u d n g xa h d i chQ nghTa Vi vay, GDPT d n
h u d n g t d i v i e c k h a i t h I c va p h I t h u y m o i n a n g lUe v l sd
s i n ed cua cac em"
- GDPT phdi trd thdnh nen tdng cua GD sudt ddi M6
h i n h cua m d t n i n GD s u d t d d i I I m p t h e t h d n g GD md;
d d i t u d n g h o c t a p k h d n g c d n g i d i h a n t r o n g p h a m vi tudi
t r e m a m d r d n g sang m p i IQa t u d i ; t a m l i h o c l e n OH dUOc
b I n g GD d i p Qng n h u d u ca n h a n va y e u cau xa hdi,
- GDPT phdi phuc vu ddc Itfc cho yiu cdu phdt triin bin vdng ( p h a t t r i e n xd hoi b e n vQng, p h a t trien mdi trUdng b e n vQng, p h a t t r i e n kinh te b e n vQng) N g o l i bdn
c d t d d t r u y e n t h d n g la h o c d e b i e t , hoc d e h a n h , hoc d^
v Q n g d d i h d i m d t c d t d d t h Q n a m la h o c d e t h a y d d i b^n
t h i n va xa h d i (UNESCO 2009), D i e u d d d a n d i n nhQng
t h a y d d i c d b a n t r o n g CT GDPT d d la p h I t trien ele ki
n a n g s d n g , giQ g i n b i n s i c v a n h d a , t r a u d d i dc sang
t a o v l t i n h t h a n d i m n g h i , d a m l a m can t h i l t t r o n g m6i
c d n g d a n V i e t N a m t U d n g lai
- GDPT phdi dugc hiin dai hda theo hudng khai thdc, dng dung cdng nghe thong tin, truyen thdng (iCT) mdtedcl) hap a, toi Uu N g a y nay, c d n g n g h e sd c d m a t d k h I p nfli
Trang 2NGHIEN cdu Li LUAN ca
ta; lien k i t mang trd thanh phd bien giQa cle trQdng hpe,
cle CO sd, d c d nhln; viee xQ li thdng tin, hinh Inh, am
thanh dQpc thuc hien de ding; dung IQpng d c bd nhd
Idn d i n mQc ed the luu trd mpi dQ lieu mong mudn.Tat
sQ menh va vai trd cda nhl trQdng trong vile eung d p
ta phli cd dinh hQdng rd rang trong ehu truong hidn dai
hda GDPT
-GDPTphd/Moddm tinh edng bingxa hdi dGDPT,
die biet II ddi vdi GD phd cap, neu mIt cdng bIng x l hdi
thi se lam gilm hldu q u i GD ndi chung, gilm Ipi ich xa
eo bin d l khlc phye II sQ can thiep cda Nha nudc theo
hudng b i o d i m d l GD phd cap dQpc mien phi d c l tieu
hoe v l trung hoc eo sd, ddng thdi day manh edng t i e x l
hdi hda GD
- Xay dQng CTGDPTmdi II bQdc trien khai cy the
Nghj quylt sd 29-NQ/TW ngay 04/11/2013 cua Ban
Chap hanh Trung QOng OIng (khoa XI) v l Nghi quyet
sd 88/2014/QH13 cQa Qudc hdi Viec xly dUng CT GDPT
dQa tren co sd "Ke thUa vd phdt then nhCtng Uu diem cda
CT, SGK GDPT hien hdnh, phdt huy nhdng gid tri truyin
thong tdt dep eOa nin vdn hda Viit Nam vd phu hgp vdi
xu the qudc ti, ddng thdi doi mdi todn diin myc tilu npi
dung phQdng phIp v l hinh thQc td ehQc GD, theo yeu
cUdng thuc hanh va g i n vdi thuc tien cupc sdng" (Nghi
quyet sd88/2014/QH13)
Thang 8/2015, Bd GD&DT d l cdng bd DU thdo CT
GDPT tong frte trong dd neu rd: Dinh hudng xay dUng
CT cle mdn hoc va hoat ddng, quy dinh cdc linh vtfe GD;
hi thdng mdn hge; thdi lupng cua tQng mdn hpe; dmh
hQdng ndi dung GD b i t bude d tQng linh vUc GD va phan
tren pham vi toan qudc; djnh hQdng ve phQong phap,
cua tQng mdn hoe; dieu kien tdi thilu eua nha trUdng de
thyc hien duoc CT
CT GDPT mdi eung d p mdt khudn khd v l djnh
hudng cho GDPTde hinh thanh va phat trien pham chat,
nang luc, dao dQc va tri tue cua ngQdi hoc, giup ho cd
sQ chuan b| de tham gia mdt elch tieh cUe vao ddi sdng
thue tien cuaxa hdi, cua dat nUdccung nhudapQng vdi
cdng nghiep hda va toan cau hda,
De cu the hda djnh hudng ddi mdi CT GDPT ndi
chung va Du thao CT GDPT tdng the ndi neng, mdt loat
van de dat ra ddi vdi viee phat trien CT mdn hpe TQ quan
diem ve CT mdn hoc theo tiep can nang luc; chuan mdn
bieu dat ra sao? khae biet gi so vdi chuan kiln thQc, ki
thQc nhQ the nao? NhQng quan diem tich hop, phan hda
sao? Hoat ddng trai nghiem sang tao la mdt khai mem
mdi dupe dUa vao dU thao CT GDPT tdng the, tuy nhien
nin quan niem nhu t h i nao? Quy trinh va td chQe thUc hien?
3 Mot sd van de cd b i n trong Phat trien chtfomg trinh mon hoc
3.1 Tiip can ndng Itfc trong Phdt trien chUOng trinh mdn hoc
Mdt trong nhQng diem mdi then chdt eua CT GDPT lan nay la tiep d n theo dinh hUdng phat triln nang iQc
td cilia qua trinh day hoc
Bin chat cua GD theo tiip can ndng lue II lay nlng
lUc llm CO sd (tham chieu) d l td chQc CT va thiet k l ndi dung hoc tap [1] Dieu nay cung cd nghia nang lye cua
HS se la kit q u i cudi eung d n dat dupe cda q u i trinh
va cP b i n cua mue tieu GD la d c pham chat v l nang lue cua ngudi hoc Nang lye dupe coi la diem xuat phat ddng
cav ve phat trien nang lye HS can dQpc dat dung chd cua
chung trong myc tieu GD
GD theo t i l p can nang iQc nhln manh: Nang lUc khdng ehi bao him kiln thQc, kl nang, kJ xlo m l cdn e l gia trj, ddng CO, dao ddc va hanh vi xa hdi Mudn ed nang trli nghiem ca nhan Mat khae, d c nang lye dQoc hinh trudng ma cdn dUdi tac ddng cua gia dinh, xa hdi, eua chinh trj, tdn gilo, van hoa v.v
Xay dUng CTtheo tiip cdn ndng lUe trudc h i t d n xac
dmh dupe d c nlng lUe eIn t h i l t nhat ma ngUdi hpe d n phli cd cho cudc sdng v l tham gia cd hilu q u i trong ddi sdng x l hdi Viec lUa chpn he thdng tri thQc, ki nang sao cho tao dupc cP hdi thuan Ipi de hinh thanh phat trien cac nang lye can dat Do dd, chung phli dupc ddi
phIt trien d HS v l edi dich cudi cimg (kit q u i dau ra can
dat) Id phdi hinh thdnh dugc ede ndng Itfc ndy d ele em
CT theo t i l p can nang luc chu trong den chu the ngudi hoe cung nhuden khi nang Qng dyng tri thQc da hoc trong nhQng tinh hudng thUe tien Viec ren luyen tra danh gia khdng chi kiem tra khi nang t l i hien tri thdc ma edn dmh hudng vIo khi nlng van dung tri thQc trong nhQng tinh hudng thuc tien
Do viee hinh thanh, phat trien cac nang lye ddi hoi
SQ van dung phdi hpp cac kiln thdc, ki nang, nen CT mdn khdng phli la yeu td duy nhat chi phdi viec to chQc ndi dung CT mdn hpe CT lien quan chat ehe den cac dat van de ehu trong tdi viee cung cap nhieu kiln thQc ndi dung hpe tap mpt each hdp li, tao co sdcho viec phat trien cac nang lye ciia HS, De xdy dUng CTmdn hoc fheo t/ep can ndng/uc can chu y mdt sd dmh hQdng sau•
- Xac dinh cle nang lue chung cdt Idi va eae nang
Trang 3iQc d i e thu mdn hpe, mQc dp p h I t trien d tQng Idp, tQng
cap hpe ( m l mdn hpe gdp phan hinh thanh va p h I t
trien cho HS)
- Lya chpn, t d chQc d c ndi dung hpe tap mdt d c h
hpp li, tao ed sd cho viec phat trien d c nang lue cho HS
Tang cUdng tinh dng dung, gan k i t giQa ndi dung GD
mdn hoc vdi ddi sdng thuc te va g i n vdi xu hQdng phat
t r i l n hien dai cQa kinh te, khoa hpe va ddi sdng x l hdi,
gdp phan giup HS hinh t h i n h , ren luyen v l l l m chu d c
"kT nang sdng"
- Trong d u true eua CT mdn hoc, cle "mach ndi
d u n g " v l d c "nhanh nang luc"can p h l i lien k i t chat che
vdi nhau, x o l n v I o nhau tQpng tQ nhu md hinh chudi
xoan kep vdi d c lien k i t ngang cua phan tQ AND,
3.2 Yeu cdu cdn dgt (chudn ddu ra) cda mdn hoc
trong chUOng trinh gido due pho thdng
Nghi quyet 29-NQ/TW xac djnh mdt trong nhQng
g i l i phap ddi mdi can ban, toan dien GD&DT I I : "Tren cd
muc tieu, Chuan dau ra cOa tQng bac hoc, mdn hoc, CT,
nganh va chuyen n g l n h d I o tao, coi do I I eIn c Q g i l m
ra cua GDPT ndi chung, cda tQng b i c hpe, mdn hpe ndi
rieng, trUdc h i t can b i t d I u tQ viee cu the hda d c yeu
cau v l pham chat v l nang lUc m l HS can va ed the dat
chi ra ring, d n p h l i xay dyng Chuan GDPT ndi chung,
xay dyng CT GDPT
3.2.1 Quan mem, vai trd, vi tri, ehde ndng cda Chudn
ddu ra cua mon hge
Chuan dau ra cua mdn hpe la sQ ey the hda, t i l u
chi hda muc tieu eua mdn hoc t h i n h nhQng tieu ehi v l
chi b i o cu the de cd t h i do lUdng va danh g i l k i t qua
hpe tap, GD d mdn hoc Chuan dau ra eho biet HS ed t h i
VUc hpe tap, hoat ddng GD) d tdng d p hoc/giai doan/
Idp hpe,
C d t h I ndi, CTtheo rilp can nang lUc dat ra y tUdng
chpn lua, hinh t h i n h ndi dung GD t Q " k l t qua dau ra"
(Chuan dau ra) Vi vay, khi xay dUng CT GDPT, can xay
dung Chudn eua tdng mon hoc (xuyen sudt theo chieu
dung chuan d tQng Idp hoc {ngang theo tQng linh vUc,
tdng nhdm mdn hoc ed trong tQng Idp hpe) Chuan dau
ra eua mdn hoc gdp phan:
- Xac dmh ndi dung tdi thieu b i t budc cua CT mdn
hoc; chuan hda "tai hpe" thdi gian hpe tieu chuan, bao
dam tinh vQa sQc eua tai iieu hpe t i p ;
- Bao dam tinh thdng nhat trong toan qudc, ddng
thdi cd tinh den die diem cua tdng vung mien trong
dieu kien da dang hoa cac kieu hinh trudng Idp
3.2.2 Dmh hudng quy trinh xay dung ehudn ddu ra
cua mon hge
- Xac dinh nhQng ndng lue chung then chdt (ma mdn
hoc cd eo hpi ddng gdp, hinh thanh) va cac n l n g luc d i e
thu cua bd mdn Xac dinh dudng phat tnen cua cae nang
luc nay t h i hien qua d c mQc dd, tieu chi can dat
-Xlc djnh ele mach npi dung cot loi cOa mdn hoc
Md t l dudng p h I t trien eua mdi mach ndi dung trong mdi quan he lien k i t (hUdng tdi) dudng p h I t trien nang lye
- Cu the hda Chuan dau ra thdng qua viec tieu chi hda v l x l c djnh mQc do y l u d u ve k i l n thQc, ki nlng, thai dp; ve pham chat, nang iQc chung v l pham chat,
n l n g iQc d i e thu mdn hpe d tdng Idp, tQng d p hoc (md
t l cac mQc dp HS l l m dQpc gi vdi nhQng kien thQc, ki
nang da hoc) Minh hpa cu the thdng qua he thdng cle tinh hudng day hoe (cd the dudi dang mdt ma trIn)
- T h i d i e m v l do ludng dieu chinh (thich hpp)
3.3 LUa chon ndi dung hoc tap cdt Idi cua mdn hoc trong chUdng trinh gido ducpho thdng
3.3.1 Cdc nguyen tde vd tiiu chudn lua chon npidung hge tap cdt 161 eua mdn hoc
Ndi dung GD p h l i b i o d i m tinh gidn, ph6 thdng, ea
bdn, hien dgi, thiit thtfc thtfc hdnh van dung kiln thQc
vao thuc t i l n , phQ hop vdi dac diem t i m sinh li IQa tudi cdng d i n ; t i p trung v I o nhQng gia trj cd b i n eua van nhan loai, g i l trj cdt Idi v l nhan van cQa chu nghTa Ma( hpe theo hQdng chuan hoa, t h i l t thuc, b i o d i m nanc luc sQ dung cua HS; GD nghe thuat v l GD the chat co ren luyen sQc k h o l , hoat ddng nghe thuat
Moi CTmdn hge edn phdi xde dinh duge nhdng yiu ti cot Idi mang tinh nen t i n g , dn djnh va phan mem mang
tinh m d de thQdng xuyen cap nhat, bo sung, thay d6i,
I I sU thu nhd cua mdt n g l n h khoa hoc tUOng dng Kh3c
thiet vdi HS phd thdng
3.3.2 Binh hudng lua ehgn npi dung hoe tdp cdt loi cua mdn hge
-Xac djnh nhQng ndng/Uc chung then chdt ( m l mdn
hoc cd CO hdi ddng gdp, hinh t h i n h ) va d c nanglUedgc
thu cua bp mdn va dQdng phat t r i l n eua ele n l n g iQc nly
- Tap trung v I o nhQng gia tri co b i n cua van h d , truyen thdng dan tdc, tinh hoa van h o i nhan loai; ca
HS d e d p hoc
- Tham k h I o CT mdn hoc cua ele nUde tien tien, ddi chieu vdi yeu eau cua mdt sd CT danh g i l qudc te nhiT PISA, PASEC.TIMSS, PIRLS
- Xac dinh npidung toi thieu bdt budc (hat nhan hoc
van phd thdng) va dudng phat trien eua ele mach vi thuan Ipi de hinh thanh phat trien cae nang iQc can dat
3.3.3 Ndi dung day hoc d trUdng pho thdng
Ndi dung day hoc d trUdng phd thdng dupe td chiJc theo hai giai doan: GD eP ban ( b i t budc) va GD djnh hQdng nghe nghiep chuan bi cho HS di v I o eude sdng, hpe nghe, hoac hpe len cao d i n g , DH,
Trang 40 giai dogn GD ea bdn: HS dQpc tiep nhan nhQng
kiln thdc, kl nlng phd thdng cd ban d n t h i l t cho cudc
cdng dan
0 giai dogn GD dinh hudng nghe nghiep: Ndi dung
day hpe d n dupe td chQc thinh d c mdn hpe v l boat
ddng GD vdi nhieu phUdng I n thue hidn di tao ra nhilu
cd hdi lya chpn cho HS phQ hop vdi khi nang, sd thich
v l dieu kien hoc tap cy the Ndi dung day hoc khdng I p
dung ddng loat cho mpi HS, ed nhieu phUdng I n thue
hien d l tao ra nhilu cd hpi lua chpn eho HS
Can cQvIo dy kiln thdi iQong cd t h i dinh cho day
hoc, nhl trQdng xac dinh nhCfrig ITnh vUc hpe tap cdt Idi
v l y tudng ndi tren dupe cu t h i hda thdng qua mdt ki
hogch GD nhIm djnh hudng td chQc ndi dung day hoc d
nhl trudng phd thdng
3.4 Tich hap vd phdn bod trong phdt triin ehuang
trtnh mdn hge
3.4.1 Tich hop trong phdt triin chuang trinh mdn hge
Viec Idng ghep, tich hdp cle ndi dung GD nhIm
giOp HS huy ddng tdng hpp kiln thQc, kT nlng, thudc
nhilu ITnh vUc khlc nhau v l nhieu thudc tinh el nhan
quylt ed hilu qua d c nhiem vu trong hpe tap v l trong
cudc sdng, thdng qua do hinh thanh bilu tUOng v l sQ
toln ven cua t h i gidi, phIt trien pham chat v l nang iQc
can thilt, nhat II nang lye gili quyet van de
Day hoc tich hpp la d c h thQc quan trpng trong viec
hinh thinh v l phIt trien nang lye cua HS Day hpe tieh
dung m l cdn la tich hpp c l d c y l u td khlc nhu pham
chat c l nhan, ele phuong tien, thanh phan eiia mdi
trudng hoc tap trong nhQng tinh hudng day hoc khlc
nhau De phat triln nang luc eho HS, can chii ddng thilt
ke he thdng cle tinh hudng day hpe tich hpp.Trong thUe
tien day hoc, thudng thay ed cac mQc dp tich hop chu
y l u nhu sau:
- Tieh hap trong npi bp mdn hge: LI hinh thQc tieh
hpp nhdng ndi dung eiia d c phan mdn hay cac ndi
dung ey t h i khlc nhau trong mdt mdn hpe
- Tieh hgp da mdn, lien mdn vd xuyen mdn: CIc chQ
de tich hdp gin vdi nhQng van de thyc tien, nhQng van
d l mang tinh t o l n d u (nhU sQc khde, mdi trQdng, ngQdi
tieu dung, cdng dan v l eude sdng edng ddng, hieu biet
qudc t l v l hda binh, t h i gidi cdng viec, thdng tin va
can xem xet din),
d d p Tieu hpe v l d p Trung hpe ed sd, cd the thUe
hien long ghep nhQng ndi dung lien quan vdi nhau cua
mdt sd ITnh vUe GD, mdt sd mdn hpe; thyc hien rinh gian,
tranh chdng cheo ndi dung GD, gilm hop li sd mdn hoc,
hoat ddng trai nghiem sang tao, cung vdi hoat ddng tU
van trudng hoe de giup HS hoc xong trung hoc co sd ed
the chon con dQdng hpe len theo GD nghe nghiep hoac
trung hoe phd thdng, gdp phan thuc hien yeu cau phan
ludng manh sau trung hpe co sd
3.4.2 Phdn had trong Phdt tnen chuang trinh mdn hge
Day hpe phIn hoi II dinh hUdng day hoc phCi hpp vdi d c ddi tuong HS khlc nhau, nhIm phIt trien tdi da
li, khi nlng, nhu c l u va hQng thQ khae nhau eua HS tupng khlc nhau, I p dung elch thQc td chQc, van dyng ndi dung, phuong phIp v l hinh thQc, boat ddng khae nhau sao eho phu hpp nhat vdi tdng ddi tupng, nham dat hieu q u i cao [2] Cae hinh thQc td chQc phan hda (vT md) bao gdm: PhIn ludng; PhIn ban; Day hoc tQ chpn
*P/idn ftda trong giai doan GDctf bdn, chu y l u the
hiln d:
- l/l chuan dflu ra:Cd the edsQ phan chia mQc do cao
thap trong chudn (Vi du, mdt sd nUde phIn chia nhQng
mQc do chuan khlc nhau) Hole CT ehl dQa ra mdt chuan tdi thieu nhung khi dinh g i l ed dUa ra ele mdc dp khlc nhau Tuy thudc vIo trinh dp, nhu eau eua moi HS ey the cd the dat mdt mQc trinh dp nhat dmh
- Be dgt eung mptmtfctrinh dp chudn, cd the tao dieu kiln cho HS thUc hien theo nhQng Ip trinh khdc nhau, thdi khuylt tat, ed the keo dai thdi gian de dat cung mQc
dp dpc thdng vilt thao giai doan dau tieu hoc Mdt gili
phIp hay dQpc ap dyng, dd la: Cdu trucCTtheo tdng giai
doan ddi eo t h i la 2 hoac 3 nam chQ khdng theo ddn vj
djnh chat che npi dung, t i l n trinh td chQc npi dung m l chi dua ra chuan tdi thilu (hay nhieu mQc dd chuan) d n dat eho tUng giai doan Mdi dia phUOng, mdi nha trQdng nhat cho dia phuong, nhl trudng v l c l nhan HS
- Vi npi dung vd edu true npi dung: Oe dat cung myc
tieu, chuan, CT mdt sd mdn hoc cd the dUa ra d c chu de sQ:Dl nghien cQu eung mdt giai doan Ijeh sQ cd t h i d u trije ehu de Ijeh sd chiln tranh hay lich sQ hinh thanh nhl nQdc Vdi mdn Cdng nghe, vdi cung myc tieu gidi the cd nhieu md dun hay hoc phan khae nhau de HS lya chpn: May mac CP khi, Kinh doanh
Ngoai khdi mdn hpe/hoat ddng b i t budc chung, trong CT cd the ed mdt sd mdn/hoat ddng tU chon dUdi nhilu hinh thQc khae nhau nhu: Mdn tuchon tuy y (vi dy ngoai ngQ 2) hay d e eau lac bd theo sd thich, nhu eau
CT eua mdt sd mdn hpe cd the dinh mdt ti le thdi lupng nhat djnh eho ndi dung gan vdi dia phuong (nhat
la Lich sQ, Dja li, GD cdng dan, GD nghi.,.)
- Cac phuong phIp day hoc tich eye va mdt sd hinh thQc to chdc day hoc nhu day hpe dU an.,, tao dieu kien
thi, can tao dieu kien cho viec tnen khai cac phuong
phap va hinh thQc td chQe day hoe nay
* Phdn hda trong giai dogn trung hoc pho thong
Trang 5(THPT):
Giai doan nay dugc coi Id giai dogn phdn hda
manh theo dinh hQdng nghe nghiep, Hinh thQc phIn
mdn hoc b i t bude, HS dupe tU chpn (bit bude v l tuy y)
mdt sd mdn hpc/chuyen d l
Ngoai d c bien phap phan hda chung nhQ d GD eP
bin, trong phIt triln CT d c mdn hpe giai doan nay can
iQu y them mdt sd dilm sau:
- Xac dinh rd ring nhiem vy, myc tieu cOa mdn/
chuyen de gin vdi dmh hudng nghe, vdi dinh hQdng
phat trien nang iQc chuyen biet de t h i l t ke ndi dung,
chuan phu hpp Vi du: mdn Khoa hoc x l hpi danh cho
ed myc tieu, djnh hudng, chuan khlc bin vdi mdn
hdi chQ khdng phli chi ddn thuan la sy ddn giln hda,
gilm nhe yeu d u
- Nhilu mdn hoc cd the dUdc clu true theo nhQng
mUe dp khae nhau Vi dy, Toln cd bin, Toln nang cao
nang cao hay md rdng (Vi du: Xlc suat va Thdng ke, ) de
chuyen de khae nhau Du ndi dung d c mdn/chuyen d l
cd tinh ddc lap tuong ddi nhQng can lUu y den tinh lien
thdng, sy phIt trien tri thQc khi ghep cac chuyen de.,
- Ngoli ra, cdn ed nhQng chuyen de rieng v l hudng
nghiep Kit thuc giai doan nly, HS cd kiln thQc, kT nang
phd thdng cd bin dUde djnh hQdng theo ITnh vUc n g h i
tiem nang ca nhan d l chuan bj tdt cho giai doan GD sau
phd thdng hole budc vao cudc sdng lao ddng
3.5 To chdc hogt dpng trdi nghiem sdng tgo trong
chUcmg trinh mdn hoc
3.5.1 Hogt dong trdi nghlim sdng too trong mdn hge
d nhd trudng pho thdng
Hoat ddng trai nghiem sing tao (HDTNST) trong
mdn hoc d nha trudng phd thdng la cle hoat ddng day
el nhan HS dupe hoc tap thdng qua cae hoat dpng trli
hoc va phat huy dupe tiem nang sang tao eiia bin than
HDTNST trong mdn hoc nhan manh tdi viec HS phli kinh
qua thuc te, van dung nhQng hieu biet, kien thQc da ed
cua minh de tham gia vao hoac tiep xiic vdi sQ vat, hien
tupng, su kien Qua dd, tim ra va tao ra nhQng hieu biit
kien thQc mdi, each giai quyet mdi de tieh luy kinh nghiem
rieng va phat huy tiem nang sang tao ciia ban than
3.5.2 Quy trinh to ehdc cdc hogt ddng trdi nghiim
sdng tao trong mdn hge d nha trudng pho thdng
- Khdi ddng (bIng mdt kinh nghiem cu the) va xac
dmh nhiem vu
-Trai nghiem
- Phan tich, khai quit hda, hinh thanh tri thdc mdi,
-Van dung
3.5.3 Hogt ddng trdi nghiem sdng tgo co thi to chdc
theo nhi3ng quy md khdc nhau
HDTNST bao gdm: hoat dpng ca nhan, hoat dpng
theo nhdm, theo Idp, theo khdi Idp hoac theo trudng
d trong hoac ngoai n h l trQdng nhU: Idp hoc, thu vien, phdng da nang, phdng truyen thdng, sin trQdng, vifn
b i o t i n g , cae di tieh Ijeh sQ v l van hda, d c danh lam nhan, d c ling nghe, co sd san xuat hole d d c dia diem khlc ngoli nha trudng cd lien quan den chii de hpe tap Phuang phIp va hinh thQc td chQc HDTNST trong mdn hoc rIt da dang, phong phu, cd the ke den d c phuong phIp v l hinh thQc nhQ: Day hoc d u i n , gili quylt van d^ tham quan hpe tap, hdi thi/cude thi, boat ddng thuc dja, sin khau tuong tic, dien dan, giao luu, trd choi, HDTNST nhIm dinh hudng, tao dieu kiln cho
HS quan sit, suy nghT va tham gia cle hoat ddng trli nghi|m, thue tien; qua do td ehQc, khuyin khich, dpng vien v l tao d i l u kien cho ele em tich cue nghien cQu tim ra nhQng gill phap mdi, thue hien kham pha, phat trong nha trQdng v l nhQng gi da t r l i qua trong thUctien tri sdng, kT nang sdng va nang lye cho HS
3.6 Tinh ki thda trong Phdt trien chuong trinh mdn hoc
K l thQa nhihig thinh td cua CT hiln hinh khi xay dyng CT mdi, Tinh ke thQa trong phIt tnIn CT dupe the hiln dBIng 1 dQdi day:
Bdng V Tinh kithtfa trong phdt trien CTmdn hge
CT h i ^ n h i n h
Mue t i e u
N p i d u n g
Chuan kien thQc, kr nang,
t h a i d p
P h u o n g p h a p day hoc
D a n h gia ket qua
C T m d i
- Xay d u n g muc t i e u m d n hpe tren cd sd
p h a t t n e n n a n g lUc, p h a m chat ciia HS
- K l thQa nhOng phan m d n , nhOng mach
n o i d u n g ehu y e u ciia CT hien hanh
- Cd t h e b d sung, dieu chinh m o t so nfii lam p h o n g p h u t h e m mdi trQdng va bdi
g i l i q u y e t van d l t r o n g thuc tien
- Xay d u n g Yeu d u can dat, Chuan dau ra,
t r o n g d d ke thQa n h d n g t h i n h t d nhQng tieu c h i tich eye ciia CT hien hanh
- Ke thQa nhQng Uu d i e m va t h a n h tUu ve day hoc tieh eye
- Xac d i n h nhQng phUong p h a p day hoc dac t r u n g ciia m o n hoc va tap t r u n g vSo hoc t a p tich eye cho HS
- K l thQa va dieu chinh viec danh gia kel bdi d n h thuc tien; D a n h g i l dUa trfin chuan dau r a
- Coi t r p n g c l danh gia t d n g ket v l danh gia t h u d n g xuyen
-Tap t r u n g danh gia s u t i e n b d cua mdiHS
Trang 64 Kit luan v l khuyin nghj
PhIt trien CT mdn hpe I I vIn d l cdt Idi trong phat
trien CT GDPT O l ed mdt CT mdn hpe b i o d i m chat
luong, tren co sd tang cUdng dinh hUdng gia tri nhln
van, dam b i o sU phIt t r i l n CT trIn binh dien van hda
-Qu v l linh boat, d n ehu y gili quylt nhQng van de sau:
1/ LQpe bd ele kiln thQc, kT nang ed the gay q u i t l i
cho HS Tit d cle ndi dung dUdc de cap phli d n thiet
eho cle giai doan GD, d e hoat ddng hpe tap hoac djnh
hudng nghe nghiep t i l p theo Can d i m b i o khdi lupng
toan bd d c mdn hoc trong CT GDPT) hpp li, phu hpp vdi
trinh dp nhan thQc v l die d i l m t i m sinh IJ eua HS Bio
dam kit hop tdi uu cle kiln thQc co bin v l t h i l t thyc
2/Tao d i l u kien d l HS khdng ehi ITnh hpi d c sy
kiln, kiln thQc m l cdn ed eP hdi phIt triln d e nlng
lUc chung va nang luc die thii mdn hpe; g i n vile hpe
vdi thUe hanh gili quylt d c van de eua cupc sdng hang
ngay Tang thdi gian cho hoat ddng ty hoc, hoat ddng
tieh cue vdi d c hoat ddng trong ddi sdng xa hdi hien dai
3/ D i m b i o tinh tich hop v l phan hda trong lUa
chpn d c ndi dung GD, d i p Qng yeu d u day hpe phIn
va day hoc theo chuyen de hpe tap
4/ Cung d p cho HS nen t i n g can thilt toi thieu de
cd the Qng dyng cdng nghe thdng tin v l truyen thdng
trong hoc tap d e mdn hoc
5/Tang CQdng tinh mdcOaCTd tat d d c d p , bac
hpe, d i p Qng yeu cau day hoe phan hda va d the hda (cd
tinh d i n die diem v l k h i nang eua HS bao gdm e l HS
nlng khilu v l HS khuylt tat)
6/ Cho phep van dyng linh hoat CT, trong CT cd
thiet ke"phan cQng"vl "phan mim", "phan mem" dinh
cho d c dja phuong va d c trudng tQ thiet k l , Cd t h i cho
phep td chQc thuc hien CT phii hop vdi dac diem d cle
vung khd khan
7/Viee quIn li, giam sat thuc hien va dieu chinh CT
d n duoc thyc hien d d p quIn li GD tai d c dia phuong,
d n tang quyen quIn li cho cle trudng trong q u i trinh triln khai
8/ Mdt so van de dat ra d n dUpc t i l p tue nghiin
cQu, gili quylt trong phIt triln CT mdn hoc gdm: Van de
xac djnh he thdng nang iQc mdn hpe? Vin de xay dUng chuan mdn hoc: Cd nhQng chuan nIo? quy trinh xay dyng ra sao d l d i m bao tinh khoa hpe va k h i thi v l t i l n dd?Cau true van b i n CT mdn hoc; d c h thQc bieu dat; mQc dp chi t i l t '
TAILIIUTHAMKHAO
[1], Dang Thanh HUng, (2014), Chuang trinh vdsdeh
theo tiip can ndng Itfc
[2] Bd Gilo due v l DIo tao, Dtfthdo ChUong trinh gido ducpho thong tong the thing 8 nam 2015
[3] NguyenThj Minh PhUong, I'e viic xde dinh npi
dung dgy hge theo dinh hUdng phdt triin ndng ItfedngUdi
/ipcTapchiNghiencQuGiaodyc, sd5, nam 1996
[4] Do Ngoc Thdng, Xdy dUng Chuang trinh gido due
pho thdng theo hudng tiip edn ndng /yc,Tap chi Khoa hoc
Gilo dye, sd 68, thing 5, n l m 2011
[5] Tran Kilu, Vi muc tieu mdn Todn trong trUdng
pho thdng Viit Nam.lap chi Khoa hpe Giao due, sd 102,
thing 3, nam 2014
[6],VLiTrong Ry - Od Tien Dat, Mdf sd van dl/f'/udn
trong xde dinh npi dung day hoc d trUdng pho thdng, Tap
ehi Khoa hoe Gilo dye, sd 115, thing 4 nam 2015 [7], Phdng Nghien cQuToln-Tin,Trung tam Nghien cQu Gilo dye pho thdng, Vien Khoa hoe Gilo dycVlet
Nam, (2015), Bdo cdo tong kit nhiem vu nghien cdu
thudng xuyen: "Xdy dtfng, thd nghiim mdt sd chu de tich hap mdn Todn cho Chuang trinh gido due pho thdng mdi"
(PGS,TS Pham DQc Quang chu tri)
[8], Website eua co quan PhIt trien chuong trinh va Dinh gia Australia (ACARA); http://wwvi/.aeara.edu.au/
[9], H.(D TonoBaHOBa, (2005), Odmaa nedazoeuKO
(yiednoe noco6ue dna eysoe), Pe^b, CaHK rieiepdypr
SOME BASIC ISSUES IN THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT TO MEET RENEWAL REQUIREMENT
OF GENERAL CURRICULUM
Do Tien Dat and research group
Emaib dtdatSS@gmaii.com The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Abstract: in recent years, research on eurriculum has been focused The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences
(VNIES) identified this is one of the key aspect, oriented other regular research tasks Curriculum development was seen
as one of core issues of the general curriculum development, the author reviewed some basic issues in the curriculum development to meet renewal requirement of general curriculum from recent research findings
Keywords: Curriculum; curriculum development; curriculum renewal; general education