TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 5/2D1B 115 DOI DIEU VE DANH GIA SU PHAT TRIEN NANG LLTC VAN DUNG KIEN THliC CUA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG B A N G CACH Sii DUNG CAU HOI, BAI TAP HOA HOC Pham Van Hoan" '''', Hoang[.]
Trang 1TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 5/2D1B
DOI DIEU VE DANH GIA SU PHAT TRIEN NANG LLTC VAN DUNG KIEN THliC CUA HOC SINH
TRUNG HOC PHO THONG B A N G CACH S i i DUNG
CAU HOI, BAI TAP HOA HOC Pham Van Hoan" ', Hoang Minh Ngoc^
'Tnrang Bgi hoe Thu do Hd Not 'Sd GD&DTBdc Giang
Tdm tdt: Ngi dimg bdi hdo trinh bdy mgl vdi vdn de ve viec ddnh gid sir phdt tnen ndng luc van dung kien thirc giai quyet vdn de ciia hgc smh d cdc trirdng phd thdng ihdng qua dgy hoc Hod hoe De ddnh gid sir phdt wien ciia hgc sinh ve ndng luc gidi quyet vdn de ddi hdi ngirdi gido vien phdi ddu tu cdng sire xdy dimg dugc he thdng cdc cdu hdi, bdi tap ti-ong do "cd vdn de" ddi hdi su tu duy logic De ddnh gid sir phdt tnen ndng lire phdt hien vd gidi quy el vdn de, cdc cdu hdi, bdi lap cdn phdi chua dimg "vdn de" ddi vai hoc sinh Mudn the, gido vien cdn cd nhimg hieu biet sdu sdc ve fhirc tien citng nhu ve bdn chdl cdc qud lrinh Hod hgc
Td khod: giai quyet vdn de ddnh gid hod hgc chira dimg
L M O D A U
Muc tieu ctia ddi mdi da> hpc hien nay nliam dao tao nhiing ngudi lao ddng men ed
kha nang hoat ddng thyc tien tdt Vi \'d> nipt trong nhiing nhiem \u cua giao due trong
nha trudng la phdt bm tinh lich eye tu gidc, chu ddng sdng tao cua ngudi hpc bdi dudng phuong phdp tu bpc ren luyen ky ndng van dyng kien thiic vao thuc lien, hinh thanli thai
dp tinh cam hung thu hpc tap cho hpc sinh phat trien nang lyc cho hoc smh Hien nay Bp Giao due vd Ddo tao bet siic chu trpng viec hinh thanh va phat tnen ndng luc cho hpc sinh theo do thay \ i MCC quan tam "hpc sinh bpc duoc gi" bang \iec yeu cau "hpc sinli lam dupe gi sau nhimg dieu hpc duge" [2]
Cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien cim \-e phat trien nang luc eho hpc sinh thdng qua day hpc Hoa hpc, tuy nhien \iec ddnh gia ket qua phdt trien ndng iyc cho hpe sinb cdn nhilu ban
\iian nga> 2" 03 2016: giri phan bien \ a du\ et dang nga\ 24 05 2016
Trang 2ehe, trong do ed mdt nguyen nhdn quan trpng la viee xdy dung cdng cu danli gia con gap nhieu klid khan va qud trinh theo doi, tdc dpng thudng rdt ngdn (trong vdng khoang 6 thang ddi vdi de tai ludn vdn Thac si) Nguyen nhdn chinh la do thoi gian thuc liien cac nghien eim bi quy dinh bdi thdi gian dao tao Thac sT va viee thilt k l bd cdng cu kiem tra ddnh gia dugc sy phat trien nang Iyc ctia hpc sinli Id mdt viee rdt khdng dan gian
Bai viet ndy de xuat mpt vai bien phdp giiip giao vien xdy dung cdu hdi, bdi tap de kilm tra ddnh gid su phdt trien nang luc van dung kien thiic cua hpc sinh
2 N O I D U N G
2.1 Nang lure va danh gia nang luc
Theo Bametl, "ndng lire Id mdt tdp hap cdc kien thirc ky ndng vd ihdi do phii hgp vdi mdt hoai dpng thirc lien" Howard Gardner thi kliang dinh: "Ndng lire phai duac the hiiu thdng qua hogt dpng cd ket qua vd cd the ddnh gid hodc do dugc" Ndng lyc van dung kien
thiie la khd ndng ty giai quyel cdc vdn de ddt ra bang cdch dp dung nhiing kien thiic da ITnh hdi dupe vao nhiing tinh hudng, nhirng boat ddng thiic tien de tim hieu the gidi xung quanh
va cd klia ndng bien ddi nd [1] Mdi hpe sinli ndi chung deu da cd nhiJng nang lyc nhat dinh Nhiem vu ciia gido vien Id phdt trien nhiing nang lyc dd va danh gid dugc nuic dp phat trien ndng luc cua hpc sinh sau mdt tbdi gian chiu sy tac ddng cd chu dich ciia gido vien,
Danh gid nang kre la phai danh gia nhiing bieu hien hodn thdnh nhiem vu (hpc tap) dugc giao Mudn danh gja duoc su phdt Irien ndng lyc cua hpe sinh Ihi viec danh gia c^n phai cd mpt qua trinh lien luc ket hgp sy dieu chinli boat dpng day hpc Tuy thdi dilm, dac diem cua hpc sinh ma ddnh gia su phat trien nang luc nao ciia hpc sinh, Ngudi cd nang luc van dung kien ihiic la ngudi cd kha nang he thdng hoa kiln thirc, phan loai kiln thiic phan tich, tiing hgp cdc kien thiic da hpc, phat hien dupe ndi dung kiln thiic Hoa hpe trong vdn
de hpc tap va quan trpng nhdt la kha nang ddc lap gidi quylt, xu Iy eac vdn d l hpc tap
2.2 D a n h gia nang luc van dung k i l n t h u c H o a hoc thong qua he thdng cau hdi, bai tap
De danh gia sy phat trien nang luc phat hien vk gidi quyet vdn de, cac cdu hdi, bai tap
can phai chiia dyng "van de" ddi vdi hpc sinb Trong thyc te, rat nhieu bdi kiem tra danh gia ket qua hpc tap cua hpc sinh ndi dung cae cau hdi bai lap van theo kieu cu tire la yen cdu \ e npi dung khoa hpc, Nhieu van de dua ra trong cdc de kiem tra cdn mang tinh ap dat, thieu thuc te
Dc cd Ciic bai lap cd tac dung phat Irien nang luc cho hpc sinh ngodi \iec dam bao
Trang 3TAP DHI KHDA H D D - 5 D 5/ZD1E 117
do d l xudt bien phap, gidi phdp giai quylt vdn de De ddnh gid dugc ndng lyc ciia hpc sinh, npi dung bdi tap khdng don thudn ehi yeu cdu hpc sinh hpc thudc Iy thu\et hoac tinh todn
ma cdn cd nhiing "mil thdt kiln thiic" ddi hdi hpc sinh cdn phai thao gd, phdt hien ra su mau thudn vdi vdn hilu bill (phat hien van de) vd de xudt duoc giai phap gidi quyet \ d n de
dd Day Id viec lam rat khd, ddi hdi su ddu tu tri tue rdt Ion ciia giao vien, "Vdn de" d ddy phai lien quan tryc tilp den kien thiic dd hpc, khdng phdi la ngoai Ie nhung lai khdng thupc kiln ihiic hpc sinh cdn phdi biet trong bdi hpc Vi \dy de tim dupe van de phii hgp vdi hieu biet ciia hpc sinh la rdt khd
Viec xay dyng cdu hdi bdi tap de kiem tra thdng qua dd ddnh gia dugc ndng lyc phat hien va gidi quyet van de cua hpc sinh Id khdng dem gian Trong cac tai lieu tham khao hien nay, cac bdi tap chu yeu kiem tra kien thiie, ky ndng giai bdi tap, thdm chi do thdi gian han hep nen cdc de kiem tra thuang cd sd it cac cdu hdi bai tap duoc gia edng can than ve
mat Hod hoc, ma thay vao dd la nhiing bai toan Idt leo ve thuat toan hon Id yeu cdu hpc
sinh phai hieu bdn chdt hod hpc Gido vien chu yeu kiem tra kien thirc, cdn it hoac khdng chii trpng viec Idem tra danh gia sy phat trien ndng lyc ndi chung cua hpc sinh,
Viec danh gia nang lyc cua hpc sinh phdi dugc tien hdnh thuang xuyen, lien luc, tir sau khi day bai mdi, De ddnh gia ndng luc van dung kien thiic cua hpc sinh, khi da\ xong bai, cdn cd bdi tap mang tinh chat ket ndi vdi cdc kien ihiie dd cd tren eo so dd yeu cau hpc sinh sir dung cac kien thiic dd hpc de gidi quyet nhiem
\'U-Thi du sau khi day bdi ve kim loai kiem thd nhdm, cd the yeu cau hpc sinh giai thich cdu tuc ngir "Nude chay da mdn", "Tai sao phen chua Iai dpc ddi \di ca the ?" Khi hpc xong bai ve Nho, cd the yeu cau hpc sinh giai thich "Tai sao khdng nen bdn phan dam khi
trdi qua lanh hoac qud ndng" "Khdng bdn phdn dam cimg vm v6\?" hoac tra liri van de
"Tai cira sdng gdn nha may san xudi phdn dam tai sao ca bi chet va ca>' cdi khdng mpc duoc?".,
Ddi vcri hpc sinh lap 9 hoac Idp 11 cd the dat cau hoi "Tai sao ngudi ta cd the dimg
cac binh chiia (xi-tec) bdng nhdm hode sat de dyng chu>'en cho axit H2SO4 dac axit HNO_; dac ngudi?"
Khi hpc \ e ancol et\iic cd the hoi "Tai sao cdn cd dp rugu cang cao thi kha ndng sdt tning edng tdt nhung edn sat trung duac su dung trong \ t l chi cd dp rugu tu 70 - 75'^?"
Dieu nay lien quan den tac dung cua ancol etylic tdi t l bao cua \i kliudn 0 ndng dp
70 - 75% the tich, ancol etylic se tham thau qua mang te bao cua \ i khuan \ a tieu diet \ i
khudn Nhimg a ndng dp cao han ancol et>lic lam ddng cimg mang i l bdo tao vo boc
ngan can qua irinh iham thau cua ancol \ao ben trong ca the vi khuan nen khdng ticu diet
Trang 4Sau khi hpc phan axetilen, co the yeu cdu hpc sinh giai thich "Tai sao khi tha dat den xudng ao thi cd bi chet?" De tra ldi dugc cau hdi hpc sinh cdn bilt chat nao gay nen aieii
do Mudn vay, hgc sinh can biet thanh phan ciia dit den (gdm CaCi, Ca3P2, CaO, CaCOs, CaS ) va cac phan iing hoa hpc xay ra Khi cho xudng ao, cac chat trong ddt den tac dung vdi nude se sinh ra mpt lugng canxi hidroxit, canxi sunfiia la cac chat lam cho ca
chit (Mgt s6 tdi lieu tham Idtdo lgi hiiu sai khi cho rdng do Id do CaCs tdc dung v&i nuac
sinh ra axetilen, sau do axetilen tdc dung v&i nuac sinh ra andehit axetic let chdt ldm cho
cd chet)
Khi san xudt axetilen tii metan bdng phuong phap nhiet phan nhanh metan se thu dupe hdn hgp gdm metan, axetilen, hidro, cdn cd mot lupng nhd etilen va etan Tai sao vay? De trd ldi cdu hdi nay, hpc sinh s6 phai suy luan tu viec cd axetilen va hidro trong cung hon hop o nhiet dp cao cd thi tac dung vdi nhau (nhd xuc tac di the) tao thanh etilen va sau do
la etan
'fs^i-: i ^
Lien quan din vdn dl an toan thuc pham, co the hdi hpc smh "Tai sao khi an banhjfe
cd forraol se bi ung thu?" Hpc sinh can tim hieu thanh phan ciia formol, nhung bien doi hod hpc xay ra khi cho fomol vao banh pho, khi vao trong co the ngudi Hpc sinh can hieu dugc mpt sd van de: Khi cho formol (dung dich nude cua andehit fomic HCHO) vao banh pha, cac nhdm OH trong phan tu tinh bpt cdng vao lien ket doi C = O ciia phan tit andehit tao thdnh cau ndi gifta cac phdn tu tinh bpt, do do lam cho banh pha gidn hon Khi vao CO the, andehit fomic dugc gidi phong ra, phan iing vai cac phdn tu protein, gay bien ddi cdu tnic phdn tu AND, dan den gay ung thu
Sau khi hpc v6 metan, cd the xay dung bai tap "Khi cho metan tac dung vdi clo, trong hdn hpp sau phan iing cd cac chat hiiu co, trong dd cd hidrocacbon X Ddt chay hoan toan
X thu dugc sdn phdm chay gdm CO2 va nuoc cd ty le sd moi la 2/5 Xac dinh cdng thiic phan tii cua X va gidi thich tai sao cd X trong hdn hop sau phan iing",
Vdi cau hdi nay, hpc sinh dugc ddnh gia ve k^ nang giai bai tap xac dinh cdng thiic
phdn tir chat hiiu co {Cong thiec phdn tu cua chdt X Id C4H10) BB giai thich dugc sir cd mat
ciia butan, hpe sinh se dugc danh gid vl nang luc gidi quylt vdn dl
Hpc sinh da biet dugc cdc qua trinh hod hpe xdy ra (theo ca che phan ung) trong phan ling the clo cua metan, trong do cd etan sinh ra do phdn ung cua cac gdc tu do:
•CH3 +.CH3 -^ CH3-CH3
Tuy nhien, de hieu duoc tai sao lai cd butan trong hdn hgp sau phdn ung, hpc sinh cdn suy luan dupe: Etan sinh ra ciing hi clo phdn iing sinh ra gdc tu do.C2H5; cdc gdc nay kit
Trang 53 KET LUAN
Thdng qua mdt vdi thi du neu tren, chiing tdi mudn gicri thieu mpt each thiet ke ndi dung ddnh gia ndng luc phdt hien vd giai quyet \'an de eho hpc sinh trung hpe phd thdng qua day hpc mdn Hod hpc Dieu dd se gdp phan vao viee bdi dudng phuang phap ty hpe,
tu nghien ciiu, tang cudng khd nang tu kiem tra, danh gia cua hpc sinh, gdp phdn thyc hien ddi mdi phucmg phap day hpc Hod hpc theo dinh hudng phat trien ndng lyc cho hpc sinh o cac trudng phd thdng
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Nguyen Van Cudng Bemd Meier (2014) Ly ludn dciy hgc hien dgi N.\b 0ai hpc Su pham
Ha Npi
2 Bo Giao due va Dao tao (2015), De dn ddi mdi chirang trinh sdch gido khoa Ha Noi
3 Le Mau Quyen, Pham Van Hoan (2008), Hod hgc U \ x h Giao due Ha Noi
4 Pham Van Hoan Nguyen Xuan Trudng (2009), Hod hoc 12 Nxb Giao due Ha Noi
5 Bp Giao due va Dao tao (2010) Hirdng ddn thuc hien Chudn kien thirc ky ndng mdn Hod hoc
Nxb Giao due Viet Nam Ha Npi
6 Tieu chu^n Viel Nam TCVN 1659-75
REVIEWTNG THE PUPILS' APPLICATION CAPACITY AT HIGH SCHOOLS THROUGH CHEMICAL EXERCISES AND QUESTIONS
Abstract: The article presented a few problems on evaluating the development of pupils'
application capacity to sob e their difficuhies in learning Chemisti-y In order lo evaluate pupils ' application capacity Chemisin teachers should build a system of exercises and questions which requires pupils to solve "issue" logically Thus Chemistry teacheis should strengthen their deep understanding of reality and nature of the chemical processes
Keywords solvingproblems, evaluate, chemisiiy contain