analysis of participatory research projects in the international maize pdf

Analysis of Participatory Research Projects in the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Nina Lilja Fartiipator Research and Gender Analysis or Technology Development an ns

Analysis of Participatory Research Projects

in the International Maize and

Wheat Improvement Center

Nina Lilja Fartiipator Research and Gender Analysis or Technology Development an nstittona Imovaion PRGA Program)

Mauricio Bellon

‘Intemational Plant Genetic Resources Institute (PGR) Intemational Maize and Wheat improvement Center (CIMMYT)

Analysis of Participatory Research Projects

in the International Maize and

Wheat Improvement Center

CHMMYTS vvax dmtnyLorg)lsanlnertglona, ọidọcptof ganization that onic: esearch

‘sid ring slated to maine and het Unnughout the develaping wel Drawing on trong chat

nd elective parinerhips, CIMMYT work teste sha and ue krowledge ana technology

increas foo seu immprove the productivity and praitbltyof arming systems distin

rare sous CIMMYT ine o 15 Fare Harvest Centers ofthe Conmulative Group on

Interatlonat Agricul Reserch (CGIARM(wiwanong) Financial support for CIMMYT work

comes fromthe members of the CGIAK,stional governments, fundabns development barks rd

other public and peat agence

‘© ntenational Maize ad Whett Ipovemtent Center CIMMYT) 2006 A ght ear The

<esignatons employed ithe presnation of materia ths publication dott ply the expression

‘of ay opinion whatcever on the pat of CIMMYT ors cotbutry engin concerning the

Iegalsafnof any country eet ior area, or i authoitie ovoncerning the demon of

‘ts fone or boundaries CIMMYT encourages fai us ofthis maternal oper ation ested

‘Comet eitaton Lifa.N, sind Mellon 200, Analyst of Psiciptory Resarch Pils inthe

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Mani, DE: CIMMYT

Abstract: Though a sues of iets rm the International Meant host Improvement Center

(CIMMYT) 2005, ths study assessed the extent to which paticpatory methods had bach used by

‘he ant ov they were perceived bythe scents and hw parity research could be applied

more elfctivey by CIMMYT and parers Rs for 99CIMIMYT prj suggest mong ber

‘hinge hat patter approaches tthe ceter wer gel “funtonal”—that aimed a

‘improving the efcleny and eevanoe of esnrch—and a fet ade wait he essch

‘los The author suggest thal CIMMYT should (i) crete amor conducive enivenent for

sents to share experince on ich approche a (2 tier document her pcs om fener

—¬—

TRÊN: 9004801419

AGROVOC descriptors: Economic analysis Resarch prot; Research mods Quanative

lst Surveys Sais: Evaluation Seni Roser aston Mes

AGRIS category codes: F10greultaalEeonoiss and Pots

0 Agsclaral Reseach, Dewey decal clasification 33491073

‘Wat about the quality of sien in pvtaatory arc =

‘Are there any naliullonal ses associated wid he ue of

‘Watareesnichersopitions on fe usefuias of palpatony sarc

methods and whet are hei ails a poriplory rho? w

Do he naan and ever eviroaments suppor

‘sonsrin gorigatory sce? w Witare the nets and costs of pavtlatory earch =

‘ype ot paripntoryrescnch approach weet 3%

‘Qualia scence in partlptor reese : ” a tet

Tables, Figures, and Boxes

Asa tages) of the esac dd sabcholder participation take pice? How was stakeholder partipaion made epeatonal/ implemented?

Gost partcipstry rem compo th conventional march Did stakeierpatpation ad val

Impact of variety or ecology eva ald eld day

agexoflartdys (dien ammeepnlennek tr kd)

Impatoftsning

Inpeet of partpaory meritarng i eek

stcomes soit with partite reach a CIMMYT

1 Executive Summary

Thị shody systematically aes the extent ta

‘hich partcpatory methods has! hoon ed by

CIMMYT and how they sere perceived bythe

sient who rled om them, both in tems of

snsfis and imitations As part of the above, the

study ident ohat wos consdesed partipatory

‘search, how twas implemented acros the

projets, an what sons ad been leaned by the

eto involved sed om a ov of the

erature, ee ators formulate five broad

rescarh questions:

What are the mai characteristics of he projects

sing participatory resarch approaches?

What iypes of participatory research approaches

di the proects use?

8 What woe the researchers opinions about the

sellressof padiipatory seach methods

and hat were thei ls in portiipatony

method?

4 Did the insttationl and externa enuieonments

suppor or constrain parlicipatory esearch at

cyt?

5 What were the honefit and costs of

paidpsony research?

Theough a survey appli in 2004, CIMMYT

xeeniss reported on procs they consered

paving 4 potcipatory component The rage of

‘he study wos brood: hore was grea variation in

{he typesond characteristics of putiipatory

manh oe which researchers proved

Information, Te survey allowed characterization

ofthe projects but not farther stl anlysiot

‘he gusty o the appropristenes ofthe methods

applied nor an objective assessment of impacts

Intonation was recive! or 19 pmjete rom Sscietists (15 male, 3 temaks5 socal sient, 15 biophysical siete) Seen of the projets involved farmer participatory esearch noe targeted nationa- program Scientists and seed agronomists, Most ofthe projects covered work in sub-Saharan Aka

‘nd Asia only vo had activites ia Latin

‘Ameria Aboot hid of de projects snvaied afi<pelory b4õng dƒ ch vaieliedr Production practices the remainder involved focus group activites or stakeholder meetings

“Theesues mot Ínsquenty vidnseod vin patpatory methods related to increasing productivity and understanding formers needs 2nd consents, Paetcipatory research at CAM was lngely ofthe uactinal

‘hats ame at improving the etfciency and pe relevance ofthe cosa, rahee Han

specifically tempat farmers These was an

‘overall lark of awraeness of multiple Eeneibrie or of differential effets owing to franca pee viwaly in porteipat rider None of the espondets hs! boon

methats The combine! annual budget of the 19 posts

—- of USS milion Though aot all of that money was penton patcipatory

activites, the igure denotes asgaiicant Savestanent Nay all sponds lt that the ite of pat tory appanachen had been

‘woth and most belive! parlcipatory methods ha added val

sippor of ths many respondents proved to the researc In evidence ot project achievements through se

of gsstiipalory approaches, As mentioned the

respames eno nk those ocores ist 0

impact on farmers lvelihoads or wel bing,

The sy also suggests that he dominant

Information flowin the projets was stil to

Alvin or reson direct

“Two jor ecamimendtions of tis port for adding value w CIMMYT s participatory esacch foes are to) rete a more conducive

‘environment within the center lor scientists to ste expetlonces and lean fam eachother, and {2) better document outcomes nd impacts of the

‘contr’ pstcpatory esearch

2 Introduction

Pamicpatory methodologies have become

3

sans These appronches am fo overcome the

barrie that separate researchers fom the

economically and sacaly disadvantaged

comunity member hey serve, engaging alin

thecelubondiveidendiealen and dudy í cal

problem, with the ulmste goat faking action

"1 1

Chambers 1997)

Ther ace two jor sets of goals asacatd with

participatory esearch, One is futina to

"mptore the eliceney of eseaech by involving

intended beneiclries in diferent stages of the

proces, thereby generaing moe relevant and

appropiate eseatch products, such a6 crop

‘varieties r managemanf pradiees, Thịca lưm,

should accelerate and increase adaption The other

typeof gol is cng intend beneficiaries

supporting the formation of groups capable of

sesesing thei own vets and addressing them

‘ther drety oe through demands on wsaech

‘The International Maize and Wheat Inprovement

Genter (CIMMYT) develops improved maiz nd

viet geemuplase and cropping stn or the

evelaping world, wih an increasing emphous ot

ddrasing the noes of the pave CIMMYT has

‘pple participatory methods ineessingly in its

ssseanh, This paper dens the Hestievor

of the centers uses of pafcpatory

Sppronches rom the perspective ofits sient

cede pes

Thestdy systematically asses the extent ta

‘hich particpatony methods had been used and hove they were persved bythe scientists who telson them, both n tems be and linittons As pact ofthe above the study deme: (1 what was considered palisipatory scary (2) how st wos inplemented across the projects at CIMMYT and 3} shat lesan had them ern bythe seit inved, Basel on roow of the litres, dhe aahors formate five br eessechguestions

What are the main characters of the post using pateipatory research approaches? What pes of patcipatory research approach ithe pjets use?

Wht wer the searchers’ opin abut the ules f participatory seach sethods

‘and what were their sls in participatory

Did the initial and external environments sapport or constrain participatory research a ont?

What were the benefits and costs of panfidpniony research?

Thaough a survey, CIMMYT selentss ported projects they conseze os having a partelpatory omponent; thus Une projets ia the study wens self selected The range ofthe stay was broad there wa get variation in the types and sharacteristics of pariipatony mseatch for which researchers provided information The survey slowed characterization ofthe projects but not

further rita alysis the galt othe

appropriateness of the methods spplel nọ ae

objective assessment of impacts, Linking the use of

Participatory resanch to spect mpacts on

farmer’ ietoods complex and rsuives

Imcemediate steps, fundamental tp is 9

understand and document how paticpatory

reseatch spore and used by sles within

am enganizlion This was the sep ofthe presen

study, which sated any fr intiutional

review and lesen purposes

“The reo isorpanizod se folows Secdon 2 provides bit iteratare wesw ơn pinata rosea, whic eto the five research questions

‘Seston 3 eserbes the ty methodology Section

4 presents the survey results, and Seton 5 _lscsesthe esl, For the purposes ofthis per the term “participatory esearch eters ta prtclpaory spproates ad mehods used ia the

‘egatent of agricultural research and development

in developing counties

3 Review of Relevant Literature

Thissecton eviws the Hesatureon key skements

that should be addressed in an overview ofthe

ats of pavticipatory esate ina given

losttation Tho eadings cad were Used

develop the survey questions This isnot a

compote teview al the alana oe parlcipatary

research ot pact

Objective of participatory research

Agricultural esearch and development typically

sens to package intervention methods and

programsin onesize-teal of uhe-selt

proaches, based ona notion of univers best

practies, Participatory methods adress the

<raweacks inherent in that approach by actively

snvol¥ing end-users in te rsearch process

incogporaing thir views and represetaion in

priority sting, reviews research activities,

product dsseminalion, and how souls should be

‘se! nthe the community Among other

things this fosters rst creases preci

partic

_gtsatest importance to the communities and ds thon, helps ke the tocuson ses of

in translating esearch cess nto wel practise

Pactcipatoryreseaech ets poople in a study

population help dotezmine what studied and

teaches (hạm the badeed sen so th can

collaborate Furthermore, many f 0 mat ai

proplein developing counties operate under

Iperoct markets, here pes do wot completely

rele the vale they attach to activites products,

‘commer gods tn sch stings, simple

profitability analyses nay bea poor guide to

Secision making about activities, tchaologies, ot

pout o improve livelihoods, Paticipatoey

research an prove a more accuale assessment

of what people vale—one not adagusely

reflect in market prises Itt bac nto the design and development of new technologies, this Information shoud help make the technologies

"more nletant and, thuy more bạnefieil Much ofthe lteratareon putcpalory research fle N90 bond categories: (0 papers that escribe type of paricpary eessneh (Bigg

"1.111.111 (2 staies hat dose participator tools and hose to use hom (Fseringtn 1988: Chambers

1499 Oali ta 1994 Pretty 1994; Chambers 1997; Camptell 2001), There are no spesitic tandaeds ta ule research managers on what constitutes

“goo participatory resatch, nor guidelines or deciding when paccipatory approaches wil zesult

in greater benefits lo farmers or other intended beneficiaries than eanwentional eeacc, When should participatory

research be used?

Studios aim that participatory methods are

‘uci in progras that rauire holistic approaches

‘aather than changing one technology ata time) snd where eavironmental and socoreooric conditions vaey widely among farmers and tes

shers 19) But fee published studies provide definite decson-les based on empirical evidence, about shen pariipatony

apptoacic xeimckencRaddflvnbietil centralized approaches, Some studies show that

‘wolonal,sientis-designed and sted research programs are very effective al developing Vatieie and techologls that can be used in homogeneous farming systems bt often ls

“fective when the ely ofthe ftner i ore

complex and sak pre (Byerie and Hee 1996 CChanke snd Conufmd 1916 Manddi fa 10987 venom and Colin 2002+ Daton at Ge 2009,

In reality paidptony research iv often tre or

she oon eamventonsl approaches for

Aleveloping improved cop varieties or nara

resource management proces offen with

resoutce-pooe former, Theve ae various reasons

forthe low uptake of agricultural teciologies

produced and promoted thaough convent

systems, Nowak 1082) defines two yp of boeiee

te adoption:

1 The inability to adopt This may sor rom 2

Jack of nformationabyut the technology The

ott obtaining the information may’ Be 0

high the seshilogy ton sormples or telflos

‘expensive or involving excesive labor

requirements The expected bencts may come

too fori the future Faeniers may have mite

seco the supporting resources quite, may

ack the managerial skills ned, may

simply have no contol over the decison of

‘whether or mato adopt

The unwillingness to adept This cam bà du bý

{he fact tha conticing or inconsistent

information is provided about the new

nology ntrmation about the technology

may alo be 4l to apply or iemlevan

‘There may bea conic etiwsen the current

production gol andthe new echnolog: The

techinalgy may be inappropriate for a oro

pyc sting oe dene may bean increase

Fisk of magalive onleomes.Final ignorano

the part of he Farmer ot techlogy promoter

nd lit in traditional practios can ao result

in unwillingons io adopt new technology

Ssoverlsties prvi insightsnto the question

of when to use participatory esearch approaches

eltzcn et al (200) mapped 6 participatory

plane-besding projcts ona mats f biophysical

and sonomis factors shaping the prot

environment The biophysical environment sal range! ro igh oon tess, aso ae

‘vers expected yields coupled with an index for the incktence of ero fait, The economic

‘environment parameter ranged fm a high dee

of homogenous demand versus heterogeneous seme fr instance, highvinput marketed, conmecal cops yess low-input sistance

‘rops)The projects in the sample ended up being

‘widely dispersed inthe mal Many plat 7m=< A sypropatefor jtslnc trang [sebsilenev) senting, but many pacts nthe Welz et a (2000 sy el in mtermesiate areas, where agro

Johnson etal 2068) looked at 59 participatory natural resource management projects among whic the moa imino resource was si nsty

ha de projct focused om oboe opis

‘Water eas the second moa chôn rotaree Fallowed by foes andl biodiversity Tae pricy giver i ikecat venice vied wc

esgraphical resins Insutionl innovations

‘were the most common technology on which projcs reported working, followed by agronomic practices in Aia and agroforesty in Asia and Latin Ameria, Half he prjects addressed move than one resource technology The average prot inthe inventory was developing 24 types

of technologies direted ot 1.9 pes of resus, Both oh

inwolving various stakcholders in the escnch races, intended ers or heeficares, duration ofthe posct, gagraphical focus of he poets as well as other scale measures of the poet We

‘would expect silo variation ia characteristics mang CIMMYT net

How should participatory research be

applied?

Pattcipatoryressorch i not am alternative research

‘oathod, but an apptoch tht canbe plied to

ny methodology survey, experiment

qualitative The term “parespatory research has

Sometimes hoe abuse: patculsey when held as

m- 1

researchers from identifying thee projets “as

engaged in patisipatory research

‘On the other hand, partispatory research dows ot

just mean involving people more intensively as

subjects of conventional research, These sa

‘misconception tha any typeof dakogueo

interaction with farmers cans ae “parisipatory

retouch" and sclontits may identify themselves

ovens in potion reseae chen in fat

they are only involved in cuntracalelatships

sith farmers As Wels ot (2M pon ot,

colsorating sith famers exclave

centralize testing ae to draw en tei labor an

Jans has nothing to Go “participation” pers

Typically projct may contain somte components

CÔ ai participatory and hers hat are nt but

Ao the extent tha a project entails an interaction

Esbssenseenlrt and defined fcmers ora oom

‘of tarner, al this nteraction lead ta changes in

‘he research design technology development

technology dffasion pathways, one can tlk of

Project as" pactiipstony”

The avast iterate ha attemptsto deine

types of pvlcpatory resetch or proposes the

best participatory esearch and gende-analysis

protocol or pant breeding or natural esousce

‘management Examples include Matin sd

Sarington (197), Wellin e (2000), Agarwal

2am Sper ea (2NM) vom dee Hive aed

‘eau (2002) an Vernooy ane! MeDgall 009)

amathods As mentioned esearchets apply rtcpstory appaosches for func resons— {increase the valet accuracy or effieney of esearch and it outpus—or to empower end

vith ow paetsipation some rescore issues may equi gtetor partpoton for example patlepal

fo solve their own problems, auch a8 by sited to enable the participants peneratng neve knoledgel Less equenty researchers capacity fo conduct participatory mentlibe-EBult

The typeof participatory approach wsed ao depends local communities’ o esearch partners willingness and abilities to participate

25 wll asthe process by which patpants ae selected and involved (Verno0y and McDougall 2003) Representation of cortmunity interests al Joa knowlege in researc is complicated and

fd gender ists, Haddin 2002) cautions tha parcpatory processes may enable mare or est osseral groups to ase paterential rights over research ouput

In identiyig what sa “pactiipatoe esearch proc” anoft-ated schema has ben propose

by Biggs 1940) allows ora range of objectives

for research projet ll ite wad in he ight

contexts Table 1) fn this way, encores

sharacterieation of resoech projects or progeams

rather than search activites considered in

‘lation The ways in which partiipatory and on-

‘tion activities are øxlensl and coordinated differ

considerably among projects which beats out the

a that i's projets or programs, not activites

‘lation, thal shoul be evaluated for ther agree

of portepaton

Bigs shemais welled sya guideline fora

sje intemal assessment, but ial to

apply in survey of procs to determin heir

‘tegree of participation To asess externally the

typeof participatory esearch that projets se

would quiz aa t-depth analysis ofeach procs

selyiles and ilertiew= it sdentits and ther

Stakeholders But Bigg’ schema suggests Hee key

survey questions tha can be used to characterize

the ype of partiipoary rear ese ins prec:

(0) How were parpants (takcholders) selected?

GIÁ chi nao

arpa? and () What types of patcpator m

"`

approaches are used to improve commmiction

among esarchers and cents, thereby improving,

technology design, acceptability, promotion, and

xloption Thies most applicable in highly variable

‘siemens hat ae dfficll to manage; in sth

stings eveaebers are unable to pri shat will

‘work or oblate marke signals regarding

mer or constmer preferences (Courts

2001; Cecexetie al 2008; Mors and Blom 2008) Cp

‘ss to build or enhance capacities important for ring pctcpalbey approaches or

‘What about the quality of science i participatory research?

Scenic rigor and the meri of participatory approaches have been debate inthe Weratare {Gladwin etal 2002; Hay wand ot a 2008, main duc to the conventional notion af scientific rigor as txivalat to plicable methods and processes, Several plantbreedng studies have formally Teste theefetiveness of farmer versus breeder selection a well the adoption potential at

ptt rater apprsach in ¬ vegsuebroyl doptsb[tly(Cereutlf sĩ ai 301 2003; Courtoiset a 201; Joshi ot a 20; Joshi tnd Wieombe 202) Many of these studies have boon very effective in abolishing myths about prlpatory breeding One widespread and eather

‘nested assumption is hat faroers ae tsb to examine expres jingent, and tina thal judgment ina unttlie seoe om lange uber

ft breeding nes Cvcarel et 2001) san txample of research that shows that foraer at indeed handle the evalvation of a ange number of treedin ines an morsover are ecient in oi, +0 Mone importantly, the study shows that farmers

‘re asffcien in thei selection a breeders,

m say

Teen sen cam

One topic ignore in most published studies about

‘he siete igor of patiipatony research that

the quality tthe approsch used is inflencet by

researchers capacity to conduct participatory

research an the views on is effectiveness and

ppropristenese The later ane shapes in tun by

researcher! taining and experience ia

paticiptory approaches the usefulness of that

—-.- 1.1

perceptions of the nocd ol local expat in

he eas of “empowering” appmache)

{Are there any institutional issues

‘ossaciated with the use of participatory

research?

Some eritcy say that he advocacy of pticpatry

rch hasbeen to prescriptive an coercive,

and attention shoul be focus the el impact

ofthese methods andthe receptiveness of the

insitutona seltings for which they ave advocated

(Mall and Nady 1999), Contextual actors—

Jnstttionat culture and practisein the planning,

budgeting and implementation of search ta

coopers Jom and loan ad bn rewards and

incentives to imavae slong wit he involvement

of prnes ination certainly ep detirne

‘he potenti easily of different poetiptony

3gproechee(Cmxerman se Cung 2001)

To asses the integration interme of inkages ant

Aisciphinary inclusiveness of participatory procs

swith other projects at CIMMYT i might be use

Ao think about likoges among scents in ters

of “social networks.” Empirical studies of socal

etworks show ha tighter atwocks are actly

tes seul members thị ngiưorld vi loose

‘mesons to ther indi oie the mat

refwork: Mone open neborks ane more kel to

Introduce new ideas and oppornites to

members nother wonts 3 group of cents

‘who do things only with eachother lead saws

‘he same inwssege and opportanities, A group af

ml dhols eth neva comnections to other socint warls is ikely to have acess loa wider range of information Ie better for ind project succes to have connections to a varkety of etwors, athe han many connections within a single network

What are the benefits and costs of participatory research?

Severa studies have document oatputs of pattcpatrycesatch, Mos se traditional indicators number of varietal trials, number of cosies, improvements in management elnigue,

umber of wares raved and penta ytd

in, ype of wats prfered by different

‘pes farmers few Hoong ard Escala 198 Sapp et 2002; Bellon ot a 20; Phin et

“209 The are important ensures of fimermesite achievement, bt nat prove the Presence mpsetson fam income constr

‘welore, o ageculturl growth Some empirical studies have capture the mpact of participatory research on fem productivity and consumer welfare, and show technology adoption and rates

of retur calelations(Feanzel tal 20; flo

‘2009; Sa a 2009} Thess prove esses of he probability of en énvesiient in partcipatiystivtny ctenpaned to conventional

The increasing 0 of parisipatony development pprches poses ne challenges or edtdon makers an evaluators, Because these approaches

ne designed to be responsive to changing community neadss one of the most pressing shllenges so develop participatory an Men Insc evaluation processes tallow fr ongoing leaning, coretion, and adjustment by all pares mcerme According fo Hall 2000) the

rates challenges that such holt leaming

emer oft es quantitative in te)

complement the dominant paratigm o sonomic

ssssement, which quantitatively aessses the rate

of rtm on sesources invested in rsetch,

Foran insttution such as CIMMYT, the utinate

didpatry operons es in thei

silty o enlace he impact of center cutpuls

vale of

ond serves (germplasm, cop aanagement

protic looncin capt bug, te

ame several ont beneficiaries Sits

important wo place pantciptory research na

model to diver impacts Is also important

rvalze that, between research outputs and

impacts there is an important intermediate stage

call “projet outcomes” As define for CGIAR

‘centers by the World Bank, “outcomes” are the

shanges eling Grom uses of contr outputs by

Sakolders and ints fr example, changes in

novel, atid, plies, esearch capacities

and ager] peace) whereas “np ae

the longer sone socal, enviroment and

ss0nonic hondic

tmieim and chEgitesfor eample inresssf

sgrcotura! productivity improved fond

letnbutonk Ekboi{20)3) ha aggued that

counts ost in wesearch evaluation so evaluate

‘he new ules and pats of partitpaion in

research networks, oally and as suggested in

‘he previous paragraph), prtepatory eset

should esl natal earings foodback rom

"— ` insane the who iechnology development proces, These comple interactions ae equently

‘ignored in conventional impactaesessment studies, which focus on the impact ofthe technology itself

om end-use hvethoods, Knowledge of such tnterctions is important or thse ike research managers who sect understan the ul ipa

of paripitory research The conventional echnolgy development model

‘can be desribed ayaa, uninetonal

progression from rach lo outpsts 0 nfeomes

an finaly to impacts A participatory model inconporates the important component ofa feedback loop connecting the research process and bulpute with intended beneficiaries, so thatthe proces i asted to produce moe relevant and sppropaiate outputs The scat outpets produced with portepaton could generale m Ailton from thoe ofthe cnn ventional mune

‘Clarif the mpacts wore the som there eld bite pine in ening in partpaton tl, tunles the methodology cst es than the conventional methodology It the outcomes are ferent, they cal lend to “etter” 0 “won innpacts (Deans 202) Even if beter impacts ae produced, one then has ask whether there wee

prtiipation and sheer the benetits weee worth these exten conte or avings

10

4, Methodology

Eternally dined criteria were not used for

selecting parisipatory procs among all

CIMMYT projects Ja September 2004 an pen cl

‘was tad forall CIMMYT stat provite

Information aboot participatory research projets

both current and completed

Asteuctu survey (able 2} ns wae ot

Jnfoemation aboot the five research questions

regarding project background, typeof

patilpatory appaoach used, tsiempacs and

— views about partiipatny esearch in genera The survey form was based on the relevant lierature deserted in Section 32 Uoformation was mined sont 19 prj that bone on sel election, were described ay having partpstory mscarch component: 18 sceniss Provided this information Fite x‹pondene

‘were male, and these were female Five respondents wore social sietsts and 13 wore biophysical clint, Figure shows the svgaphca locations ofthe posts

‘ble 2 Summary tắc song gel

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Sistoen ofthe projets involved farmer

pripatory mesa three projects although

they didnot have direct firmer participatory

components in them, were aso included in this

study because they involved participatory research

With other levels of stakeholders (thats natonal-

program scientists and seed agronomists) Table3

provides ull ies ofthe projects covered inthis

study and information about the research question

‘each project addressed

leis assumed tha the persons responding were

knowledgeable about the projets and were ether

actor de ft leaders of the project Is also reasonable to assume that because only curently

‘employed CIMMYT staff were contacted in this survey some completed participatory projets were omitted (the project leaders or participating cients were ne longer employed at CIMMYT), Its important o emphasize that this isa

‘qualitative study, and while we wll provide some

‘quantitative information on the answers provided

by the respondents ava general reference, these farish only rough indication af the consensus or lack oft among respondents

al 2 ot prj covered inthe std, the ener prob the aged papal methods we

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5, Survey Results

The data were collects through a questionnsite

that allows for descriptive ann some cases,

wanstative responses Inthe analysis that

fotos the descriptive responses am clegolasd

or grouped to prove summary answers acrons

the 19 projects; the results are subject othe

suthoe interpretations ofthe astute piven by

the projet cients

What are the main characteristics of the

projects using participatory research

approaches?

‘What was the reesrch problem thatthe project

Langote? In thinking aot shetivesse pono

participatory projets 9 CIMMYT, se Sst re

te conceptutize the oveal sist of CIMMYT

proce they represent by grouping the posts

seeorditga0 the primary’ nesatch problem they

sessed Proc goals inevitably shape the

eseah desig indding the naure of

ptipatny save) aad the outcomes,

The ont tnt drew us were elated

to increasing prostctvity (8 projects out of 1),

both through improved wheat and maize

semplasm (inching imprveed fc

dapat, sess resistance mieronutdcnt

content, nd enhanced biogiversty) an trough

beter crop management ining storage ant

sod selection, a well x resourceconservation

peste Te cond most fequentiy addressed

research pron (7 projects) involved the noe 10

beter understand fren’ prsferences and

marin and incorporate farmer knoe

nelopment of appropriate voter rmigeencit peste

ther improving overall search icky

TT th lị băng dhohg mộc doi ni and clientoriented research and extension by beter anderstanting former preferences and constraints, as wel aso use farmer knowledge fn technology evaluation and developmeat The

‘winning espondents (9) said that thie aia

‘motivation for including paticipatory approaches rasta involve lakeholdees in technology

dlsserination and ta improve awareness aed Irae the “ach” of tecnology

(Patino iis rn

‘Whom di the projest target? clear an! speci

‘understanding of psec beefsares shoe

make the selection of projet patcipans easier

‘nd more appropriste, thus neresing the

Tikelihood of successful projet design and

implementation a6 well a succesful monitoring

ofthe outaomes and assessment of project iapaes

Of the 9 projects surveyed, 1S were angled to

arenes (Figure 2 Whereas all the ater projects

were designe to implement parlkipalory

sspears approach dhe "ple ender”

prec a pectelly signe to test the

aicpstoy nsesch methodglngr tt

Length ofthe project Of the 19 projects sucveyed

‘were either competed prior to 2098 ended

that year the emainder wer stl ongoing For 15

psec, we have information about thei actual or

antcpwte end date? and ea cleat that

average projet length as 43 years, wil a

"1 1

‘OF 1 yenes the moat sequent project ngth was 5

Geographical focus Most projects were situated

Jn Asia ®) or Arica (8) Target areas fr two were

Jn Latin America, and ane project worked ia both

Latin America and Attica, The sope for 9 ofthe

[jects was aaingle country 10 covered enue

‘Scale ofthe projet Researchers in 13 pajets

provided informatio abot the nama tein

‘which they worked, cangng fom anion of 2

toa masimum of 125 ites per project The median

umber of projet ster 898 i,

‘We obtinedinfrmation abt The ngon {sere involved for 1 projets The smallest umber of farmers inva na projet was 16 the lrgest 10,00, The mean numberof farmers

er project was 0,

‘We rained information about the mmbers of

—.11.111 vets one sce, the masmmurn 200 The medi, umber of scintss pee projec was

Budgets ofthe projects Al 1 pryjets pried esa bet information The combined sonia bondgets ofthe 1 paticiptory procs ae WS89/381109 The minimum average anal bonget oF a project as US $3.00, the maxims USS2.2 milton, The median neal project budget was US92

(9) had an annua budget of as dha US $200 00 era thie of the projets (had an anna braget exoneing US $350,

25, Newly al the projects

What type of participatory research

‘approach did projects use?

How were the participating farmers selected? Most psjets 10 oat of) slated particpating farmers onthe base of some purposive itera The ssl farmees were se selected the sean hoe projects selection of farmer tispants es andor,

Iris tt posible wo assess the effectiveness ot facmer selection in eoch pos, it ews

x forin

ote that purposive leclon soften a pattspatory esate, If collaboration neds expert, persons wie have those specie