TAP CHI KHOA HQC SO 13 165 www htii edu v MOT S 6 BIEN PHAP DAP tTNG NHU CAU THAM V A N HlTdNG NGHIEP CHO HOC SINH Nguyin Thi C4m Tnrdng Dgi hpc Hd TTnh Email camtl nguyenthi@htu edu vn Ngdy nhdn bdi[.]
Trang 1M O T S 6 BIEN PHAP DAP tTNG NHU CAU THAM V A N HlTdNG NGHIEP CHO HOC SINH
Nguyin Thi C4m
Tnrdng Dgi hpc Hd TTnh Email: camtl.nguyenthi@htu.edu.vn Ngdy nhdn bdi (received): 10/11/2017
Ngdy nhgn bdn sira (revised): 25/11/2017
Ngdy nhdn ddng (accepted): 10/12/2017
Tdm tdt
Tham van hudng nghifp la mgt ngi dung quan trgng d cdc nhd trudng phd thdng
nham dgt dugc hifu qud cdng tde hudng nghifp cho hgc sinh (HS) Tuy nhidn, thyc tidn
hifn nay cho thay cdng tac tham vdn chua duge tidn hanh mgt each ddng bd d cdc trudng
va chua thyc sy dap iing nhu cau tham vdn hudng nghifp (TVHN) cho hgc sinh Tren ca sd
nghidn cftu Iy ludn vd thyc tien cdng tdc TVHN, d l xudt mdt sd bien phdp nhdm dap ftng
nhu cdu tiiam vdn hudng nghifp cho hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng (THPT)
Tii khda: Tham vdn hudng nghifp, nhu can tham vdn hudng nghifp, bifn phdp
Measures to meet the needs of career counseling for high school students
Abstract
Career counseling is an important element in high school education in order to
achieve the effectiveness of career guidance for students However, practice shows that
counseling is not conducted in a timely manner It does not really meet the need for
vocational counseling for students Based on the theory and practice research of career
guidance, the paper proposed some measures to meet the needs of career counseling for
high school students
Keywords: Career counseling; need of career counseling, measures
1 Dat van d l
Nhu cdu TVHN cua hgc sinh THPT Id nhung ddi hdi tdt yiu dang con g§p khd khdn
v l vide lya chgn nghe nghifp mong mudn dugc nha tham van giftp dd, ttao ddi, chia se,
thao ga nhiing khd khdn vd b l tdc ma ban than cd nhan khdng tii minh giai quylt dugc Cd
Trang 2nhilu yiu td chu quan va khdch quan dnh hudng din nhu cdu TVHN cfta HS va mue do dnh
hudng cfta cdc yiu td la khdc nhau Viec dap ftng nhu cdu cua HS ttong vifc lya chgn nghe
nghifp la diiu rat can thiet Vi vdy, ttong gidi han bai viet nay, chftng tdi de xuat mdt sd
bien phdp nhdm dap ling nhu cdu hudng nghifp cho hgc sinh, giftp cdc em hgc sinh, gia
dinh, nhd trudng phan nao thdo go nhiing kho khan, Iftng tiing ttong edng tac hudng nghifp
bdy Idu nay, ddp ftng dugc ddi hdi ngay cang cao ve chat lugng ngudn nhan lyc cua gido
due ddo tao va mong dgi cfta xd hdi
2 Tham van hudng nghifp vd nhu cau tham van htrdng nghifp
2.1 Tham vdn hudng nghipp
TVHN la qud trinh tuang tdc tich cue giira nhd tham vdn - ngu&i cd trinh dp chuyen
mon nghe nghiip, ky ndng tham vdn, cd cdc phdm chdt dgo dire cua nghi tham vdn v&i thdn
chu dang cd vdn di khd khdn vi lua chpn nghi nghiip cdn duac giiip da Thdng qua cdc ky
ndng trao ddi, chia se thdn mat, tdm tinh gidp thdn chii khai dgy tiim ndng de hp cd thi tu
gidi quyet vdn di dang gap phdi, ddng thdi ndng cao duac khd ndng ddi phd v&i vdn de trong
cupc sdng
Ndi dung tham van hudng nghiep cho HS gdm:
- Giftp HS tim hieu yeu cdu vd ddc diem nghe
- Giftp HS ty ddnh gid nang luc, tinh each, hftng thft, sd thich nghi nghifp ciia bdn than
- Xay dyng mdi quan hf phft hgp vdi cha me nhdm thftc ddy sy thdnh cdng cfta vifc
lua chgn nghe nghifp
- Ket ndi HS vdi cac ngudn hd ttg ttong vifc lya chgn nghd nghifp
- Giftp HS phan tich, danh gia thi hieu v l nghi eua xa hdi mdt cdch khdch quan,
dftng dan
- Giftp HS xdy dyng ke hogch hanh ddng phft hgp
- Kiim sodt qud ttinh thyc hien cfta HS
2.2 Nhu cdu tham vdn hu&ng nghiep
2.2.1 Nhu cdu
Theo tft dien Tam ly hgc cua tdc gid Vft Dfing (2002), "Nhu cdu la trgng thdi cda cd
nhdn xudt phdt tic chd nhgn thdy cdn nhirng doi tuang cdn thiit cho su tdn tgi vdphdt triin
cua minh Id ngudn gdc tich cue ciia cd nhdn"[ Vu Diing, 2002, tr 190]
2.2.2 Nhu cdu tham vdn hu&ng nghiip
Tren ca sd tim hieu cac tdi lifu lidn quan vd tham khao y kidn cfta chuyen gia
TVHN, chftng tdi da xdy dyng khdi nifm nhu cdu TVHN cho HS THPT tiieo quan didm
Tdm ly hgc: Nhu cdu TVHN ciia hpc sinh THPT la mot Men tupng tdm ly cua con ngu&i,
biiu Men nhimg ddi hdi tdt yiu cua hpc sinh THPT dang cdn ggp khd khdn ve viic lira chpn
Trang 3nghi nghiep, mong mudn duac nhd tham vdn - ngu&i cd trinh dp chuyin mdn, ky ndng tham
vdn, phdm chdt dgo dire, duac phdp lugt thiea nhgn - giup da, trao doi, chia se, thdo ga
nhirng khd khdn vd bi tdc dd md chinh bdn thdn cd nhdn khdng tu minh gidi quyit duac
Nhu edu tham van hudng nghifp la mdt nhu cdu bftc thiet va chinh ddng, nd cd anh
hudng Idn den cdng tac hudng nghiep trong nhd trudng ciing nhu sy phat triln tuang lai
cua cac em hgc sinh Ro rang, viec dap ling nhu cdu tham van hudng nghiep cho hgc sinh la
mdt nhifm vy quan ttgng ttong nha trudng phd thdng, gdp phdn phat trien nhan each toan
dien cho hgc sinh, ddng thdi giftp cac ca sd giao dye ket ndi vdi eac dodn the xa hdi trong
viec ehung tay xdy dung mgt tuang Iai tuoi sang cho hgc sinh
Cdng tac gido dye hudng nghiep thdng qua hogt ddng tham vdn nghi cdn tap trung
thuc hifn trg giftp HS ty nhdn thftc va ddnh gia ve ban than, tim hieu v l nganh, nghe,
trudng dao tgo, trg giftp HS dua ra quydt dinh lya chgn nghe Bdi vgy, khi thyc hien GDHN
thdng qua hogt ddng tham vdn nghd d trudng phd thdng can xay dyng moi quan he vdi HS
cd nhu cau ve tham van hudng nghifp, tao cho HS cam thdy thodi mai, gan gfti khi dugc
Idng nghe; HS cdi md han trong khi chia se, tam su Ddng thdi qua dd nhd tham vdn cd thd
thu dugc mgt sd thdng tin ban dau dgc diem than chft cflng nhu cac van de ma HS cdn trg
giftp, nhu: Hgc lyc, td hgp mdn xet tuyen, hodn canh gia dinh, tinh hinh sftc khde, sd thich,
ndng lye, tinh cdeh, mong mudn nghe nghiep hien tai cua HS vd nhiing khd khan, vudng
mdc ttong vdn de hien tai ma HS dang gap phai [baomoi.com]
3 Cdc Men phdp Mp ung nhu cau tham vdn hudng nghiip cho hpc sinh
Bien phdp 1: Kich thich nhu cdu TVHN ctia HS
- Giup HS nhgn thuc duac vai trd cda TVHN: De kich thich nhu cau TVHN eho HS,
nha tham van phdi giup cho HS nhgn thay dugc vai ttd efta TVHN De thye hien cdng vifc
do, nha trudng, chuyen gia tham van ed the thyc hifn bifn phdp ndy bdng nhidu hinh thftc
khac nhau Vi du: gidi thifu cho cac em hidu dftng, hieu rd khdi nifm, bdn chat, vai tto cfta
TVHN, cdn bd ddm nhiem TVHN (dugc dao tgo bdi bdn, cd ky ndng tham van, dgo dftc
tham vdn ), cdng vifc ma hg thyc hifn, muc dich cfta TVHN Ngoai ra, can phai giup cho
cac em thdy dugc TVHN la mdt bg phgn quan ttgng trong boat ddng hudng nghifp, dgc
biet Id y nghia cua TVHN trong viec giftp dd ede em khi gap khd khan ttong vifc lya chgn
nghe nghidp
- Ren luyen tinh cdch mgnh dgn, tu tin cho HS: Bifn phap ndy giup cdc em mgnh
dgn trong viec tim kidm sy giftp dd cfta chuyen gia TVHN khi gap khd khan trong hgc tdp
ciing nhu lya chgn nghe De Idm dugc diiu do, ngay trong qua trinh hgc tap d nha trudng,
GV phdi tao dieu kien cho cdc em phdt bieu y kien trudc ddm ddng, ddng vien cac em trinh
bdy nhung suy nghT vd khd khan cfta minh, tham gia cdc hogt ddng cfta Idp, doan trudng td
Trang 4chftc Mat khac, cdn xda bd nhirng dinh kiln v l tham vdn ndi chung va TVHN ndi rieng d
HS vi cdc em thudng cd tam ly sg mgi ngudi cho rdng minh cd vdn dk khdng hay v l tam ly
khi gap cac em den tnmg tdm tham van
- Nhd TVHN cdn phdi tgo duac dn tupng tdt ven HS, sir tin tu&ng cua HS
Phai lam cho HS thdy dugc phdm chdt vd ndng luc cfta nha tham vdn Phong each ben
ngoai, ttang phyc, giao tiep ngdn ngft va phi ngdn ngii cflng cdn tgo dn tugng tdt vdi cdc em
Vi dy: ngdn ngft phdi ttdi chdy, khdng lap tft, Igp y, cd thai dg hda nha, gdn gui, the hifn sy
quan tdm, mong mudn cftng HS gidi quylt van de cfta hg, ttang phyc ggn gang, kin dao, phft
hgp vdi hoan canh Dd la yeu td quan trgng thftc day ede em tim ddn nhd tham vdn khi cd
nhiing khd khan, ttd ngai
- Cung cdp thdng tin vi cdc td chirc hogt dpng trong iTnh vuc TVHN
Quy trinh va ndi dung hogt ddng hudng nghidp ciia tnmg tam dlu tiin hanh theo su
chi dgo va hudng dan cfta Tnmg tdm Lao dgng vd Hudng nghifp cfta Bg Giao due va Dao
tgo Cach thftc td chftc, thuc hifn cdng tac hudng nghifp cho HS dugc trien khai theo ldp
hgc nghd phd thdng khodng 40 - 45 HS Thdi gian TVHN cho mdi HS dugc thyc hifn bdt
ddu tft thang 9 den thang 4 cua nam hgc, 2 tuan I budi/45 phftt Sau 8 thdng HS se dugc
nhgn phieu ket qud hudng nghiep cfta minh Cac td chftc nay cd the giftp cdc em gidi quyet
nhflng khd khan, vudng mdc khi lya chgn nghd, co dinh hudng dftng ddn cho nghi nghifp
cfta tuong lai
Bien phap 2: Can td churc hogt ^ng TVHN trong tru&ng THPT vd Mm bdo dnh
chuyin nghipp cua hogt dpng, cd vi Miu kien dpi ngU, ca sd vgt chdt, qid trinh thuc Men
Can thanh l^p tnmg tam/phdng TVHN ttong khudn khd cfta trung tam/phong tham
vdn tdm Iy hodc kit hgp vdi bg phgn hd trg HS dd tdn tai d trudng Ca sd vgt chdt edn ddp
ling yeu cau cua hoat ddng tham van tam ly ndi chung nhu dam bao sy rieng tu, gdn gui
Trong dieu kien chua thi xdy dyng trung tam TVHN d tdt cd cdc trudng THPT thi cdn chi
ddn d l cac em cd the tilp cdn TVHN d nhiing ca sd cung cdp dich vu thugn tifn nhdt Hogc
cd the td chuc sy lien kdt hgp tac giua nha trudng vdi cdc tnmg tam tham van cfta cac
trudng dgi hgc, cac vifn nghidn cftu hogc cac td chftc, ca nhan khac d l tridn khai cdng tac
tham vdn cho HS Sy hgp tdc nay giup khdc phyc khd khan trudc mdt nhu ve dgi ngu, ca sd
vdt chdt, gidm thilu thdi gian khi phdi chd dgi cd dft diiu kien de trien khai boat dgng
TVHN theo chudn chuyen mdn, tdn dyng ngudn nhdn lyc cd tay nghe ngoai xd hgi
Ve ddi ngfi, hogt ddng TVHN cdn dugc thyc hifn bdi cac nhd chuyen mdn, nhftng
ngudi dugc dao tgo dung chuyen ngdnh v l TVHN, cd ky nang tham vdn, phdm chat, dgo
dftc cua ngudi Idm tham vdn Cac td chuc, ca sd boat ddng TVHN nen td chuc tgp huan,
ttao ddi kmh nghifm vdi cac GV ddm nhifm day boat ddng hudng nghifp d nhd tin-dng phd
Trang 5thdng Ban than GV dgy hudng nghiep phai thudng xuydn ren luyen ky ndng cung nhu tri
thftc de nang eao tay nghe, ttg giftp HS cd hifu qud ttong vifc gidi quyet cac khd khan
Ve quy ttinh thyc hifn: Xdy dyng vd ftng dyng quy trinh chudn ttong TVHN cho
HS, ddm bao cho HS co tti thuc, ky nang va thai do tdt ttong ttong lya chgn nghd nghifp
Can cd nhiing hudng ddn cy the ve vifc cung cdp cdc loai thdng tin hudng nghifp cho HS,
dam bao tinh todn difn va hiiu ich cfta thdng tin, ve ren luyfn cac ky nang chgn nghi cho
cdc em Chang ban, ngodi vifc ren luyen cho HS biit van dyng nguyen tac chgn nghi vao
viec viet dan xin di hgc tiep sau phd thdng, xin vao ldm vifc d mgt ca quan hanh chinh, ca
sd san xuat kinh doanh, nha tham vdn cdn phai giup cac em biit each thu thap cac thdng tin
cdn thiet cho vifc chgn nghe, phan tich nhung diiu cdn thidt cfta mdi nghe
Bien phdp 3: Npi dung TVHN cdn phu hpp v&i nhu cdu tham vdn cua HS
Can tap trung vdo vifc hudng din, hd ttg d l HS cd thd tu ddnh gid chinh xac nang
lyc, tinh cdeh, hftng thft nghe nghiep cfta bdn thdn; hd ttg cdc em tim hieu ve yeu cdu va ddc
diem cua nghe, xdc dinh mftc do phft hgp cfta dac didm tam ly cfta ban than HS vd ydu cdu
cfta nghe Dieu dd cd the dugc thyc hifn bdng vifc nha tham vdn kit ndi cdc em vdi cdc
ngudn hd trg, cdc ngudn thdng tin, kit hgp ren luyfn ky ndng khai thdc thdng tin tft cac
phuang tifn thong tin dgi chftng d l cac em cd thi ndm bdt vd hieu ro ve nghi nghiep ttong
tucmg lai Mat khac, cdn phdi cdn eft vdo hgc lyc, gidi tinh de xac dinh duge ndi dung vd
cdch thftc tham van phft hgp
Biin phdp 4: CSn sir dung nhiiu hinh thuc trong TVHN
Tham van tare tiep vdi tiing ed nhan la hinh thftc tham van thudng dugc sft dyng nhat,
ben cgnh do cd the sft dyng tham van tryc tii:p vai nhdm cd ciing khd khdn Hmh thftc tham vdn
ndy cd till dem lai hifu qud cao nlu ndm dugc ky tiiudt tham van Trong tham vdn tryc tiep vdi
nhdm ed cftng khd khdn nen luu y: chia ra tung nhdm nhd, mdi nhdm tdi da khoang 7 - 8 HS
Phai dam bao dugc cdc nguydn tdc v l eac cdu tnic ttong mdt nhdm Khi thanh ldp nhdm phdi
chii y den sy ddng deu: gidi tinh, trinh do ciia cac thanh vien ttong nhdm Mac du giao tiep tryc
tiep la uu tien hdng ddu ttong TVHN, cae hinh thftc tham vdn qua difn thogi, Intemet cfing nen
duge sft dyng nham phong phft hoa hinh thue hogt ddng TVHN
Bien phdp 5: TVHN cho HS la mpt qud trinh lau dm, khong chi bat Mu & cap THPT
Cong tdc hudng nghifp cho HS edn dugc trien khai ngay tft nhiing cac cap hgc
dudi, trudc het cd the la tii THCS, cy the la bat ddu tft ldp 8, ldp 9 de giftp HS lya chgn vdo
ede ban (ty nhien, xa hgi, ky thudt ) d ttirdng THPT va cd thi lya chgn tiirdng binh
thudng, trudng chuyen, hogc cd the hgc nghi Nhu vgy, HS cd ndng luc, khd nang ddn ddu
se dugc dinh hudng de theo hgc eac trudng, cac ban phft hgp vdi nguyen vgng va kha
ndng cfta minh nhdm phat huy nang khieu va sd trudng cua ban thdn
Bien phdp 6: Can phdi hpp TVHN v&i cdc npi dung khdc cda hogt Mng hu&ng nghipp
Trang 6Bifn phdp nay nham giftp HS cd nhftng tii thftc v l Iy ludn cung nhu thyc tidn trong
viec iing pho vdi nhftng khd khan trong qua trinh lya chgn nghi TVHN c6 thi phdi hgp vdi
cdc boat ddng khdc, ttong do cd thd ke den hogt ddng tham quan, giao luu vdi eac eg sd san
xuat, doanh nghifp; thi tim hieu ve cac nganh nghd ttong xa hfi; gidi tiiifu v l nhu cau lao
ddng efta xa hgi; dgy nghe; hogt ddng ngodi gid len Idp Tao diiu kifn d l HS cd the tilp edn
dugc vdi cdc nhilu nghi cdng tdt, nhat la nhflng ngdnh nghi mdi, ed triln vgng phat trien va
Cling Id nhung nganh nghd md nln kinh te cfta dat nude dang cdn
4 K i t ludn
Nhung nghien cftu Iy ludn ve nhu cau va nhu cau TVHN cho thay cdn hinh thdnh va
phat triln nhu cdu TVHN cho HS, vi nhu cdu nay se thftc ddy HS tim kidm sy giiip dd
mang tinh chuyen nghifp va cd hifu qua de giai quyet nhftng van de lien quan din boat
ddng hudng nghiep Do tinh phftc hgp cfta hogt dgng hudng nghifp vd tinh da dang cfta
nhftng khd khan lien quan den vifc dinh hudng nghe nghifp ma HS thudng gap, nhu cau
cdn bao quat nhieu ngi dung khac nhau Ket qua nghien ciru Iy iuan va thuc trgng ciing chi
ra rdng can cd cdc bifn phdp ddp ftng nhu cdu TVHN cho HS Cdc bifn phap ndy can
hudng den vifc cdi tien nhiing ndi dung cdn hgn chd, thieu hyt da dugc lam ro ttong phan
nghien cftu thyc ttgng Ngoai ra, cac bien phdp tac dgng phdi phft hgp vdi dac diem v l gidi
tinh, trudng, khdi, hgc lue cfta HS
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Bd Gido due vd Dao tao (2005), Triin khai cdng tdc tu vdn cho hpc sinh, sinh viin (Sd tu
lieu 9971/BGD & DT - HSSV)
Phgm Tdt Dong (1989), Giiip bgn chpn nghi, Nhd xudt ban Gido due, Hd Ndi
Pham Tdt Dong, Nguydn Nhu At (2000), Su lira chpn tuang lai, Nha xudt bdn Thanh Nien,
TP Hd Chi Minh
Vft Diing (2002) Tir diin Tdm ly hpc, Nhd xudt ban Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ngi
Nguyin Ba Dgt (2003), V l tu vdn tam ly - hudng nghifp d ttndng THPT, Tgp chi Tdm ly
hpc, (63), tt 72,
Tran Thi Minh Due, Dd Hoang (2006), "Tham vdn hgc dudng - Nhm tft goc dg gidi", Tgp
chi Tdm ly hpc, (11), tt 45
Trdn Thi Minh Dftc (2009), Gido trinh tham vdn tdm ly, Nha xudt ban Dai hgc qudc gia Ha
Ndi
Website:
https://baomoi.com/tham-van-huong-nghiep-cho-hoc-sinh-phai-coi-Ia-viec-lam-co-dinh-huong-thuong-xuyen/c/22002347.epi