NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management, 2017, Vol 9 No U, pp 63 68 This paper is available online at hltp //jem naem edu vn QUAN LY CONG TAC HO TRO HOC SINH TRONG GIA[.]
Trang 1Journal of Education Management, 2017, Vol 9 No U, pp 63-68
This paper is available online at hltp://jem.naem.edu.vn
QUAN LY CONG TAC HO TRO HOC SINH TRONG GIAI OOAN CHUVf N TIEP
TtJ TIEU HOC LEN TRUNG HOC CO s d 6 CAC TRUdNG TRUNG HOC CO S 6
Phung Manh Hiing^ Tdm tat Trong giai doan chuyen tilp tfl cdp tilu hoc lln trung hoc cd sd cac em c6 sy thay ddi rdt nhilu vl chUdng trinh hpc tap, mdi tmdng hoc tap va su phat triln vl mat thi chat va xa hdi Nlu hpc sinh dupc ho trd tdt, cac em se nhanh chong thi'ch nghi vdi nhflng thay ddi dl hoc t^pvd phat triln dap flng cac yeu cdu giao dye cua cdp hpc Cong tac ho trd hoc sinh trong giai doan chuyen
tilp la trach nhidm cua nhilu ben: nha trudng, gia dinh vk xa hdi Bai vilt da nhSn diln giai do^n
chuyen tiep va dUa ra mdt si biln phdp vl quan ly c6ng tac hd trd hoc sinh trong giai doan chuyln tilp tfl tilu hoc Idn trung hoc cd sd
TU khoa: Giai dogn chuy/n tiep, cdng tdc hi tra hgc sink, su thay doi, thich nghi
1 Dat van de
Trong qua trinh phat t r i ^ cua hpc sinh phd thdng, cd nhieu giai doan chuyln tilp gifla cdc cdp
hpc, bac hpc trong dd cd giai doan chuyln tilp tfl tilu hgp Idn trung hpc cd sd Id mdt trong nhflng giai doain chuyln tilp quan trpng 0 nhflng giai doan nay, hpc sinh ddi mat vdi nhilu tiiay ddi cd
tfnh "budc ngoat" Do dd, fa-ong giai doan chuyln tilp, nlu dUpc ho tip tdt sd giup hpc sinh nhanh chong thich nghi vdi nhflng thay ddi dl hpc t|p va phat triln dap flng eae ydu cdu cua giao due mdi cdp hpc
Hd trp cho hpc sinh trong nhiing giai do?n chuyln tilp la ti-deh nhiem cua nhilu bin: nha trudng, gia dinh va xa bdi Vide hd trp hpc sinh trong giai do£in chuyln tilp cdn dupc sU quan tam mdt each ddy du ddi vdi mdi nhdm ddi tUpng rieng bi€t, hpc sinh d thanh phd vd ndng thdn, miln nfli vd vung kho khan ; Trong cac trfldng Tilu hpc vd Tmng hpc cd sfl, vide triln khai cac cdng tdc hd trp cdn cd hd thdng, kit ndi gifla hai cdp, hai bdc hpc chat che dl cd hi€u qua cao
Hien nay, cac em dfldc cha me quan tam rdt nhilu din viec gido dye, tuy nhien, cac hSs phu
huynh thudng chy trpng din viec con em minh cd dUdc hpc lyc gidi hay khdng, chUa quan tdm day du din vdn dl giao due ky nang cho cac em trong giai doan chuyln tilp cd nhilu thay ddi Do
dd, viec quan ly cdng tac hd trp hpc sinh trong giai doan chuyln tilp tfl tilu hpc len Thing hpc cd
sd rdt cdn thilt va mdi nha trudng edn cd each lam phu hpp dl giup cac em phat triln hai hoa, dap flng yeu cdu myc tieu gido due cdp hpc
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 20/09/2017, Ngdy nhSji dSng: 12/11/2017
^Phfing Gi&a due vi Ddo tao huyen Thiiy Nguyen, HSi Phdng:
e-mail: phungmanhhung@thuynguyen.edu vn
Trang 22 Nhdn dien giai doan chuyen tiep cua hoc sinh cap IVung hoc cd sd
Giai doan chuyln tilp tfl Tilu hpc Idn TVung hpc cd sd thflc sU la qua trinh tilp ndi nhflng dilu
da cd dupc d giai doan Tilu hpc, tilp tuc phat trien va bd sung nhflng dilm mdi d giai doan IVung hpc ed sd Vdi sU cham sdc, nudi dfldng va giao due cua gia dinh, nha trUdng va xa hdi nhdn each ciia hpc sinh dan hinh thanh va hoan thidn
Tdm sinh ly: 0 Ifla tudi nay hpc sinh cd sU phat triln manh me nbUng thilu can ddi ve mat thi
chdt v^ tri tud dao dflc IVong cac em tdn tai song song dac dilm cua tre eon va ngUdi Idn Ci Ifla tudi nay cac em mong mudn chflng td minh la ngudi Idn, dUpc ddi xfl nhfl ngfldi Idn Cac em cd nbu cdu Idn trong giao tilp vdi mpi ngUdi va bat ddu cd sy quan tam din tinh ban khac gidi ti'ong giai doan tuoi day thi Tinh cam d Ifla tudi nay phflc tap bdn, cac em dl xuc ddng, dl bi kich ddng tinh cam mang ti'nh chat bdng bdt, khd nang kilm chl cdn kem
Cdc mSi quan hi: Cac mdi quan he so vdi khi cac em hpc d tieu hpc cung cd nhilu thay ddi
Mli quan hd vdi thdy cd d tidn ldp dudng nhfl ed khoang cdch hdn, gido vidn tap h:ung vao hosit ddng "day" nhilu hdn "dd"; quan hd ban be khdng cbi trong Idp (ban hpc), ma edn nay sinh khi hpc sinh tham gia cdc boat ddng vui chdi, boat ddng tap tbi vdi ban be cdc ldp khac; mdi quan he gifla cha me va hpc sinh cd phdn "cang thang" hdn khi cha me tdp trung vao kit qua hpc tap cfla con 6 ldp nhilu hdn, kilm tra sat sao hdn qud trinh hoc tSip va ciing ydu cdu cao
Ky ndng xd hoi: Khi hpc tap d mdi trudng mdi cac ky nang trong cupc sdng hang ngay, trong
hpc t§p d trUdng da cd nhilu thay ddi va cdc em da cd y thflc hdn vl vide hoan thidn ban thdn minh Ddi khi khdng kilm sodt dupc tinh cam, kiem cbi trUdc thdi hU tat xdu
Hogt ddng vd mdi trudng hgc tap: 0 tiildng Trung hpc cd sd, cac em se dUpc hpc nhilu thdy
ed giao, nhilu mdn hpc Mdi mdn hpc gdm nhthig khai nidm, nhiSng quy lu^t dUdc s ^ xIp thanh mdt hd thing tfldng ddi sdu sac, tUdng flng vdi mpt ITnh vuc khac nhau, cd nhilu kiln thflc ndng cao va mdi so vdi cac em
Mdi budi hoc cd 4-5 tilt, mdi tilt ed thdi lupng la 45 phflt, sau mdi tilt hpc cac em cd thdi gian chuyln tilt la 5 phflt, thdi gian ra chdi gifla gid la 15-20 phut Mdi mdn hpc do mdt tiidy cd phii trach, hpc sinh hpc nhilu thdy cd gido, mdi thdy cd lai cd phUdng phap, each thflc giang day
khac nhau Quan hd gifla thdy tro cd phdn "xa each" hdn do thay cd chi ed thdi gian tidn ldp la
mdt din 2 tilt/budi va cd mdn chi cd 1 tilt/tudn Khac vdi tilu hpc, hpc sinh chfl yeu dupc danh gia bang nhan xet, danh gia bang dilm s6 it; cac tiiidng Tilu hpc hpc 2 budi/ngay hpc sinh khdng mang sach vd ve nha, tdi thudng khdng phai hpc bai Trong dd, khi chuyln sang Trung hpc cd sd, hpc sinh cd nhilu bai tdp vl nha cua nhilu mdn va phdi hoan thdnh trudc khi din Idp Ddnh gid thudng xuydn, dinh k>' diu bang dilm sd va dupc tiiUc hidn hang ngay trong tflng tilt hpc bang cac bai kilm tra Ket qua hpc tdp cua tflng mdn dupc danh gid bang dilm trung binh cac bai kilm tia
cd tinh he sd
Trong gia dinh va xa hdi cac em dUdc thfla nhan nhu mdt thanh vien ti'ch cUc, bUdc ddu dUde giao mdt sd nhiem vy ddn gian, cac em quan tam din viec xdy dyng va bdo vd uy tin gia dinh Dupc tham gia nhilu boat ddng xa hoi phong phfl, dilu nay giflp cho hpc sinh cdp Trung hpc cd
sd md rdng cac quan hd xa hpi, kinh nghidm sdng thdm phong phfl, y thflc xa bdi dfldc nang cao Nha trudng cd nhilu phdng chflc nang cd thilt bi hien dai phyc vu cho viec day va hpc Phdng hpc rdng hdn trang bi nhieu dd dung day hpc nham phyc vy cho nhu cdu hpc tdp, ITnh hdi kiln thflc d trudng
64
Trang 3Nhu V£ly, giai doan chuyen tilp tfl Tilu hpc len Trung hpc cd sd d hpc sinh diln ra rat nhilu thay ddi dang kl ve tam sinh ly, mdi quan he, ky nang xa hdi, mdi trudng hpc tap gay ra nhflng khd khan nhdt djnh cho hpc sinh cdp Trung hpc cd sd nlu khdng cd sU chudn bi chu dao tfl phia nhd trudng, gia dinh Vi vay, trong qudn ly U-udng Trung hpc cd sd, ngUdi Hidu trudng cdn d?c bidt quan tam vide quan ly cdng tac bd trp hoc sinh trong giai doan chuyln tilp nay
3 Yeu cau quan ly cdng tac hd trp hoc sinh trong giai doan chuyen tiep tiJr tieii hpc len trung hoc cd sd
3 J Yiu cdu cda qudn ly cdng tdc hi tra hgc sinh trong giai dogn chuyin tiep
Dlquan ly tdt giai doan chuyln tilp cfla hpc sinh tfl Tilu hpc Idn IVimg hpc cd sd Hieu trudng trfldng Trung hpc cd sd can quan triet mdt sd ydu cdu cd ban sau:
- Giai doan chuyln tilp cua hpc sinh tfl Tilu hpc len Trung hpc cd sd la mot qua trinh thay ddi
Do do quan ly giai doan nay thyc chat la quan ly sy thay ddi De quan ly dUdc phai nhan thflc sdu sac vl quan ly sy thay ddi d l van dung phu hdp
- Phai hilu rang quan ly sU thay ddi la mdt qua trinh khdng phai la mdt sy kien dl tiln hdnh cac hoat ddng quan ly nham hd trd hpc sinh tiong giai doan chuyln tilp mdt cdch cd he thdng va lien tuc
- Phai cd chiln lUpc quan I^ sy thay ddi cua hpc sinh ti'ong giai doan chuyln tilp, chpn dflng viec de tiiUc hien, phdi c6 tiidi gian cdn thilt cho mdi cdng viec, dam bao hd Uxt hpc sinh phat fl-iln dung qui ludt, klidng ddt chay giai doan
- Phai cd cdc kiln tiiflc, ky nang cdn tiiiet vl thay ddi va qudn 1^ su tiiay ddi (kiln tbflc vl con ngUdi, td chflc, mdi tiirdng, cac qui ti-inh tiong td chflc vd phfldng phap lam vide vdi con ngudi;
Ky nang vl lap kl hoach ra quylt djnh, td chflc tiiUc hidn kl hoach, ky nang lang nghe, giao due, tiiuylt phuc, giai quylt xung dot ) va vdn dyng phfl hdp ti-ong quan ly giai doan chuyln tilp tfl Tieu hpc Idn Trung hpc cd sd
3.2 Ndi dung qudn ly cdng tdc hi tra hgc sinh giai dogn chuyin dip tit tiiu hgc Un trung hoc ca sd
3.2.1 Lap ki hoach bd tra hgc sinh trong giai dogn chuyin dip tii tiiu hgc lin trung hgc ca sd
- Ldp kl hoach tilp nhdn hoc sinh vao Idp 6 va cac boat ddng giup hpc sinh tiiich nghi vide hpc
t|.p d ldp 6 d trudng Trung hpc cd sd
- xay dung vd td chflc thuc bidn kl hoach phdi hdp vdi phu huynh hoc sinh trong chudn bj cho hpc sinh vao ldp 6 (hpp phy huynh, td chflc hdi thao, lap hdm thU gdp y )
- Xdy dyng kl hoach phdi hpp gifla tmdng Tilu hpc va tiildng Trung hpc cd sd dl tiiln khai mdt each ddng bd (hdi tiiao chuydn dl, dfla gido vidn day Idp 6 din tham fl-fldng tilu hpc, dfla hpc sinh ldp 5 den tham trudng Trung hpc cd sd, )
3.2.2 Ti chUc thuc hiin ki hogch ho tra hgc sinh trong giai dogn chuyin dip tic tiiu hgc lin trung hgc ca sd
Hinh tiianh bd may va phdn cdng luc lupng phy tiich phu hdp: LUa chpn giao vidn cd tdm huylt, nang lyc chuydn mon tdt, cd long nhiet tinh, cd tinh tiidn trach nhiem cao vdi cdng viec nhilu nam gdn day tham gia day ldp 6; phu huynh hpc sinh dang cd con em theo hpc tai trUdng
Trang 4Trung hpc ed sd nhiet tinh vdi cdc cdng vide chung va trach nhidm vdi cdng vide; eae chuyen gia
dupc mdi tham gia til vdn, giup dd cd nhilu kinh nghidm trong cdng tdc giup dd hpc sinh; Hidu trudng hoac phd Hieu Uitdng tham gia cbi dao; Sau khi da lUa chpn dung vd du thanh phdn, phdn cdng tbflc hidn theo kl hoach
Quy djnh rd rang chflc nang, nhidm vy, quyln ban, trach nhidm cua cac bp phdn va tiianh vidn gan lien vdi cac quy dinh trong quy chl td chflc boat ddng ciia nha trUdng
Xac lap cd chl vd lam rd cd chl phdi hpp gifla Hi^u trudng - phd Hidu tiUdng va cdc nhdm ho trp; gifla giao vien - giao vien, gifla gido vien va phu huynh hpc sinh, gifla nha tnldng va cac ddn
vi lien quan (cac hdi, ban, nganh cua xa huyen ) trong thuc hidn nhidm vy hd trd hpc sinh Ydu cdu cac nhom hd trd chu ddng triln khai cdc boat ddng theo ddng ke hoach da xdy dyng trong sy phdi hpp vdi cac ca nhdn va bd ph|n cd lidn quan
Khi gap vudng mac phai cd chl dp bao cao di dupc gidi quylt kjp thdi
3.2.3 Chi dgo thuc hiin ki hogch ho trg hgc sinh trong giai dogn chuyin dip tit tiiu hgc lin trung hgc ca sd
Hidu trudng, phd Hidu trudng thdng nhdt viec chu ddng cua giao vidn trong thyc hien cac ndi dung hd trp ddi vdi hpc sinh; giao nhidm vu mdt each rd rang cho giao vidn thuc bidn theo dflng kl
hoach va hudng dan thflc bidn 16 trfldng chuydn mdn chiu trach nhiem giam sat ddn ddc giao vidn
thflc hidn Khi cd vfldng mac, khd khan, giao vidn phdi bao cao kip thdi thdng qua td chuydn mdn
T6 chuydn mdn tdng hdp va bao cao Hidu trfldng, phd Hidu trUdng de cd hUdng xfl ly kip thdi
Da dang hda kdnh thdng tin nham tuydn tmyln, vdn ddng din mpi lyc lupng xa hdi dl dam bdo mpi thdng tin vl kl hoach hd trd hpc sinh dupc hilu dflng va triln khai sau rdng Thyc bidn cdc boat ddng giam sat, tu vdn, udn nan viec thUc hidn kl hoach d l ddm bao kl hoach bo tip hpc sinh dUdc triln khai dung hudng va cd chdt lupng
Ban Giam hidu ddng hanh cung giao vidn, xay dung nha trfldng thanh td chflc hpc hdi dl hd trp, tu vdn cho nhau trong qua trinh hd trd hpc sinh Don die, ddng vidn, tao ddng lUc cho hpc sinh trong qua trinb tilp can va ldm quen vdi mdi tnldng hpc tap mdi
3.2.4 Kiem tra, ddnh gid viic thuc hiin dihS trg hoc sinh trong giai dogn chuyen dip tit tiiu hgc lin trung hgc ca sd
Viec kilm tra danh gid vide thflc hi€n dl hd trp hpc sinh trong giai doan chuyln tilp, tfl tilu hpc Idn trung hpc cd sd cdn phai xay dung quy chl rd rang va quy djnh vide danh gia kit qud kit qua dat dUdc la yeu cdu bat budc sau mdi cdng tac hd trp thdng qua viec: idy thdng tin phan hdi tfl phia hpc sinh, kilm tra kit qua hoc tap, khd nang thich nghi cua hpc sinh ldp 6 ddng thdi phai
cd sy phdn loai Sau danh gia phai cd tiidng ke, kit qua hoan thanh nhiem vu cua tflhg hpc sinh va sfl dyng hpp ly cac luc lUpng giao due, phan cdng nhiem vy cu thi cho phu hdp vdi nang lye tflng ngudi Kidn tti kilm tra, giam sdt ti^ng khoang tiidi gian tiu'ch hpp, ddng vidn, khicb Id, udn nan phd binh phu hdp d l tao ddng lyc cho can bd giao vien khi thyc hien cac boat dong ho trp hpc sinh
tr& tiianh boat ddng tiiudng xuydn, lidn tyc Td chflc tdng kit, rflt kinh nghiem sau khi thuc hi^n
cac cdng tac hd trd hpc sinh
Trang 54 Mdt so dk xuat ve quan ly cdng tac h§ trd hoc sinh trong giai doan chuyen tiep tit tilu
hoc ISn trung hoc CO sd
Tuyin truyin, ndng cao nhdn thdc vi giai dogn chuyin tiip cda hgc sinh tU TiSi hgc lin Trung hgc CO s6 cho gido viin, phu huynh hgc sinh vd cdc luc lugng gido due khdc
T6 chflc cdc hdi tbao vl giai doan chuyln tilp cua hpc sinh tfl Tilu hpc Idn Thing hpc cd sd cd
sfl tham gia cfla phu huynh hpc sinh;
i d chflc cac ldp t|p huan ndng cao nang lyc, bdi dudng nhiing kiln thflc cd ban cho giao vidn
dl hd trd hpc sinh trong giai doan chuyln tilp
In dn cac tranh anh, td roi va treo cac bang rdn kbiu hieu vl giai doan chuyln tilp tai dia phUdng, trong nha tiudng
liiydn truyen trdn cac thdng tin dJii chung nhU loa phat thanh cua phUdng, xa, Ordn website cua trudng
Xdy dimg vd ti chdc cdc hogt ddng ho trg giup hgc sitdi thich nghi viic hgc dldp6 phu hgp vdi diiu kiin tUng trudng, dia phuong
Chpn dpi ngu giao vien tdm huylt trach nhiem, nhe nhdng cd nhilu nam day ldp 6, hilu dupc tam ly cua cdc em ldm chu nhidm va gidng day cac mdn cua ldp hpc ddu cdp nay
i d chflc ddn hpc sinh Idp 6 nhap hpc va triln khai cac hoat ddng phdn ldp, hpc ndi quy dl hpc sinh lam quen vdi mdi trudng hpc tap mdi d cac tudn ddu nam hpc mdt each nghilm die vdi hinh thflc da dang, phu hop vdi tflng trudng, dia phUdng
Trong le khai giang, td chfle ddn hpc sinh Idp 6 vdi hinh thflc vui tUdi nhUng trang trpng, vdi
sy chao ddn nhiet tinh cua cac anh chi Idp trdn dl tao tSm thi hao hflng cho hpc sinh , Xdy dyng mdi trudng khdng gian trfldng hpc thdn thi^n, trang tri ldp hpc cd nhilu dilm tfldng ddng vdi ldp hpc d tilu hpc
To chflc hpp phy huynh ldp 6 ngay tudn ddu nam hpc dl trao ddi vl cdc cdng vide cdn chudn
bi cho hpc sinh Idp 6 vl cac mat tam ly, till chdt, phUdng phap hpc tap Vdi nhflng tnfdng hdp hpc sinh cd khd khan, cfl giao vidn chu nhidm din tham va tu vdn vdi phy huynh hpc sinh phUdng phap giao due, bd trd hpc sinh nhflng vdn dl cdn thilt
Td chflc cac boat ddng ngoai khda, cac cudc thi.,, dicac em dUdc tham gia hoat ddng tim hilu
ve trudng Trung hpc cd sd
Cfl cac nhdm hpc sinh ldp trdn xudng tham gia sinh boat Idp cung ldp 6 d l trao ddi kinh nghidm vl vide hpc tap va boat ddng d tiitdng Trung hpc cd sfl
Phdi hgp vdi trudng tiiu hgc:
Cfl giao vidn day ldp 6 din tham trfldng Tilu hpc dl gido vidn day ldp 5 vd giao vien day ldp
6 tiao ddi vdi nhau meu dupc ndi dung va phfldng phap thyc hien chUdng hinh d mdi cap hpc Trao ddi tiidng nhdt nhflng hilu bilt vl giai doEin chuyln tilp cua hpc sinh til Tilu hpc lln Trang hpc cd sd, lam rd tirach nhiem cua tOtng ben tiung vile hd ti\t hpc sinh vUdt qua cac khd khan ciia giai doan chuyln tilp
5 Ket luan
Trong giai doan chuyln tilp tfl Tilu hpc len IVung hpc cd sd hpc sinh rat cdn dflpc hd tip vl nhilu mat nhfl: tdm ly, hd tirp vl phUdng phdp hpc tdp, hd ttxf ten luy^n, phdt ti-iln cac ky nang cd
Trang 6nhan va xa hdi dl giflp hpc sinh vupt qua giai doan chuyln tilp mot each hieu qua nham Mng cao chdt lupng giao due Quan ly hoat ddng ho trp hpc sinh Q-ong giai doan chuyen tilp tfl Tilu hpc len Trung hpc cd sd la ttach nhidm cfla can bd quan ly cdc cdp hpc cd lidn quan, trong do cd Hidu trudng trudng Trung hpc cd sd Trong cdng tac hd ttp c6 nhilu ylu td dnh hudng, ngUdi Hieu trudng can bilt khai thac nhiing anh hfldng ti'ch cue va tim each ithac phyc nhflng tac ddng can trd cfla cac ylu td dd dl dam bao cdng tac hd ttp hpc sinh ttong giai doan chuyen tilp tfl Tilu hpc len Trang hpc cO sd cd hidu qud
TAX LIEU THAM K H A O
[1] Hpc vidn Quan ly giao due (2012), Qudn If trudng phi thdng, Nxb Giao due [2] Hd Lam Hdng, Nguydn PhUdng Thao (2014), Bdo cdo ting kit hoi nghi tham vdn vi giai dogn chuyin tiip giUa Mdm non vd Tiiu hgc, dU an W O E
[3] Nguyen Thi Tuylt Hanh, Ld Tbi Mai PhUdng (2015), Ndng cao ndng luc qudn ly su thay doi cua hiiu trudng diho trg tri trong giai dogn chuyin tiip tit mdm non lin tiiu hpc, dU an
WOB,
[4] Bd Giao due va Dao tao (2014), Kl hoach hanh ddng cua nganh Giao due triln khai ChUdng ttinh hanh ddng cua Chi'nh phu thuc hidn Nghi quylt sd 29-NQ/rW, ban hanh theo quylt dinh sd 2653/QD-BGDDT ngay 25 thang 7 nam 2014 cua Bd GD&DT
[5] Dai hpc kinh doanh Harvard (2002), Qudn ly su thay dii vd chuyin tiip, Nxb T6ng hdp thanh
phd Ho Chi Minh
[6] Knowles, T., & Brown, D (2{X)0) What every middle school teacher should know,
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann & Westerville, OH: National Middle School Association
ABSTRACT Management of stoident support in the transition period
from primary schools to lower secondary schools at lower secondary sdiools During the ttansition from primary school to secondary school, students face many changes
in ciuriculum, acadenuc envux)nment and physical and social development If student receive sufficient support, t h ^ can quickly adapt to the changes to study and meet all academic requirements of education levels Student support during the ttansition period is the responsibilities
of many stakeholders; schools, femilies and the society The essay has identified the ttansition period and pointed out some solutions for the management of smdent support during the process
of ttansition from primary school to secondary school
Keywords: Transition, stiddent support, changes, adaptation