KHOA HOC TRlTC TUYEN MO XU HLTONG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC OAI HOC ThS Nguyin TSn Cdng Khoa ThU vifn Thdng ttn hpc, OHKHXH&NV Tp HCM Tdm tat Khoa hgc tn/c tuyin md (Massive Open Online Course MOOC) la mgt[.]
Trang 1KHOA HOC TRlTC TUYEN MO
XU HLTONG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC OAI HOC
ThS Nguyin TSn Cdng
Khoa ThU vifn - Thdng ttn hpc, OHKHXH&NV Tp HCM
Tdm tat:
Khoa hgc tn/c tuyin md (Massive Open Online Course - MOOC) la mgt md hinh dao tao byt tuyen tU
xa kiiu mdi, dUdc ap dung d nhieu tru&ng dai hgc hang dfu trin thi gidi hiin nay Md hinh niy nh$n dudc sUquan tim aia dc nha giio due V&i sUphit trien nhanh chong trong nhiihg nim trd lai day, MOOC dS khien eho viic hgc trd nin thuin ldi cho mgi ngu&i w co the hgc tap & mgi ndi va han thenOS tieu chf aia
md hinh niy li hoan toan mien phf Bai viet gldi thieu ting quit md hinh khoi hgc true tuyen md, phan ti'eh nhuhg Uu diem eung nhu han che cua md hinh nay so vdl md hinh dao tao truyin thing va sU phat trien cua khoa hgc trut tuyin md tai Viit Nam
TifMioa: Hpc fryt tuyen, giao dye md, gifo dye dai hpc
Absfrad:
A massive open online course (MOOC) is a new model of online distance learning, applied in many top universities in the world today This model has received the attention of educators With the rapid devel-opment in recent years, MOOC has made learning become easy for everyone as it can be learned every-where, and moreover, because the criteria of this model are amipletely free The artide presents an overview of the open online course model, analyzes the pn:)s and cons of tills model compared to the tra-ditional training model and the development of open online course In Viet Nam
Key words: Oniine learning, open education, higher education
Gidi thieu
SU phat triln manh me cua eong nghe thflng
tin (CNTT) da giup nganh Giao dye ed sU ehuyin
minh dang k l trong hoat dflng dgy va hpc, ed
nhieu dS mdi so vdi md hinh giao dye ttuyen thfing
[16], vf dy nhu sy chuyen doi eae bfi giang tinh
tff giay sang eae dang tal lieu difn tff vdi tfnh trffe
quan dffpc lang cudng thong qua dff lifu da phutfng
tifn
Theo thong ke tff to chffe Internet Sodety, so
ludng ngUdI dung mgng Intemet da tang dot bien
trong mflt thfp ky nay va con sfi nfy da dat 2,89
t^ vao nam 2014 [10] Con so nay ndi Ifn sU tac
ddng eua Internet den mpi mat ciia ddi sfing con
ngudi, ti/ hoat dpng thutfng mai den giao due
Vdi sy ho ttp tff Internet, viee hpc hien nay khdng
chi diln ra theo hinh thffc hpc tgp trung mf edn
theo hinh thffe phfn tan, tffc la ngffdi hpc ngoai
viec ITnh hpi kien thffc d trudng ldp con ed t h i hpe tfp qua efc kfnh giao dye dy^ tren moi ttudng mgng Internet nhU: UdaCity, YouTube EDU, TTunes U [11] Viec hpc gid day trd nen de dang hdn, vdi mflt mfy b'nh ed ket noi mang, ngffdi hpc cd the tham khao dude eae ngufin hpc lifu md nhifiu hPn dy^ tren cfc kenh giao dye ke tten
Theo mpt nghien effu eua tae gia C-C Chen [11], xu hudng eda giao due hifn dai phfi chii^ dyng hai yeu to quan ttpng, dd la ti'nh cpng tac
va ti'nh md, do sy phat ttiln vupt bf c va phffc tap eua efc nganh khoa hpc hifn dai ddi hdi vf tfnh cpng tac ngfy cang cao giii^ eae nha nghifn effu titfng eac finh vyc khac nhau vf ti^n nhffng mut
dp khoa hpc khac nhau Nghifn cdtt hien dai ddi hdi phfi lam vife nhdm, ed the lien ngfnh hay tham dif if sy kfit hpp eiia nhieu to chffe nghien ciiU cila nhifiu quoe gia tren the gidi, mang tfnh chat
31
Trang 2hudng giao dye hifn dai la tt'nh md, cd the hieu
la tfnh cdng khai va tU do sff dyng nguon tai lieu
Tfnh md trong chia se nguon tai lifu da tiiiic day
vifc linh hpi nguon tri thffc dien ra nhanh hcfn,
xoa bd nhieu rao can trong hpe tap vf nghien effu
Oo do, ngay cang nhifu hf thfing md dffpe xfy
dyhg vdi mye dieh phyc vu dao tao nhff: ngufin
tnjy cap md (Open Access), nguon tai nguyai gifo
dye md (Open Educational Resource - OER), Open
Scholar, hpc lieu md (Open Course Ware - OCW)
Tdm lai, ti'nh tUdng tae vf ti'nh md dUpc xem la
hai yeu tfi quan trpng trong giao due hien dgi,
dan den viec hinh thanh mpt mo hinh giao dye
mdl Mfl hinh nfy mang ti'nh chft dai trf, khflng
gidi han pham vi hay tiianh phan ngudi tiiam gia,
eho phep tat ea mpi ngUdi deu ed till tham gia
hpc tfp d bgc dai hpc
Vdi hai yeu to quan trpng trong giao dye hifn
dai da md tf d ttfn, mdt nghifn cffu khac cua cfc
tae gia L Yuan va S Powell [13] da dii ra ring, hien
tUtfng dao tgo dgi fra tn/e tuyen md dang dUpe
lan rdng vf ngfy cfng phat ttiln trang gifo dye
dai hpc (GDDH) Tinh ttang ngan sach nha nudc
ngay eang eo hgp eho viec dau tff eac nguon tai
lieu gifo dye ed ehat lUpng va xu hUdng pho cap
tri thffc mang ti'nh ehft tofn c3u If nhi/ng nguyen
nhan chfnh giup MOOC phat friln MOOC la mflt
eai tien cua mfl hinh hpc tap tryt toyen va md
hinh nfy tutfng dffl mdi trang cflng dong giao due,
dli mdi dffpe phft triln trong tticfi gian gan day
MOOC hien nay dang gfy sy chd ^ Idn trong gidi
truyen thflng, eac to chffc dfu tU giao dye va sy
quan tfm rft dfng k l cua eae tiudng dai hpc
(DH)
1 Khai quat vif khoa hoc tri/c tuyen md
(Masshre Open Online Courses - MOOC)
1.1 sy ra ddi eda MOOC
Vao nfm 2008, cfe tae gia Dave Cormier va
Bryan Alexander bat dfu du^ ra thuat ngff MOOC,
danh dau sy ra ddi ciia mfl hinh khoa hpc dai tra
trffe tuyen md va md ra mflt logi hinh dao tao mdi
ciia dao tgo tff xa Md hinh nay cd till xem nhu
la budc phat trien cua e-learning, mdt dgng dao
tao trut tuyen da phft ttien manh me trong
nhiihg nam tiudc dd Khof hpc dau tifn dupe thff
Knowledge", vdi sff ttiam gia ciia 25 sinh vien tii/dng DH Manitoba vf 2.200 hpe vien trfn toan tiie gidi hpc tap mien phf qua mgng [1] va hifn tupng MOOC tifp tuc bung nfi trong nhffng nam sau dd Vfo nfm 2012, hfng loat cae tiu'dng DH hang dfu ciia Hoa Ky nhff Stanford, MIT, Harvard,
UC Berkeley bat dau cd an tutfng va tham gia vao he thong MOOC cua cae nha dau tU phi lpi nhuan lan thudng mgi nhff: Udaeity, Coursera vf edX, FutoreLeam [11,16] Sffxuft hif n eua MOOC dutfe danh gia If mflt cupc each mang Idn trong nfin giao dye va sff biing no cua nd manh mfi dfin mut vao nam 2012, tgp ehf The New York Times
da gpi 2012 if nam eua MOOC Mac du ra ddi tai Hoa Ky, nhUhg MOOC hifn nay da nhanh chdng lan rflng ra khfp ndi tten the gidi vf dupc chao
ddn nhiet tinh tai chau A, ndi cac nffde dang phat
ttien chiem so dflng [7]
1.2 Khii niem MOOC
MOOC ta mflt khai nifm tUPng dfii mdi, dupc djnh nghTa va bo sung qua nhieu giai doan va eho den hien nay vin ehula ed mflt dinh nghTa ehfnh thut
dfnh cho MOOC Mflt dinh nghTa cua OpenupEd,
cho rang "MOOC la cac khoa hpc dupc ttiifit kfi cho mpt sfi IUdng Idn ngffdi tham dy, cfc khoa hpc nay cd ttie dude truy cap d bat cff ncfi nao va cho bat ky ai neu nhU hp co the ket not vdfi Intemet Lf nguon md cho tat ea mpi ngffdi, khflng ddi hdi phfi chffng thyt trinh dfl mdi ed t h i tham gia, eung cap cac khoa hpc tryt tuyfn hofn ehinh
va hoan toan mien phf" [14]
Ban than MOOC la tff vift t f t cua Massive Open Online Course Moi ehff trong MOOC dfu mang
mdt y nghTa va ndi ten nhuhg diim dae bnmg von
ed cua mfl hinh nay, bao gom:
M (Massive): Mang ^ nghTa dai tra, b i t ta nhfm vfo so dflng ngudi hpe, vdi so IUdng tdn hdn so vdi hinh thffe hpc tfp ttung trfn Idp hay cac khoa hpc tryt tuyen truyfn thfing So IUdng ngudi hpc
cd till Ifn den hang ttf m nghin ngUdi Mdt vf dy diln hinh la trong nfm 2011, khof hpc Machine Learning eua Giao sff Andrew Ng thufie DH Stanford dudc friln khai frf n hf thong Coursera, thu hOt tren 100.000 hpc vien tham gia tren bian thfi gidi,
la khoa hpc ddng ngudi tham gia nhat eiia Coursera
Trang 30 (Open): Tfnh md trang MOOC mang nhifu >/
nghTa khac nhau Dfu tifin, tfnh md dudc hieu nhU
ciifnh sach tham gia khflng gidi hgn eua ngffdi
hpe, khflng can chffng nhfn kien thdt hay bfng
cap mdi ed the tham gia cae khoa hpc nay Y
nghTa thff hai la tt'nh md cua tai nguyfn hpe tgp
-MOOC dam bao tal nguyen hpc tap cda khof hpc
lufln ludn ed t h i truy cap va hoan toan mien phf
Va cuoi cung la ti'nh md trang vfn dfi ban quyen
- nfli dung eua khoa hpc cd the tai sff dyng trong
mye dieh hpe tfp va gifng dgy
0 (Oniine): Dy^ tren nen tfng mgng Intemet,
hoat ddng day vf hpc hofn tofn dupe tien hanh
tren moi trffdng trffe tuyen, khflng phu thupc vfo
thcfi gian hay khofng efeh vj tri vgt ly cua ngffdi
hpc, c^i can cd kft noi Internet la cd t h i hpc dutfc
C (Course): Mang ^ nghTa If mfit khoa hpc hoan
ehinh Cac khoa hpc nay dutfe thiet ke phu hpp vdi
dfe thij dgy hpc fryt tuyfin, bao gfim: t f i nguyfn
hpe tfp, eP chfi tutfng tfc (ngudi day - ngffdi hpc
va ngudi hpc - ngffdi hpc), cac hogt dflng trong day
hpe (nhiem vy, bai tap, kilm tra, phfn hoi)
Ban thfn dinh nghTa d frfn chi la mot mfl t f
khai quat ve mfi hinh MOOC noi ehung Tuy nhifn
trfn thyc te, hien tgi ed hai logi mfi hinh chfnh eua
MOOC la: xMOOC va cMOOC [9]
xMOOC (Traditional Extended Course): Dy^
tren cau friie nhu Idp hpc truyen thfing Md rflng
d dfy ed t h i hieu la sff bo sung cd che hpc tap
tn/c tuyen nhU If ed ehf hpc tap chfnh bdi vifc
cung cap tai tifu difn tff ket hpp bfi gifng video
ghi lgi tten ldp, cac cau hdi, efe bai kiem tra va
danh gia Not dung bai gifng ttong mfl hinh xMOOC
tfp frung xoay quanh ngUdi day ehff khdng phai
efing dfing ngffdi hpe
eMOOC (ConnecJhre Knowledge): Khac vdi mo
hinh hpc tap truyen thfing, noi dung hpc tap chi
dffpe eung cap bdi ngffcfi day, md hinh cMOOC
theo ttfiu chf xfy dyhg mpt cflng dfing cung hpc
tfp Ogc diem ctia mfl hinh nay dffa tren trift 1^
chia sf, ddng gdp vf ket not tti thffc Ngudi day
eung If ngudi hpe vf mang xa hpi la cong ey chinh
dupe sff dung trong md hinh nfy
NhU da nfu d h^n, ed hai loai mfl hinh MOOC dang phat ttiln manh d thdi dilm hien tgi If xMOOC
va cMOOC Hai mfi hinh dfu hoat dflng trfn nen tang trUc tuyen Tuy nhien, xMOOC theo cd che dgy hpc truyen thong, nfli dung dupe eung cap bdi ngudi giang Ngude Igi, cMOOC mang tt'nh tff hpe
ddi trfn eflng dfing hpc tfp vdi cong cy c^fnh If cfc
mang xa hpi Bai viet chi tap ttung vao xMOOC, nhff la diuan mfl hinh eua dao tgo tryt tuyen md
vi mfi hinh xMOOC tutfng thich vdi tfnh chat dao
tao ehfnh quy trong cac trffdng dgi hpe, theo kifin tnic ngudi dgy va ngffcfi hpc Trang khi dd, cWOOC phii hpp cho eflng dflng nghifn effu hdn vi de tham gia hpc tap mflt ITnh vyc trong cMOOC, ngffdi hpc phai cd sin mdt kien thffe chuyfn mdn nhft djnh
ve finh vffe do mdi ed t h i tham gia eflng dong nay Ngay nay xMOOC phft friln rft manh d cae nudc phUPng Tfy, dac bift la Hoa Ky, nPi ra ddi cua ba nen tang MOOC dUpc xem la nhuhg he thong MOOC dau tien eung If manh nhft hien nay If: Edx [2], Coursera [3] va Udaeity [4] Cae he thfing nay lien ket vdi eac trUdng dgi hpe nfii tieng, eung cap cae khof hpc ed gia trj de chieu mfl ngudi hpc trfn toan the gidi Vd^ sff ttianh efing eua MOOC, hien nay eae he thong MOOC khac dang dffpe xay dyng vf friln khai tai nhieu nffde tren thfi gidi
Hinh 1 Md hinh hoat ddng cd ban ciia mdt hi tiling MOOC
Mfi hinh hoat dflng cd ban eiia MOOC dffpe minh hoa bdi hinh 1, he thfing mang tfnh chat ket
n ^ hpc tap giu^ ngudi day vf ngUcfi hpc tren toan the giffi Nhffng he thong MOOC nfy dude eung
33
Trang 4DH hoge bdi efe td chffc ed muc dfch thffdng mai
Hp cung cap he tiifing MOOC va nhfn vifn d l van
hanh he tiiong cung nhff ho trp ngudi sff dyng
bao gom: ngudi qufn frj hf thfing, ngudi h5 trp
cong nghf, nhfn vien marketing Cae frudng DH
uy ti'n se dUpe chieu mfl va lifn ket den he thong
MOOC nhfm friln khai cac khoa hpc frffe truyfin
ed chat ludng Mot vf dy diln hinh la he thong
Coursera dUpc tifn ket bdi Stanford University,
Princeton University va Universities of Michigan
And Pennsylvania [13] Cac giao sff trong eae
tiudng DH chiu traeh nhiem cho viee thiet ke
khof hpc vcfi sy hS trp cda nhfn vien ky thuft vf
mat cflng nghe Hp tien hanh xay dyhg khoa hpc
vdi efe eflng doan bao gom: khao sat va ten kfi
hoach eiia khoa hpe mufin md, dam bao tinh kha
thi vf tiiu hut nhieu hoe >flen Tiep theo, hp se
tifin hanh tiiu thgp eae t f i nguyfn hpc tap Cac tai
nguyen nfy cd t h i la sach, tai lieu tham khfo,
hoac eae tai nguyfn khae hS trp cho mdn hpe
Tifip sau dd tf cdng dogn bien sogn ^ cutfng va
xay dung hUdng dan day hpc dya trfn cfing nghe
da phutfng tien Day ta diem khae biet Idn so vdi
day hpe truyen thfing Hogt dflng day hpc chu yeu
dy^ frfn video, dUdc quay Igi tff cac bfi giang
ttffe tiep tren tdp, ed sy hfl trp ciia cae studio xff
ly phim fnh Vf cfing dogn cuoi eung la hogeh djnh
hoat dpng eua khoa hpc Do b'nh chat hpc trut
tuyfn, viec hoach dinh nay cd nhffng dae truhg
rieng nhu each thffc ngffdi hpc tudng tac hpc tap,
sff dung phUPng tifn gi de hpe, hinh thffe kilm
tra va danh gia
Mpt trong nhiihg bp phfn quan trong ttong he
thfing MOOC chfnh la quan ly hpc tap frffe fruyen
Bd phan nay gom hai thfnh phan chfnh Thanh
phan thff nhft dfm nhfn vai trd quan ly ngudi hpc
va efe khoa hpc trong he thong Mflt khoa hpc
sau khi dffpc thiet ke xong se dutfc trien khai trong
he thong Khoa hpc se dudc bd phgn marketing
pho bifin trfn cac phffdng ttfn tiuyen thflng nham
ehifu md ngudi hpe trfn tofn thfi gidi Quy md
cua chien Iude marketing dutfc tien hfnh se phy
thufic vao ti'nh thutfng mai hay phi thUPng mgi eua
tfi chdt Thfnh phan nay trong he thfing cdng
dfm trach nhifm vy giao tiep vdi ngudi hpc, cho
hat nhfn cua hf thfing quan ly, nd dam nhifm vifc qufn ly hfi sd ngffdi hpc, eac khoa hpe trong he ttifing va dfm bao sao eho cfe khoa hpc dudc tfi chffe va van hanh song song, khfing xfy ra ti'nh trgng ehfing cheo va tuan thu theo hoach djnh hoat dfing dUdc thiet ke tff trffde eua khoa hpc Thanh phan thff hai eiing ehfnh la tiianh phan quan ttpng nhat trong he thfing MOOC la qufn I'/ hpe tap cho khoa hpe Cfc nhiem vy eiia thfnh phfn nay bao gfim: dam bao b'nh kha dyng eua tfi nguyfn hpc lieu cd till ttuy xuat bcfi cac hpc vifn bao gom:
de cutfng, sach, bai gifng, video bai gifng va eae tai nguyen da phudng tien khae; cung cap cd c^e tffdng tae trong cpng dflng hpc tfp gom: sff dyng cae phan mfm hpc tap tu'dng tac, diln dan tiao doi mfln hpe vf cac trang mgng xa hfli nhU Wiki, Blog, Faeebook, Twitter Thanh phan qufn I"? hpc tap cdn dfm nhfn edng tac kiem tta va dfnh gia chat ludng tiep thu cua hpc vien trong suot qua ttinh dgy hpc Ofy If cflng doan cd nhieu cat tiln trang thdi gian qua, nhuhg van cdn ton tgi nhieu bat cgp ve ti'nh nghiem hie va phfp l'^ Trong phan nay, tac gia se trinh bay sff phft ttiln oia mfl hinh MOOC d ^ vdi giao dye hien dgi ngay nay Trao lull hpc tap ttfn nen tang MOOC nhanh chdng dupe tan tof khap ncfi trfn thfi gldi Tuy nhifn, vin cdn mflt sfi y kifin frfi ehifu cho rfng MOOC dang bj thoi phong thai qua [7,8] Nhiihg quan dilm trai ehieu ve MOOC cung se dupc frinh bay trong phan nay, qua dd giiip ta co cai nhin tdng quan ve uU thf, eung nhu mat han die eua MOOC khi f p dyng trong giao due dfo tao tgi nudc nhf
1.4 TS/n inh htfdng va sy lan rgng cua MOOC
Chfnh thffc dudc cflng nhan sy xuat hien vao
nam 2008, vdi tudi ddi chda dddc mflt thfp k^,
nhuhg MOOC da de lai nhifiu dfu an sau sSc trang
sy phat ttien cua nfn giao dye Oanh dau su phat trien nay, mot so he th&ig MOOC nfii tieng da ra ddi va ngay cang lan rflng tten tofn Uie gidi [7, 13,16] Dfc truhg ciia eac he thfing nay dudc mfl
ta d bfng 1
Trang 5MOOC
Qiur^ra
edX
Udaeity
FutureLe
am
D|c t n i l i g cua h f thfiing
QuSc
gia
HoaKf
HoaKJ
HoaKy
Anh
NSm
2012
2012
2011
2012
Hd
hinh
Tra phi
Miln
phi
Tra phi
Tra phi
Thinh
100
53
11
40
Khai
571
200
39 S3
S^fiff J ThSng ki mdt so hi thong MOOC
nil bing hien nay [16]
3 Thanh viln la so lupng tru^g dai hgc lien ket vdi
he thdng
" Khoa hpc la so lupng khoa hpc dUpc thiet ke va
dang van hinh
- Coursera: Vao nam 2011, vdi wfc thanh eflng
tff ba khoa hpe thff nghifm eua DH Stanford, moi
khoa hpc cd so IUdng thanh vifn tham gia hdn
100.000 hpc vifn, dan den trUdng dgi hpe nay
quyet dinh khai trffdng Coursera, If hf thong
MOOC dfu tifn va cCing la Idn nhat tfnh dfin thdi
dian hien tgi vdi tong vfin dau tff ban dau ten den
22 ttieu USD, Coursera tuyfn bfi da lien ket vdi
nhieu ttudng OH danh tieng khae nhU: Painsylvania,
Princeb)n va Michigan Va hien nay mgng lUdi
lien kfit cua hf thfing nay ten dfin 100 trudng OH
- edX: Theo trao IuU MOOC, vao mua Xuan nam
2012, OH Harvard tham gia hpp tac vdi DH MIT
phat triln he tiiong MITx la mdt nen tfng hpc lifu
md ttut tuyfin frudc do, ttianh hfi thfing MOOC va
dfii lai ten la edX Ofy la he thong MOOC mang
tt'nh chat phi thutfng mgi vdi ^ n g von dau tU Ifn
dfin 80 trieu USD Ngfy nay, edX cung cap khoang
200 khoa hpe va lien ket vdi 53 ttUdng DH khac
trfn tofn the gidi, trong do ed eae trUdng ndi
tieng nhff: Brown, Columbia, Comell, Darthmouth,
Harvard, Princeton va Yale
- Udaeity: Khac vdi hai he tiiong MOOC tiudc,
hfi thfing nay dutfc dau tU bdi cac cong ty lifn
doanh vdi mue dfch ttiudng mai, vdi tong vfin dau
tff udc tfnh If 21,1 tiifu USD [13] Hifn nay, Udacaty
eung efp khoang 39 khoa hpc vdi sy lien k f i cua
11 frudng DH ttianh vien Ngudi hpc vdi Udaeity
sau khi hofn tiianh khoa hpc se dffpe kilm tra bang
tfi chffc
- FutureLearn: Trao IUu MOOC da vUdn ra khdi Hoa Ky Open University eiia Vutfng qufic Anh quyet djnh trien khai he thong FutureLearn, dupe xem
la mpt trong nhiihg hf thfing MOOC thutfng mai
ed quy md Idn dffpe xay dyhg ben ngoai Hoa K^
He ttifing nay lien ket vdi khoang 40 frudng DH thanh vien va cung cap khoang 53 khof hpc dgi tra
Ngay nay, MOOC tan tof d nhifu nUdc tren t h f gidi Oien hinh Iverslty va OpenCourseWorld la hai he thfing MOOC dudc xay duhg tgi Offc TUdng
ty, tai chfu A, ehfu Uc da cho khdi ddng hai he ttifing MOOC tf Open2Study va OpenLearning Trao IUU eung dang thu hut nhieu sff quan tfm vf dau tff xay dyhg tgi eae qufic gia nhff Nhgt Bfn, Han Quoe, Dai Loan, Singapore, Trung QuSe [11]
2 \iu diem v f han che cua md hinh
MOOC
2.1 Nhiing ifu diern cua md hinh MOOC
Tuy dutfc xem nhU la budc ngoat cda sy phat ttiln frong nfn giao dye, nhffng mfl hinh nfy khflng the thay t h f hofn toan mo hinh dgy hpc truyen thong Mac du vfy, diung ta khflng t h i phu nhgn nhffng Ipi ieh to Idn do chfnh md hinh MOOC mang lgi [5,7] nhd nhiihg Uu diem chfnh sau:
Di theo xu thf phft triln hien dgi ciia CNTT,
pha bd rao chan ve thdi gian va vj trf Sia ty eua
ngUdi hpc Chi can cd mgng, ngudi hpe cd till tham gia hpe tfp
Ngudi hoe dffpe tiep xuc vdi eac khoa hpc chft Iffpng, dupc gifng day bdi eae giao sff eua cae trffdng DH hfng dfu thfi gidi VI tfnh ket noi toan cfu, ngudi hpc ed ed hfli hpe tap va giao tifip vdi cpng dfing qufic te
Mang tfnh chat dgi fra, gdp phan giam ngfn sach dau tU vfo dao tao eua qufic gia Do eac khoa hpc chii yeu dy^ vao cong nghe da phudng tien nfn eac t f i nguyfn hpe tap ed ti'nh tai sff dyng cao nhff: video, ebook
Khong can phfi chdhg thut trinh dp hay bfng
35
Trang 6kfch thich phudng phap b/ hoc va ho frd trift Iy
hoc tap suot ddi
2.2 Nhifng han eheva thieh titut cua mo
hinh MOOC
Trao IuU hpe tfp tren nfn tfng MOOC nhanh
chdng lan toa khap ndi tten the gidi Tuy nhifn,
vin cdn mflt sfi y kien trfi chieu cho rang MOOC
dang bj tiiol phSng thai quf [7,8] Ben egnh sff
ling hfl nhift ttnh eua nhieu ngUdi la nhffng y kifn
trai chieu, phfn anh nhffng hgn ehe ciia hf thong
MOOC nhU sau [5,7,11]:
Ngfln ngff ta van de dau tien dupe de efp den
trong mfl hinh MOOC Hifn nay, efe tdioa hpe va
cac trudng DH lifn ket ehii yeu tap trung d eac
qufic gia phutfng Tfy, do dd ngfin ngff ehfnh quy
ap dung cho eae khoa hpc van If tieng Anh Day
la mfit trd ngai Idn eho ngffdi hpe khi tieng Anh
khdng phai ngdn ngff ehfnh cua ho
D I gay ra tinh trang nhieu thfing tin trong qua
trinh hpe do so lutfng hpc vien tiiam gia qua dfing
Tra ldi nhffng binh lufn, nhan xet, eau ha eiia hang
nghin hpc vien la mflt thfch thffe Idn cho ngudi
day va trp gifng Khdng t h i tudng tac true ttep
nhu mpt idp hpe chinh quy
Chi phf de thiet kfi vf van hanh mdt Idioa hpe
kha eao Theo University of Texas chi phi d l xay
dyhg mot khof hpc online ed gia tff 100.000 dfin
300.000 USD, tijy thudc dfc dilm mfln hpc NgUdi
dgy gap Idid khan trong viec xay dyhg cac video
hffdng dan vf can sff giup dd tff nhfn viin ky
thuat, thiet kfi Chi phi tmng binh mfit gid cua mot
tiiudc phim hoan ehinh If 4.300 USD [15]
Oen vdi MOOC, ngu^ hpe phfi trang bi ky
n3ng tff hoe va phai ed ti'nh ky luft eao Hinh 2 la
mdt minh hog cho thay sff thfii phong qua mffc
eua dff lufn xa hpi Ty If hpc vien tham dy dfy
dli tat ea cfe buoi hpe chi chiem khoang 10%
frong tong so tham gia, gan 50% hpc vifn bd hpc
trang budi dau bfn [12]
Ngoai ra, van de thi cff va kilm tra la ttiach
tiiut Idn eua md hinh nfy, khi mf sfi lutfng hoc
vien qua dong va hau het phan tan khap nPi trfn
thfi gidi HPn nffa, van df cfp chffng chi va dfm
nay
Hinh 2 r^ li hgc viin bd hgc ddc tuan bong m^ khoa hgc cua Coursera [12]
3 S ^ phat trien cua MOOC tal V i f t Nam Truyen thong dan tdc Viet Nam ludn eoi ttung viec hpe la hang dau Theo ket quf eua mflt khfo sat, tong chi tieu eua ngffdi Vift Nam dau h/trong gifo dye la 47% vf t / If sinh vifn sau khi tdt nghl^ dai hpc Ifm viec ttai nghfi chiem dfin 70% [6]
Ben canh do, hien nay nhieu ts ehfft d Viet Nam
da quan tam dfin vifc ttien khai cfc hogt dflng ho ttp ngffdi dfn hpc tap sufit ddi Day ehfnh la dieu kien thufn ldl cho vifc phat ttien MOOC d tiij frUdng Viet Nam MOOC cd the dap uhg mpi nhu c^u hpc tap eua mpi d ^ ti/png khfe nhau nhff: nhffng ngudi Ifm trai nghe vf mufin linh hpi kien thffe thudc ITnh vut chuyfn m&i khac Iinh vut cK dutfc dfo tao trudc dd, nhffng ngudi theo dufii triet
ly hpc tap suot ddi
Theo xu the eua thfi gidi, vao nam 2008, GiapSdiool - he thfing MOOC dfu tten dutfc ttien khai d Viet Nam, dupe sfng tap bdi Gifp Van DUPng, ngudi ttffe ttfip dfm nhfn tat ef eac vai trd trong he thong, tff vifc quan trj den vifc thiet
ke bai giang va giang dgy Cfc khoa hpc trong GiapSehool da dgng trong nhieu Iinh vUt dfnh cho sinh vien he ehinh quy ciing nhff cae hpe vifn dai tta Hifn tgi, GiapSctioot da lien ket vdi hai giang vifn dgi hpc khfe, cung cap 11 khoa hpe dgi tra vdi sy tham gia ciia hdn 4.000 hpc vifn Ofy la budc danh dau sy thfm nhfp cua MOOC vao tiij ttudng Vift Nam
Tuy cd tiem nang thj trudng cao, nhuhg phat
Trang 7Idn Van de v f t f i chfnh, sy quan tfm cda cac nha
phft ttien giao dye va mdt trong nhOhg bat cgp
Idn nheft ehfnh If thdi quen sff dyng Internet ciia
ngffdi hpc Mac dd cd so Iffpng ngudi dung
Inter-net cao, nhuhg phfn tdn ctil tap trung vfo mye
dfch gifi tri
Vdi nhtihg han chfi da phfn tieh d tten, vifc
phat trien MOOC d Vift Nam phfi ed bien dfii
sang tao nhat djnh trong mfi hinh MOOC Theo sy
danh gia ciia cac chuyfn gia, so vdi bgc pho
thflng thi bac giao dye DH van cdn rat nhieu hgn
ehf Mac du da dude nhifu cp sd dao tgo ap
dyng, nhuhg giao due ttye tuyfin d nude ta hifn
tgi ehi tap trung chii yeu vfo mfng tuyen thi dgi
hpe, ngoai ngff, ttn hpc van phdng va ky nfng
mfim Chfnh vi vgy, chiing ta cfn tfp trung triln
khai mfl hinh MOOC cho giao dye d bfc dai hpc
Trong do, md hinh xMOOC dude danh gia la phCi
hpp d^ friln khai trude tien so vdi cMOOC do d
bfc DH sinh vifn v§n ehu^ du tri thffe va ky nfng
d l tham gia vfo eae he thong eMOOC, ndi chii
yfiu dfnh eho gidi chuyen gia nham mye dfch
nghifn cffu khoa hpc HPn thfi nOi, xMOOC If sy
tifp nfii eua phutfng phfp day hpc truyfin thfing,
do do phd hdp hdn cho ngudi hpe khi tiep can
Oe ap dyng cMOOC d Viet Nam, ttUde hfit phfi
tuyen truyen de thay dfii cfeh nhfn djnh cua xa
hfli va nha nudc dfii vdi MOOC Hifn nay, cd mpt
so djnh kien cho rfng, vdi vife hpc tfp trfn Idp cd
sff rang buoc ti'nh ky luft ma chft lutfng dao tao
(xin yeu kem thi dfo tgo h u t tuyen vdi tieu ehf tff
do se khong dam bao dutfe chat ludng Hdn the
nffa, mflt sfi y kien khae eho rfng, khi MOOC phft
triln se thu hiit het hpe vifn dSn den ttnh trang
thifu vifc tam cho giang vifn Dfy If nhOhg c^nh
kifin gfy ttd ngai tdn cho MOOC
Oe ap dyng cfe khoa hoc trut tuyfin ehdng ta
cd the d\ theo hai phffdng phap Vdi phffdng phap
ttiff nhft; cae ttudng OH Viet Nam eo ttil lifn kft
vdi eac hf thong Idn eo sin d nudc ngoai nhu Edx,
Coursera vf Udaeity de dUa eac khoa hpc nfli
dja vao he thfing gifo dye quoc tfi Cach tilp cfn
nay dang dddc f p dyng bdi nhieu frUdng OH tgi
nhifiu nudc d chfu A nhu Nhft Ban, Han Quoc va
Tmng Qufic Vdi phffPng phap thff hai, can cd mot
r •"
^0
Md hinh Khoa hgc trut tuy&i md (Massive Open
Online Course - MOOC)
Anh: Internet
to chut trong nUdc dffng dau lien ket eac ttudng
OH va ^ chffe nay phai du manh ve kinh te de dau tff cd sd vat chat cho mdi tru'dng hpe tfp mang tfnh chat cfing nghf
Trong bude xay duhg cac khoa hpc, mfe du cac khoa hpc da ITnh vyt nhu kinh tfi, van hof, edng nghf d l dutfc triln khai thanh cfing d nhieu
nude, nhung vffi difiu kifn kinh te nhff hien nay
ehung ta nen bffdc dau tap ttung vao cfc khoa hpc ed ti'nh kha thi cao vol cac mdn hpc i ^ cfing nghf Ngofi ra, ehiing ta cd till fp dyng ket hpp trang eae mfln hpc khac, ehang hgn ket hpp MOOC trong giang dgy thut hanh, vi thffe hanh ddi hdi nhifiu thdi gian, khf nfng t y hpc eao vf do ciing
la thfi mgnh cua MOOC
Cufii cdng, cfn dffa hf thfing MOOC vfn hfnh nhff mflt thfnh phfn ehfnh quy frong dao tgo DH, tiit la ed sy danh gia, ghi nhfn ket qua trong qua trinh hpe tfp vf xem dd tf dilm hpc chfnh thffe, khi dd se dam bao tfnh nghifm tuc hpe tfp eua sinh vlfn Ngoai ra, trang chudng tiinh dfo tao nfn them efe mfln hpc mang ti'nh bat bufle, khuyen khfch sinh vien tham gia eac khoa hpc MOOC eua nUde ngofi nham tiep thu kifin thffc ehuyen sau
de tiep cgn phffPng phfp dao tao mdi vf ed the
ti'ep tyc hpc tfp sau khi tSt nghifp theo ttiet l<^
hpc tap suot ddi
K e t l u | n Dudc hinh thanh va phft ttien trong gfn mpt thap ky qua, MOOC dutfc xem la mpt hifn ti/png
va la trfo IuU mdi trang giao dye hien dai Nd d i
37
Trang 8nganh Gifo dye, vdi tifu chf mang ngufin tri thffc
md chat IUdng dfin vdi so dflng ngudi hpc Vdi Ipi
feh to ldn do MOOC mang lai, hang logt efe he
thong Idn da ra ddi khflng ehi d que hffdng ciia
MOOC la Hoa Ky, ma edn tan rpng den eac qufic
gia khae trfn toan the gidi
Mae du dutfe tten doan nhu If bffdc nhay vpt
trong eflng nghf day hpc, nhuhg ban thfn MOOC
van cdn tDn tgi nhieu hgn ehe npi tai diutt khac
phyc dutfc Van de ve ngfln ngLJ", tai ehinh, chat
lupng, thdi quen van dang la rao can tdn doi vdi
cae quoe gia dang phat friln trong dd cd Viet Nam
MOOC van dang tffng bude frUdng thfnh vf la xu
hudng day hpc ciia tUPng lai Hien tgi, MOOC van
dang If md hinh \'f tudng va nfn ap dung ket hdp
mfl hinh nay vdi mfl hinh dgy hpc ehfnh quy truyen
thong de phat huy toi da the mgnh cua ea hai mfl
hinh
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
1 DUtfng Trpng TSn, NguySn Khfc Thfnh
MOOC - mgt hien tutfng giao due so txian du http://
chungta.vn/ttn-tuc/chuyen-gia/mooc-mot-hien-tuong-giao-duc-so-toan-cau-40082.html Truy cfp
17/9/2016
2 He thong MOOC Edx https://www,edx.org
3 He thdng MOOC Coursera https://www.courseTa
org
1 Hf thdng MOOC Udadty
https://www.uda-dty com
5 Huynh Quang VQ Vii suy nghi ve tac ddng
eua MOOC tcff giang day toan trong Idp hoc truyen
thing, http://www.math.hcmus.edu.vn/~hqvu/misc
/MOOChtinl Truy cfp 22/9/2016
6 Md htnh kinh doanh cua MOOC http://www
adion.vn Truy efp 22/9/2016
trut tuy&i md MOOC https://hocthenao.vn/2013/
06/03/cae-khoa-hoc-dai-tra-true-tuyen-mo-mooc-nguyen-ngoc-tuan/ Tmy cap 17/9/2016
b Phgm Hi£p MOOCs glQ^ nga ba dUdng
hH:ps://horthenao.vn/2014/12/02/moocs-giua-nga-ba-duong-pham-hiep/ Tmy efp 22/9/2016
9 Angel, F.B Maria, S.E L., Francisco, G P
J Methodological approach and technological
frame-work to break the current limitations of MOOC modd
II Journal of Universal Computer Science 2015
-Vol 21 - P 712-734
10 Brown, K Global Intemet report 2014 //
Internet Society, 2014
11 C -C Chen Ofiportiinities and challenges of
MOOCS: perspectives from Asia II IFLA World
Ubrary and Information Congress, 2013
12 Hill, P Combining MOOC Stiident Patterns
Graphic with Stanford Analysis http://mfeldstein
com Truy cap 22/9/2016
13 L Yuan and Powell, S MOOCs and Open
Education: implications for higher education II in
JISC CETIS, 2013
14 OpenupEd Definition Massive Open Online
Courses (MOOCs) http://www.openuped.eu Tmy
cap 17/9/2016
15 Open edX $70K Is the Average Cost of
ProdudngAn Online Course https://www.ibtstudios
com Truy cap 22/9/2016
16 Peters, G., Sacker, D and Seruga, J A
comparative anaty^s of MOOC - Australia's position
in the internabonal education market II in CoRR
-2016
(Ngay toi soan nhan bai: 19/1/2017; Ngiy phan biin danh gii: 05/6/2017; Ngay chap nh$n ding: 9/6/2017)