Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Luat hgc Tap 34, So 4 (2018) 62 74 Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi Lu|t hoc Website ht^;//js vnu edu vn/LS Co che quan tri dai hoc tu chu va yeu cm hoan thien phap lua[.]
Trang 1Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi: Lu|t hoc
Website: ht^;//js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Co che quan tri dai hoc tu chu va yeu cm
hoan thien phap luat tu chii dai hoc a Viet Nam
Do Due Minh*
Ban Thanh tra vd Phdp che Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ndi,
144Xudn Thiiy, Cdu Gidy, HaNgi, VietNam
Ngay nhan 14 thang 11 nam 2018 Chmh sua ngay 15 thang 12 nam 2018; Chap nhan dang ngay 24 thang 12 nam 2018
Tom tat: Bai via lam ro nhung vin &k ca ban vd ca chi quan tri dai hoc tgr chii, khai qudt tiSn
ttinh the che hoa chii ttrrong tir chii dai hpc va trign khai thirc hi§n ttr chu dai hoc trong dioi gian
qua, phan tich nhiing han che, bat cap cua phapluat va iam ro nhu c'mi hoan thien phap luJit ve tu chii dai hgc, dap ung yeu cku d6i mai can ban, toan dien giao due dai hoc hien nay
Tu- khoa: Ty chu dai hgc, D6i mai giao due dai hoc, Viet Nam
1 Cff ehi quan tri daii hoc ty chii
l.T Tu-chu dgi hoc (universily autonomy)
Tir chii dai hpc (TCDH) la quyen tir do
cua trucmg dai hoc trong viec quyet dinh
nhung cong viec cua chinh minh; tha hien kha
nang chu dong trong viec xay dung va thuc
hien chien lugc cua nha tnrong ma khong bi
troi bupc boi nhirng quy dinh va quan li a cSp
vT mo La kha nang toan di?n cua trirang dai
hpc boat dpng theo each thuc lira chon dl dat
dugc sij menh va muc tieu dugc dat ra, tir chu
cung mang lai nhirng lgi the cho cac trirang
dai hgc boi mot nguyen li co ban diing sau tu
chti la cac co so giao due dai hpc (GDDH) se
van hanh t6t bon
•DT 84-24-37547016
Email' minhdd@vnu.edu.vn,
https://doi org/10.25073/2588-n67/vnuls 4183
Quyen hr chu dai hgc dugc phan biet thanh 2 dang thiic [1]:
1) Tu chu thuc chdt hay bdn the (substantive autonomy) - la quy6n cua nha
trurong dugc tu xac dinh cac muc tieu, chuong trinh cua minh de tra lai cau hoi day "cai gi"?
va dieu nay dugc the hien a tuyen bo su m^ng cua nha truong (cac truang dai hgc co quyen tuyen bo su mang va cac muc tieu, each thiic di den muc tieu ma khong phu thupc vao bSt cu su can thiep nao tir cbinh phu va cac ca quan quan li)- Do chinh la tham quySn dSy dii cua hirang dai hgc trong loai hinh t6 chiic cua minh d6 dira
ra cac quyit djnh chuomg trinh, muc tieu (cai hgc thuat) va van hanh nba truang
2) Tu- chii thu tuc (procedural autonomy) [2]
- la quyen ciia nha truong dugc xac dinh cac bien phap thi hanh de theo du6i cac muc tieu va chucmg brinh da vach ra (each hgc thuat) Do
Trang 2chinh la tham quyen ciia truang dai hgc trong
loai hinh to chiic cua minh de thuc hien cac
quyet dinh san c6 (day hpc "nhu the nao")
nhimg khong co quyen dua ra quyet dinh Hat
nhan cua khai niem tu chii la van hoa quan li
phdn cdp, phdn quyen (decentralization) ve
trach nhiem cong viec va trdch nhiem gidi trinh
(hay trach nhiem xa hgi - accountability) trong
hgc thuat va tbirc hien cac chiic nang quan li
"Truang dai hgc la mgt to chiic tu chu trong
trai tim cua cac xa hgi"' Mgt truang dai hgc
can phai la ca so giao due tu chu de thoa man
nhu cau ciia the giai xung quanh no La dac tinh
von CO, ban chat c6t loi cua giao due, tu chii dai
hpc (TCDH) la dieu kien thi6t yeu de thuc bien
cac phuong thiic quan tri dai hgc tien tien tao
dpng luc de cac truang doi moi nham cai tien
nang cao chat lugng dat bieu qua cao hem boat
dpng, lam gia tang tinh canh tranh giira cac ca
sa GDDH va da dang boa cac hoat dpng giao
due Quyen tu chii mgt mat dam bao cho truang
dai bgc dugc tu quyit dinh cac van dl ciia minh
nhimg mat khac cung de cao trach nhiem xa hpi
(TNXH) cua nha tnrong Xu huang chung trong
doi mcfi GDDH tren the gicri hien nay la chuyen
dich din tu mo hinh nba nuac kiem soat sang
cac mo hinh co miic do tu chu cao hon, tir mo
hinh dai hpc do nha nuac kiem soat sang mo
hinh nha nuoc giam sat chat luang Viec tao
moi truang cho phep cac truang tu quyet va
chiu trach nhiem dugc nhieu chinh phu lira
ehgn nhu la giai phap de iing pho truac siic ep
tai chinh va su thay doi nhanh cua nen kinh te
Vai tro manh me truyen thong cua nha nuac
dirge nhan thiic lai, thay vi kiem soat chi tiet
nha nuoc c6 the tang cucmg giam sat va can
thiep than trgng trong quan li cac trutmg,
Khuynh huang nay ciing lam giam gia tri
truyen thong ciia m6i quan be nha nucrc va
truong dai hgc Tbeo do, viec tang quyen luc a
cSp tmcmg dai hgc cOng dong ngbia vol giara
hot quyen lire ciia co quan quan li Nha nuoc
(nhu Bp GD&DT),
' Trong diln ngon GDDH cua cac nudc phucmg Tay, lg chu la
ban cua mpt tnrong dai hoc, nhir da dupc tai khang dinh trong
1.2 Cdc thdnh td cua tu chd dgi hgc
Tir chu dai hpc (TCDH) dugc hilu la su chu dgng trong quan li ciia to chiic trucmg dai hgc mang tinh phap li ve cac mat sau day:
• Tif chil trong hgc thudt (academic
freedom): la sir tu do ciia ca so GDDH trong viec quyet dinh nhiing van de thupc ve hpc thuat nhu: nganh hgc va chuong trinh dao tao, tai lieu giang day, cac tieu chuan hgc thuat va chat lugng, phuang phap su pham, so lugng va phuong thiic tuyIn sinh, kT thuat danh gia ket qua hgc tap cua sinh vien; quyen cua trutmg dugc tu do lua ehgn thiy giao,., 6 phuong dien ca nhan, tu do hgc thuat la quyen dugc tu
do lua cbgn noi dung giang day, tbeo di' ii tri thiic va cong bo cac ket qua nghien ciiu cua giang vien va sinh vien ma khong bi can thiep
vo li hay bj gicri ban bai luat phap, cac quy djnh ciia CO so giao due bay ap luc cua cong chung;
la quyen cua giao chiic dai hgc "khong bi rang bugc bai bat ki giao li dinh san nao, ve tu do giang day va thao luan, tu do tien banh nghien ciiu, pho bien va xuat ban ket qua nghien ciiu,
tu do bay to y kien ciia minh ve to chiic hoac he thong trong do hg lam viec, tir do thoat khoi kiem duyet ciia nha truang va tham gia cac to chiic nghe nghiep hay cac ca quan dai dien hgc thuat" [3] Viec nghien ciru va giang day cSn phai dgc lap ve mat dao diic, tri tue doi vai cac quyen lire chinh tri va siic manh kinh te Ve ban chat, tu do hpc thuat la sir chii dgng trong hoat dgng dao tao va NCKH cua nba truang tren ca
so tir tri ve quan li ma cot loi la toan quyen tu quyet trong viec lira ehgn chuang trinh giang day, nghien ciiu va bo nhiem nhan su theo hucmg tu do hgc thuat cua nha truong
La gia tri cot loi cita dai hgc, tu do hpc thuat (tu do nghien cuu va tu do giang day) tro thanh tinh than xuyen suot cua mpi boat dpng ciia tru'ong dai bgc Tir tinh than hr do hpc thuat, truang dai hgc tra thanb noi khai pha, raoi duang, truyen ba va xien duong tri thicc; cung khong cbi la mpt trung tam tri tbiic ma con la mpt trung tam van hoa Trong thai dai kmh tl tri thiic_ cua the ky XXI, truang dai hpc tro thanh co may then cb6t cua xa hoi tri thirc thi tu
Trang 3do hpc thuat cang quan trpng va y nghTa doi vdi
hieu qua hoat dong cua nha tnrong cung nhu de
tao nen mot xa hpi dan sir lanh manh va phat
tnen doi song tri thuc
- Tu- chu ve td chdc vd qudn li hay tu cbii
trong quan tri (organizational autonomy): la sy
tu do ciia CO so dao tao trong viec sap xep va to
chirc cac su kien, cac raoi quan he lien quan den
lap ke hoach, to chirc va dieu phoi de thiic day
su nang dpng, phat trien ciia timg ca nhan va sir
virng manh ciia ca so GDDH Cac trudng dai
hpc can duoc tu quyet dinh va cbu dong xay
dung CO cau to chuc, phan cbia, thanh lap cac
dan vi true thupc, tuyen dung, bo nhiem, dai
ngo nhan tai hoac xay dung chien luac phat
trien co tam nhin va dinh huang ro rang Ve ban
chat, do la su cbii dgng ve cac each tbiic quan li
nguon luc ben trong ciia nha truong nham muc
tieu phat trien,
- Tu- chii ve tai chinh (financial autonomy):
la sir tu do ciia co sa dao tao trong sir dung cac
nguon luc tai chinh theo chien lugc uu tien lira
chpn, bao gom cac van de tai chinh nhu: phan
bo kinh phi, cung cap tai chinh tu nguyen, van
hanh tai chinh va trach nhiem giai trinh "Dinh
nghia sie dung duac ve tif chii dai hgc Id su
khdng phu thudc vdo mdt ngudn hd tra duy nhdt
vd chat hep ndo cd"' Ve ban chat, do la su chu
dpng ve viec dam bao cac nguon lire ben trong
phuc vLi cac boat dgng dao tao va NCKH cua
tnrong Co so cung cap tai chinh da dang va
tham quyin sir dung, tao nguon thu, quyen
quyet djnh dpc lap ve su dung ngan sach dugc
nha nuac cap ciing nhu quyen dugc tao quy tir
nhiing nguon khac dugc xem la nhiing van dl
cot loi cua tu chii tai cbinb Cac truong dai hgc
can dugc tu quyet dinh va chii dpng khai thac,
tim kiem cac nguon tai chinh; each thiic sii
dung cac nguon tai chinh va tai san hien co, dku
tu cbo tai san tuong lai va can d6i thu - chi
nham dam bao he thing lai chinh minh bach,
tuan thu phap luat va khong vu Igi
_ "Trong boi canh mo hinh dai hpc truyin
thong dang tra nen 16i thai va dang duoc thay
the bang mo hinh dai hpc mai, khi ngudn lire
dau tu ciia Nba nuoc cho giao due han hep, vi8c trao quyen tir cbu day du cbo cac trutmg dai bpc la bien phap hiJu hieu nhat de phat tri^n GDDH" Do su chia se ngan quy cong cho GDDH dang giam siit va nha nuoc dang doi
hoi GDDH phai ldm nhiiu hon v&i chi phi
thdp hffn cho nen viec da dang hoa nguon thu
se ma rpng mirc dp tu chu ciia nha trucmg Sir
da dang ciia co sa ngan quy la dieu cot yeu d8 tao ra nhung thay doi mang tinh he thong Mgt nguon tai chinh da dang la mgt phan cua TCDH va do sir ma rpng co sa tai chinh, TCDH tra nen rgng hon,
Tren quan diem he thong, sir chii dpng cua cac truang dai hpc ve cac phuong dien hpc thuat (chuyen mon), tai chinh va to cbiic quan li
la khong the tach rai nham trao quyen "tir chu toan dien" cho cac co so GDDH^, Vai nhimg chil dpng tren, cac trutmg dai hpc vua dat duac muc tieu phat trien ben viing trong lau dai vira thiic day su canh tranh nang dpng va lanh manh nham nang cao sir dong gop ciia he thong GDDH vai su phat trien ciia quoc gia
1.3 Tu chu dgi hgc - xu the tdt yeu cua gido due dgi hgc
Tu chii dai hpc la yen can hang dan trong qua trinh doi mai GDDH tren toan the gioi hi?n nay, dugc khang dinh nhumgt cong cu quan trong trong viec tao nguon luc de phuc vu cac boat dgng can thiet ciia mgt tnrcmg dai hpc va lam tron sii menh ciia no doi vai xa hpi, Tren thirc tl, sau klii gia nhap WTO (11/01/2007), Viet Nam da tham gia vao qua trinh toan cau boa trong do co ca giao due, nghia la GDDH Viet Nam ciing "bugc phai boat dpng trong mot moi truang canh tranh tren mpi phuong dien"
He thing GDDH Viet Nam dugc duy tri r^l lau trong CO che quan H toan dien can dugc chuyen sang ca che quan li mai, binh dang va rd rang hon Tuy nhien, ket qua cua each lam cu ro rang
Bai le: cac noi dung cua ttr chii lien quan chat che voi
nhau, neu khong c6 dupc quyen tu chii trong mat nay iM
quyen tu chu a cac mat khac khong the phat huy day du
dupc, Nhu' khi diroc giao tgr chii ve tai chinh thi cln dutjc giao quyen chii dpng trong tuyen sinh, xay dyng miic thu
Trang 4la chua dugc nhu mong muon cua xa hgi, dac
biet la trong khi nhu cku hgc dai hgc da tro
thanh dai chiing Khong ngoai quy luat phat
nien, khi he thong cac trudng dai hpe ngay
cang da d?ng vl so hiru va gia tang nhanh
chong ve so lugng thi each thirc quan li theo co
che bao cap da khong con phii hgp va neu
khong thirc hien TCDH theo Ip trinh thi GDDH
Viet Nam khong the hoan thanh dugc sir menh
ciia minh Vai tro cua quan li nha nuac can
duge tach bach tir vai tro quan li vi mo sang
quan li vT mo mang tinb dinh huong va dieu
phoi Tir thuc te nay, Viet Nam can co mot eugc
each mang trong GDDH va ehan hung giao due
la menh lenh eugc song Doi mai GDDH la yeu
cau hire thiet va tu ehu ehinh la giai phap chien
lugc eho GDDH; cac trirang dai hge (truoe bet
la eac truong eong lap) can phai ehuyen doi
nhanh chong sang co che tu ehu va chju TNXH,
Vi vay, nhihig nam dau ciia the ky XX ciing voi
su xuat hien khai niem tir ehu, tu chiu trach
nhiem da thu biit su quan tam va tranh luan ciia
xa hpi, nganh giao due da buoc vao cong cuoc
doi m6i mang tinh buoc ngoat va dot pha ve ea
chi quan li GDDH, D6ng thai, qua trinh doi
moi (cai each) theo huong trao quyen tu ehii
cho cac trudng dai hgc cung huang tdi xay
dung va hoan thien he thong phap luat ranh
mach, thong nhat, binh dang va trien khai cac
chinh sach ho trg phii hop, nhat quan cho cac
loai hinh trudng tham gia eung cap san pham,
dich vu GDDH mgt each thuan lgi va chii dpng
2 Tien trinh xay dirng phap luat ty chu dai
hgc ff Viet Nam
Tir phuong dien phap li, TCDH dugc xem
la kha nang hanh dgng chii dgng mang tinh
pbap li vl cae mat hpe thuat, tai chinh, to chiie
va nhan sir eiia to chire trudng dai bpc; la
phuang thiic quan trj dai hpc tien tien nham cai
tiln, nang cao ehat lugng dao tao, da dugc
khSng dinh la mgt cong cu quan trpng n-ong
viee tao nguon lire dl giiip eac trudng thuc hien
tot sii menh ciia minh doi vdi xa hpi Thuc hien
CO cbl quan tri tir chii ciing la mgt yen eau bang
hien nay nham dap irng yeu eau dao tao nguon nhan luc trinh do cao trong tbdi ki day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai boa va hpi nhap quoc
te Trong 2 thap ky qua, cac tnrdng dai hgc Viet Nam timg budc dugc trao quyen tu chii, dugc the hien qua cac dao luat giao due va van ban phap quy cua Nha nudc, nhu:
2.1 Quyen ttf chu qua Ludt Gido duc vd cdc vdn bdn phdp quy cda Nhd nu&c
Thuc hien chu truong doi mdi GDDH, Luat Giao due, Dieu le nha tnrdng va nhieu van ban quy pbam phap luat (VBQPPL) dugc ban hanh nliam trao quyen tir chii, tu chiu trach nhiem eho cae don vi sir nghiep dao tao eong lap Cu till la:
- Lugt Gido due ndm 1998 (Luat so
11/1998/QHlO) danh ddu su chuyen bien tich cue trong nhan thiic cua cac cap quan li ve TCDH bang sir ghi nhan quyen tu chii va tu chiu trach nhiem cua trudng cao dang, trudng dai bpc vdi eae npi dung:
1) Xay dung chuong trinh, giao trinh, ke hoach giang day, hgc tap doi vai cac nganh nghe dugc phep dao tao;
2) To ehiie tuyen sinh theo chi tieu ciia Bg Giao due va Dao tao, to chiie qua trinh dao tao, cong nhan tot nghiep va cap van bang theo tham quyen;
3) To chiie bp may nha trudng;
4) Huy dgng, quan li, sir dung cac nguon lire nham thuc hien mue tieu giao due; 5) Hgp tac vdi cac to chiic kinb te, giao due, van boa, the due, the thao, y te, nghien ciiu khoa hgc (NCKH) trong nude va nude ngoai theo quy dinh cua Chinh pbii (Dieu 55) Nhirng quyen nay tbugc 4 nhom quyen co tinh khung
ve hgc thuat, to chiic va nhan su, nguon lire vat ehat va ve hgp tac
- Nghi dinh sd 31-CP vd Nghi dinh sd
32-CP ngdy 4/4/1994 ciia Chinh phii vl viec thanh
lap lap Dai hgc Thai Nguyen va Dai hpc Da Nang khong ghi nhan quyin hr ehu nao Nhu vay, quyen tu ehii ciia dai bpe vimg duac xac
Trang 5do bpc thuat eang quan hpng va y nghia doi vdi
hieu qua hoat dpng ciia nha trudng ciing nhu de
tao nen mpt xa hpi dan sir lanh manh va phat
trien ddi song tri thuc
- Tu chu ve to chare vd qudn li hay tu chu
trong quan tn (organizational autonomy): la su
tu do cua CO sd dao tao trong viec sap xep va to
chirc cac sir kien, cac moi quan he lien quan den
lap ke hoach, to chirc va dieu phoi de thiic day
su nang dpng, phat trien ciia timg ea nhan va sir
vUng manh cua co sd GDDH Cac trudng dai
hgc can duoc tu quyet dinb va chu dgng xay
dung CO cau to ebiie, phan chia, thanh lap cae
don vi true thuoc, tuyen dung, bo nhiem, dai
ngo nhan tai hoac xay dung ehien lugc phat
trien co tam nhin va dinh hudng ro rang Ve ban
chat, do ia sir chu dpng ve cac each thirc quan li
nguon luc ben trong ciia nha trudng nham muc
tieu phat trien
- Tir chii vi tdi chinh (financial autonomy):
la sir tu do ciia co sd dao tao trong sir dung cae
nguon lire tai chinh theo chien luge uu tien lira
ehgn, bao gom cac van de tai cbinh nhu: phan
bo kinh phi, cung cap tai chinh tu nguyen, van
hanh tai chinh va traeh nhiem giai trinh "Dinh
nghia su dung dug-c vi tu chu dgi hoc Id su
khdng phu thudc vdo mdt ngudn hd trg duy nhdt
vd chdt hep ndo cd"~ Ve ban chat, do la sir chii
dgng ve viec dam bao cac nguon luc ben trong
phuc vu cac boat dpng dao tao va NCKH eua
trudng Ca sd cung cap tai chinh da dang va
tham quyen sii' dung, tao nguon thu, quyen
quyet dinh dgc lap ve sii dung ngan sach duge
nha nudc cap cung nhu quyen duoc tao quy tir
nhihig nguIn khac dugc xem la nhirng van dl
cot loi eiia tu chii tai ehinh Cac tnrdng dai bgc
ciin dugc hr quyit dinh va chu dpng khai thae,
tim kiem eac nguon tai ehinh; each thire sii
dung eae nguon tai ehinh va tai san hien co, diu
tu cho tai san tuong lai va can doi thu - chi
nham dam bao he thong tai chinh mmh bach,
tuan thii phap luat va khong vu lgi
"Trong boi canh mo hinh dai hpe truyin
thong dang trd nen I6i thdi va dang duge thay
the bang mo binh dai hge mdi, khi ngudn lire
dau tu cua Nha nudc cho giao due ban hep, viec trao quyen tir chu day dii eho eac trudng dgi hpe la bien phap hiru hieu nhat dl phat triin GDDH" Do su chia se ngan quy eong cho GDDH dang giam siit va nha nude dang doi
hoi GDDH phai ldm nhieu hon v&i chi phi
thdp hffn cho nen viec da dang hda nguon thu
se md rpng mirc do tu chu ciia nba trudng Su
da dang ciia co sd ngan quy la dieu cot yeu de tao ra nhirng thay doi mang tinb he thing Mgt nguon tai chinh da dang la mot phan ciia TCDH va do su md rgng co sd tai ehinh, TCDH trd nen rgng hon
Tren quan diem he thong, su chu dgng ciia cac trudng dai hgc ve cac phuang dien hpc thuat (chuyen mon), tai chinh va to chiic quan Ii
la khong the tach rdi nham trao quyin "tu chii toan dien" cho cac ca sd GDDH', Vdi nhimg chii dgng tren, cac trudng dai hpc vira dat dirge muc tieu phat trien ben viing trong lau dai vja thiic day su canh tranh nang dpng va lanh manh nham nang cao su dong gop cua hS thing GDDH vdi su phat trien cua quoc gia
1.3 Tu chu dgi hoc - xu thi tdt yeu ciia gido due dgi hgc
Tu chii dai hgc la yeu cau hang dau trong qua trinh doi mdi GDDH tren toan the gidi hien nay, duge khang dinh nhirmot cong cu quan trgng trong viee tao nguon lire de phuc vu cSc hoat dpng can thiet ciia mgt trudng dai hpc va lam iron sii menh ciia no doi vdi xa bgi Tren thuc tl, sau khi gia nhap WTO (11/01/2007), Viet Nam da tham gia vao qua trinh toan cau boa trong do eo ca giao due, nghia la GDDH Viet Nam ciing "bugc phai boat dgng trong mgt moi trudng canh tranh tren mpi phuong dien"
He thdng GDDH Viet Nam dugc duy tri r§t lau trong CO che quan li toan dien can dugc ehuyea sang CO che quan li mdi, binb dang va ro rang hon Tuy nhien, kit qua cua each lam cu ro rang
B&t le: cac noi dung ciia Hr chii hen quan chat che vol
nhau, neu khong co duoc quyen t^r chii trong m^t nay lii quy^n tu chii 6 cac mat khac khong thd phat huy dliy dii
dupc, Nhw khi duoc giao ty chii ve tai chinh ihi can &W
giao quyen chii dong trong tuyIn sinh, xay dimg miic fliu
Trang 6la chua dugc nhu mong muon ciia xa hgi, dac
biet la trong khi nhu cau hgc dai hpc da trd
thanh dai chung Khong ngoai quy luat phat
trien, khi he thong cac trudng dai hpc ngay
cang da dang ve sd hiiu va gia tang nhanh
chong ve so lugng thi each thiie quan li theo co
che bao cap da khong eon phii hgp va neu
khong thue hien TCDH theo lg trinh thi GDDH
Viet Nam khong the hoan thanh duge sir menh
eua minh Vai trd ciia quan li nha nudc can
dugc tach bach tir vai tro quan li vi mo sang
quan li vT mo mang tinh dinh hudng va dieu
phoi, Tir thuc te nay, Viet Nam can c6 mpt cupe
each mang trong GDDH va chan hung giao due
la menh lenh cupc s6ng, Doi mdi GDDH la yeu
cau bite thiet va tu chii cbinh la giai phap chien
lugc cho GDDH; cac trudng dai hoc (trude bet
la cac trudng cong lap) can phai chuyen doi
nhanh chong sang ca chi tu chu va chiu TNXH
Vi vay, nhiing nam dSu cua thi ky XX cimg vdi
su xudt bien khai mem tu chu, tir chiu traeh
nhiem da thu hiit su quan tam va tranh luSn eua
xa bgi, nganh giao due da budc vao cong cuoc
doi mdi mang tinh budc ngoat va dot pha vl co
che quan li GDDH Dong thai, qua trinh doi
mdi (eai each) theo hudng trao quyen tu chii
cho cac trudng dai bpc eung budng tdi xay
dimg va hoan thien he tbong pbap luat ranh
mach, thong nhat, binb dang va trien khai cac
cbinh saeh ho trg phii hgp, nhat quan cho cae
loai hinh trudng tham gia cung cap san pbam,
djch vu GDDH mpt each thuan loi va chu dgng
2 Tien trinh xay diing phap luat tu chu dai
hoc ff Viet Nam
Tir phuang dien phap li, TCDH dugc xem
la kha nang hanh dpng ehii dpng mang tinh
phap li vl eac mat hgc thuat, tai cbinb, to chiic
va nhan sir eiia to chiic trudng dai hgc; la
phuang thire quan tri dai hge tien tien nham cai
tien, nang cao chat lugng dao tao, da dugc
khang dinh la mgt cong eu quan trgng trong
viec tao ngudn luc de giiip cac trudng thuc hien
tit sii menh eiia minh doi vdi xa hgi Tbirc hien
CO che quan tri tu chii cung la mgt yeu cau hang
hien nay nham dap iitig yeu cau dao tao nguon nhan lire trinh do cao trong thdi ki day manh cong nghiep boa, bien dai hda va hpi nhap quoc
te Trong 2 thap ky qua, cac trudng dai hgc Viet Nam timg budc dugc trao quyen tu chu, dugc the hien qua cac dao luat giao due va van ban phap quy eua Nha nudc, nhu:
2.1 Quyin tu chit qua Lugt Gido due vd cdc vdn bdn phdp quy cua Nhd nu&c
Thue hien ehii truong doi mdi GDDH, Luat Giao due, Dieu le nha trudng va nhieu van ban quy pham phap luat (VBQPPL) dugc ban hanh nham trao quyen tu chu, tu chiu trach nhiem cho eac don vi sir nghiep dao tao cong lap Cu thi la:
Lugt Gido due ndm 1998 (Luat so
n/1998/QHlO) danh diu sir chuyin biln tieh cue trong nhan thiic ciia eae cap quan H ve TCDH bang su ghi nhan quyen tu cbii va tu chiu traeh nhiem eua trudng cao dang, trudng dai hgc vdi eae ngi dung:
1) Xay dung chuang trinh, giao trinh, kl hoach giang day, hgc tap doi vdi cae nganh nghe dugc phep dao tao;
2) To chiie tuyen sinh theo chi tieu cua Bg Giao due va Dao tao, to chiic qua trinh dao tao, cong nhan tot nghiep va cap van bang theo tham quyen;
3) To cbiic bp may nha trudng;
4) Huy dpng, quan li, sir dung cac nguon lire nham thue hien mue tieu giao due; 5) Hgp tac vdi eae to chiic kinh te, giao duc, van boa, the due, the thao, y te, nghien ciiu khoa hgc (NCKH) trong nude va nudc ngoai theo quy dinh ciia Cbinh phu (Dieu 55) Nhirng quyen nay thupc 4 nhom quyen c6 tinh khung
ve hpc thuat, td ehiie va nhan su, nguon lire vat chat va ve hop tac
- Nghi dinh sd 31-CP vd Nghi dinh sd
32-CP ngdy 4/4/1994 cua Cbinh phu ve viec thanh
lap lap Dai hpc Thai Nguyen va Dai bpc Da Nang khong gbi nhan quyen tu chu nao Nhu vay, quyen hr chii cua dai hgc viing dugc xac
Trang 7lap chung vdi loai hinh trudng dai hgc theo
Dieu 1? Trudng dai bgc
- Diiu le tru&ng dai hgc ban banh tbeo
Quylf dinh si 153/2003/QD-TTg, ngay
30/7/2003 ciia Thu hrdng Chinh phu neu ro:
"Trudng dai hpc dugc quyen tu chu va hr ehiu
trach nhiem theo quy dinh cua phap luat va
Dilu le trudng dai hpc ve quy hoach, ke hoaeh
phat triin nha nude, to ehiic boat dpng dao tao,
KH&CN, tai cbinh, quan he quIc tl, to chiie va
nhan su" (Dilu 10) Dilu le quy dinh 7 nhom
quyin hr chu ddi vdi loai hinh tnrdng trudng
dai hge, gom: I) hoach djnh phat triin; 2) xay
dung chuong trinh, giao trinh, ke hoach dao tao,
tuyen sinh, to chiic dao tao, cong nhan tot
nghiep, in an va cap bang; 3) huy dgng, quan li,
su dung cac nguon luc, hgp tac va lien ket nang
eao chat lugng va su phii hop; 4) dang ky tham
gia tuyen ehgn, thuc hien nhiem vu va ky ket
hgp dong khoa hpc cdng nghe; 5) hgp tac, lien
doanh, nhan tai trg, gop von, sir dung nguon tbu
ngoai ngan sach; 6) nhSn dat, thue dat, vay von;
va 7) to chiie bg may nha trudng
- Lugt Gido due ndm 2005 (Luat so
38/2005/QHl 1) xac lap quyin hr chu va TNXH
cua CO sd GDDH, gbi nhan quyen tu ehii eiia
trudng dai hpc vdi ngi dung tutmg tu quan niem
eua eac nudc phat trien, the hien tap trung d
nhiing quy dinh ve thirc hien phan eong, phan
cap quan li giao due, tang cudng quyen tu ehii,
tu chiu trach nhiem ciia co sd giao due; khang
dinh "Nba nudc se tang cudng quyen tu ehii,
tir chiu trach nhiem cua ca sd giao due" (Dieu
14) va quyen tu ehu va tu chiu trach nhiem ciia
trudng trung cap, trudng cao dang, trudng dai
hpe (Dilu 60)"
Dilu 60 (Luat Giao due 2005) quy dinh: "Truong trung
cap, mitmg cao dang, tmong dai hpc duoc quyin tt; chu
va tu chiu trach nhi?m theo quy dinh cua phap luat va theo
Dieu le nha tnrong ttong cac hoat dong: 1) Xay dung
chuong tt-inh, giao ttnnh, kl hoach giang day, hpc tap d6i
voi cac nganh nghe dupc ph^p dao tao; 2) Xay dung chi
tgo, cong nhan tot nghiep va cAp van bang; 3) To churc bp
giao, can bo, nhan vien, 4) Huy dpng, quan li, su dung cac
nguon luc; 5) Hop tac voi cac to chirc kinh tl, giao duc
Nghi quyet sd 14/2005/NQ-CP ngdy 02/11/2005 cua Chinh phu ve doi mdi co ban
va toan dien GDDH Viet Nam giai doan 2006
-2020 eiing khang dinb tam quan trpng ciia viec hoan thien ehinh sach phat trien GDDH theo hudng bao dam quyen tu chu va trach TNXH eiia eo sd GDDH, quan li cua Nha nudc va vai tro giam sat cua xa hgi doi vdi GDDH, Doi moi
CO cbe quan li can chuyen cac ea sd GDDH cong lap sang boat dpng theo ca ehe tu chu, co phap nhan day dii, co quyen quyet dinh va chiu traeh nhiem ve dao tao, nghien eiiu, to chiic, nhan su va tai chinh; xoa bd co cbe bg chu quan, xay dung co che dai di$n sd hixu nha nudc doi vdi cac ca sd GDDH eong lap
Nghi dinh 43/2006/ND-CP ngay
25/4/2006^ cua Chinh phu quy dinh quyin tir chu, tu chiu trach nhiem ve thuc bien nhi?mvv,
to chuc bg may, bien ehe va t^i chinh doi voi don vi su nghiep cong lap Nghi dinh nay dugc ban hanh nham tao dieu kien eho eae don vi sir nghiep cong lap noi chung, ea sd GDDH cong lap noi rieng vugt qua nbung thach thiic trong thuc hien co che tu chu, tbiic day phat trien su nghiep GDDH, nang eao chat lugng dich vu, cho phep cac don vi su nghiep dao tao cong lap tim kilm bien phap md rpng boat dpng dich vi^, tang nguIn thu, chi tieu tiet kiem de hoan thanh tot nhiem vu dugc giao Tren co sd cho phep huy dgng su dong gop va tham gia tieh cue ciia cgng dong xa hgi cho phat trien GDDH, tang nguIn thu su nghiep va tang thu nhap cbo cong chiic, vien chiic ciing nhu tang cudng tinh coog khai minh bach, dan chu trong eac quyet dinh
va boat dgng cua nha tnrdng, Nghi dinh gop phan nang cao tinh chu dgng, sang tao cac trudng dai hpe cdng lap
- Quyit dinh 121/2007/QB-TTg ngay
linilOQl ciia Thu tudng Chinh pbii phe duyet
mang ludi cac tnrdng dai hge va cao dang giai doan 2006 - 2020, trong do co xae dinh cac tnrdng trgng diem (14 tnrdng) Quyen tu chu van hoa, the due, the thao, y te, NCKH ttong nuoc va nuoc ngoai iheo quy dinh ciia Chinh phii"
^ Nghi djnh nay dupc hinh thanh va khen nguIn tir Nghj dinh 10/2002/ND-CP ngay 16/01/2002 vl viec Uiuc hien tlii
Trang 8Ciia trudng trgng diem dugc trao theo phuang
thiic dac biet, mang tinh cue bg va ca biet ma
theo tni tinh la de thuc hien vai tro dau dan
h-ong he thong GDDH, la t l chiic khoa bpc
cong nghe manh cung nhu eo du nang luc tiep
nhan va sii dung bieu qua von dau tu tap trung
Vi?e tang cudng quyin tu chu nh^m tao thuan
lgi cho cae trudng thuc hien ehinh sach uu tien
ciia Chinh phii
- Thdng tu liin tich
07/2009/TTLT-BGDBT-BNV cita Bd GD<&DT vd Bd Ndi vu ngay
15/4/2009 hudng dSn quyin tu chii, ty chiu
trach nhiem ve vi?c thyic hi?n nhiem vu, t6 cbiic
bg may, bien che doi vdi don vi sy nghiep cong
lap GD&DT da neu ro quyen tu chu ciia dan vi
trong viee xac dinh nhiem vu xay dung ke
hoach va to cbiic thuc hien; t l chuc bg may va
bien chi trong dan vi; viec tuyen dyng, quan li
va sir dung can bg, cong cbiic, vien cbiic,
- Quyit dinh sd 380/QD-TTg ngdy
24/3/2009 va Quyit dmh s6 391/QD-TTg ngdy
31/3/2017 ciia Thu tudng Cbinh phu ban hanh
quy ehe ve to ehiic va boat dpng ciia Trudng
dai hpc Viet Diic va Trudng Dai hgc Viet
-Nhat Theo do, quyen tu chii cua dai hpc quoc
tl dugc xae lap day dii nhit, ca quyin ty chu t l
chiic va quyen tu do hgc thuat vdi quy che to
chiie va hoat dgng rieng biet (trudng dupe tu
quyet dinh cac eong viec noi bp va hr chii eao
hong hpc thuat) nham thyc hien yeu cau chinh
sach GDDH^ So vdi cac quy dinh v6 tu chii
trude, quyen tu do hgc thuat dugc ghi nhan
kha ro rang, eho thSy sy thay doi tu duy budc
dau ve trao quyen ty chii triet de cho trudng
dai hgc cong
- Nghi quyit sd 05-NQ/BCSD cua Ban cdn
su Ddng Bd GD&DT ngay 06/01/2010 vl doi
mdi GDDH §iai doan 2010-2012 k h k g djnh
thuc bien quyin hr chu, tu chju trach nhiem ve
thuc hien nhiem vu, td chiic bg may, bien cbl
doi vai dan vi su nghiep cong lap trong
GD&DT; tang cudng quyin ty chu, tu chiu
*• Npi dung cac quyin ttong tting mat duoc quy dmh ro
rang ca vl tu chii Ihyc chat va thu mc; chi bj gioi han boi
trach nhi?m "xuat s5c", nghTa vu "cong khai, giai trinh,
trach nhiem va kiem soat ben trong cua trudng dai hgc phii hgp vdi cac quy dinh ciia Nha nudc Nghi quyit xac djnh cac giai phap cu the, nhu: phat buy cao do tinh ty chii, ty chiu trach nhiem, hr kiem soat ben trong ciia eac trudng; tang cudng giam sat va kiem tra ciia nha nudc,
xa hgi va ban than cac trudng; nhan manh co che thu trudng cac ca sd GDDH quyit dinh bae luong eiia giang vien theo sy cdng hien cua hg va ket qua danh gia hoat dgng giang day hang nam
- Chi thi 296/CT-TT^ ngay 27/02/2010 ciia
Thii tudng Chinh phu ve doi mdi quan li giao due trong giai doan 2010-2012 neu ro viec doi mdi quan li GDDH (gom quan li nha nudc ve giao due va quan li ciia cac ea sd dao tE j) la khau dot pha de doi mdi toan dien cua GDDH Thu tudng ciing giao cho Bg GD&DT ra soat, bo sung, dieu chinh VBQPPL da ban hanh; xay dung cac VBQPPL mdi ve thanh lap trudng, tuyen sinh, to chuc dao tao, quan li tai ehinh, quan li chat lugng, tuyen dung, lam ro trach nhiem va che do eiia nha giao trong dao tao va NCKH, quan be giiia Ban giam hieu, Hpi dong tmdng, Dang uy, cac doan till d trudng Tren
CO sd do, eac trudng dai hpc, cao dSng thue hien quyen ty ehu va ngbia vu ty ehiu trach nhiem trude xa hpi va nha nudc theo Luat Giao due Ngoai ra, tir nam 2006-2007 nganh giao due
va cac ben co lien quan ciing xay dung mgt so
de an trao quyen tu cbii cho cac trudng dai hpc neu cac tnrdng thoa man 5 tieu chi ve dam bao chat lugng, kiem dinh chat lugng, kiem toan thudng xuyen, cong bo mirc hge phi, chuang trinh dao tao va phii hgp vdi quy hoach Nhin chung, viee trao quyen tu chii, eho cac don vi
sy nghiep (dac biet la khoi GDDH) ngay cang dugc quan tam
2.2 Quyen tu chu cda cff s& gido due dgi hgc theo Ludt Gido due dgi hgc ndm 2012 vd Nghi dinh 186/2013/ND-CP
Ngay 18/6/2012, tai ki bop thir 3, QuIc hpi khoa XII da thong qua Luat GDDH (Ljat si 08/2012/QH13) glm 12 chuang, 73 dilu, co hieu lue thi hanh tii ngay 01/01/2013 Luat
Trang 9GDDH dugc ban hanh nham myc tieu the che
hoa cac chii truong chinh saeh ciia Dang - Nha
nude ve giao due, tao co sd pbap li vung ehae,
thong nhat cho su phat tnen eiia GDDH va thuc
hien cac mue tieu giao due' Luat quy dinh ve
to chiic, nhiem vu, quyen ban ciia co sd GDDH,
eae hoat dgng dao tao va hgp tae quoc tl, bao
dara chat lugng va kiera dinb ehat lirgng
GDDH, giang vien Day la sy kien co y nghTa
quan trong nham hoan thien co sd phap H, nang
cao chat lugng to chiic va boat dpng GDDH,
ddi mdi quan li GDDH, tao dieu kien eho su
nghiep giao due phat trien manh me hon Luat
GDDH 2012 mgt lan niia khang dinh quyet tam
thue hien nhung cai each theo hudng tang
quyen tu ehu eae trudng da dugc neu tai Luat
giao due 2005, la mpt budc tien quan trgng
trong tu duy QTDH Viet Nam von rat quen
thuge vdi sy chi dao va kiem soat ehat che ciia
Bp GD&DT doi vdi cac trudng eiing nhu vdi
cac giang vien va ngudi hpc Luat quan tam
nhieu den van de ty ehii ciia ca sd GDDH va da
khang dinh quyen ty ehu ciia cac trudng dai hpc
trong mpt dieu luat rieng (Dieu 32) Lan dau tien
quyin ty ehu eiia trudng dai hge dugc dua vao
van ban phap luat va su kien nay dugc xem la
mpt budc phat trien ve ca che quan tn dai hpc
nudc ta Ngoai ra, quyen TCDH ciing dupc till
hien d nhieu dieu khoan cua Luat vl Hgi ding
ttudng, Hgi dong quan tri, Hieu trudng, nhiem
vy va quyen ban cua ca sd giao due, tuyIn sinh,
chuong trinh giao due, van bang, hgc phi, le phi
tuyen sinh.Cac co sd GDDH dugc hr cbu ttong
cac boat dpng chii yeu thuge eac ITnh vyc td cbiic
va nhan su, tai cbinb va tai san, dao tao, khoa
Nhir; doi moi quan li nha nuoc vl GDDH va d6i moi
quan li ciia co so giao due, nang cao chit lupn§ GDDH,
nang cao chat lupng cong tac quan Ii giao duc va can bp
quan Ii GDDH; day manh phan cip quan li GDDH va thi;c
hien quyen tu chii, tu chiu trach nhiem ciia ca so GDDH
phii hpp voi nang li^c quan li, nang !uc to chirc ho^t dpng
dong cac nguon diu tir phat tnIn GDDH; tao dilu kien
phuong phap giang day, dSy manh d6i moi n$i dung,
chuong trinh va phuong phap giao duc theo huong khoa
hpc, hi?n dai, tien tiln va thiet thuc, phii hpp voi thuc tiln
hge va eong nghe, hop tac quoc te, bao dam chSt luong GDDH; tu ehu quyet dinh phuang thirc tuyen sinh, chiu ttach nhiem ve edng tac tuyIn smh; chiu ttach nhiem cong b l eong khai chi tieu tuyen sinh, chat lugng dao tao va eac dilu kien bao dam ehat lugng dao tao; tu ehii, tu ehiu trach nhiem ttong xay dyng, tham dinh, ban hanh chuang trinh dao tao trinh dp cao dang, dgi hpc, thac sT, tien sT De gan ehat lugng dao tao voi ten tuoi ciia nha trudng, Luat ciing quy dinh co
sd GDDH dupc tu ehii xae dinh va thuc hien chi tieu tuyen sinh, xay dyng va thye bien chuong trinh giao due, danh gia kit qua hpc tap va cong nhan tot nghiep, in phoi van bang, cap van bang cho ngudi hge
Khang dinh quyen tu chu la mot thupc tinli cua CO sd GDDH, Luat da trao quyen hr chii a miic toi da phii hgp vdi nang lyc va dieu kien dam bao thue hien quyen tu chu cua eac co so GDDH.Nbara danh gia uy tin, chat lugng dao tao phuc vu cong tae quan li Nha nudc va mi tien dau tu ngan sach Nha nude, eac co so GDDH se dugc phan tang, xep bang dira tren cac tieu chi chinh^ Ca sd GDDH thue hien quyen tu chii d miic dp cao ban phii hgp voi nang lyc, ket qua xep hang va kiem dmh chSt lugng giao due Triet li cbinh va tu tudng nh^t quan, xuyen suot ttong cac quy dinh eiia Luat la trao quyen tu ehu phii hgp vdi nang lyc thyc bien cua cac co sd GDDH, theo su phan t^og, xep hang dai hgc^; g3n vdi cam ket chiu trach nhiem ciia co sd GDDH va 16 trinh thich hpp,
Tu chu dara bao su nang dpng sang tao nhung
Nhu- vj tri, vai tto trong he thong GDDH; quy mo, nganh nghe va cac trinh dp dao tao, co cau cac hoat dong dao tjo
va khoa hoc cong nghe, chat lupng dao tao va NCKH '' Dieu 32 quy dmh; 1 Co so GDDH tt; chu trong ciic ho^t dong chii yeu thuoc cac ITnh virc to chite va nhan sir, Ui chinh va lai san, dao tao, KH&CN, HTQT, bao dam chat lirong GDDH Co so GDDH thirc hien quyin tv chu o
va kel qua kilm dinh chSt lupng giao due 2 Co sd GDDH
pham phap Iuat frong qua ttinh thuc hien quyin tu chii, tiiy
thuat, Ian dau tien cdc trucmg dugc tti chu xay dung, thim djnh, ban hanh CTDT trinh dp cao dSng, dai hoc, thac s^ tiln si; tu chii xac djnh chi tieu tuyIn sinh, tu in phdi bing,
Trang 10phai cong khai, dugc kilm soat chat che va dam
bao quyen Igi cua ngudi hgc
Bk phii hop hon vdi thue tiln GDDH Viet
Nam, Luat da bo sung quy dinh eu the ban
(Dieu 16) ve hgi dong trudng (la mpt thiet ehe
khong the thilu) doi vdi co sd GDDH eong lap
so vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 53 ciia Luat giao dye
Hoat dpng ciia hgi dong trudng tao ra co che
kiem soat quyen luc, giam sat boat dgng dieu
hanh ciia ngudi dung dau co sd nham tranh tinh
ttang dgc doan, mat dan ehu,
Nghi dinh sd 186/2013/ND-CP ngdy
17/11/2013 cita Chinh phit ve Dgi hgc Qudc gia
duffc xem Id bu&c dot phd trong tu duy ciia nhd
nuac ve bdo ddm tinh dgc lap nhiiu han cho
tru&ng dgi hgc cdng Mac dit chua dgt t&i mirc
tu tri hay nhu cdc tap dodn nhimg td chuc
DHQG cd quyen tie chu rdt cao trong cung cdp
dich vu GDDH, nhdt Id trong ddo tao, nghien
ciru, td chicc cdn bg, ki hoach - tdi chinh vd hgp
tdc qudc te So v&i cdc logi hinh tru&ng cdng
khac, DHQG cd duoc khdng gian tg- chu rdng
nhdt, cd quyen tu chu thifc chdt vd tu chu thu
tuc Khd ndng chu ddng cao cua DHQG cd
duac Id nh& duoc trao quyen theo ca che dgc
biit duffc ldm viec true tiep v&i Bg ngdnh hay
ca quan ciia Chinh phu vd khi cdn cd thi bdo
cdo v&i Thd tu&ng Ngodi ra Id dffn vi ddu mdi
nhdn cdc chi tiiu ki hogch, DHQG cd the chu
dgng trong hogch dinh phdt trien'"
Quyen tu chii ciia cac loai hinh trudng dai hpc
Phan cap tu chu cua cac trudng dai hpc cong
Tnrung dgi hpc
Dai hoc ™n
Dai hijc Quoc gi
I
Tmong dai hoc
mo hinh moi
•1
'" So voi Nghi dinh 07/2001/ND-CP, Nghi dinh si
186/2013/ND-CP da b6 sung, khlc phuc tinh chira triet de
vl quyin tu chii a mot s6 mat cua DHQG, nhir: trong
chung" cua Bo GD&DT, trong cong tac can bp vln chua
3 Nhung bat cap cua phap luat ve tu* chii dai hoc trong thoi gian qua
Trong hon 2 thap ky vira qua, van de trao quyen ty chii, eho cac eo sd GDDH dugc nhac den ngay eang nhieu qua he tbong eac van ban
va nhiing bat cap ttong quan li he tbong GDDH Cling dugc dan thao go, Tuy nhi^n, he thong van ban quy pbam ve TCDH vln tin tai nhieu ban cbe, bat cap can dupe quan tam khac phyc
Cu the nhu sau:
- Ludt Gido due 1998 quy dinh eae nhdm quyen da bao quat duac npi ham to ehiic dai
hpc tu chu, tuy eo "md rpng" pham vi tu chu d npi dung hgp tae nhung lai khong xae lap mpt npi dung quan trgng la quyen ty chu hpe thuat ciia ca nhan Dieu nay phan anh nhan tbirc chua dung miic ve vai ttd ciia to ehiic dai hpc va doi tugng hpe thuat Su khiem khuylt nay la nguyen nhan lam cho quyin ty ehu thilu "tinh than tu ehii" va bi "khap khieng" Viec chua xac lap quyen ttr chu hgc thuat true tilp va cu the dugc xem la nguyen nhan lam cho quyet dinh hge thuat thudng bj "lu md", "nho be" trude quyet dinh hanh cbinh; ban ehi viec phat huy kha nang chii dgng va trach nhiera hge thuat ciia nha tnrdng va ea nhan Ngoai ra, luat cung chua xac lap cu tbi khung phap li tir chu
ve danh gia (mac du luat da quy djnh "ty danh gia chat lugng giao due" (Dieu 58) nhung chua dil bao dam su ehu dong danh gia thyc sy)