Theo nhiing nguai lanh dao Hoi giao Rwanda thi nguai hoi giao chiem 14% trong tong so 8,2 trieu nguai a Rwanda, quoc gia CO nhieu nguoi Thien chiia giao nhat ciia chau Phi, nhieu gap hai
Trang 1N G l / a i TUTSI, ZULU
VA MOT SO TOC NGU'O'I KHAC 6 CHAU PHI
Le Bich Ngoc'^
1 Ngu'di Tutsi
Nguai Tutsi song a Rwanda, Congo,
Burundi vai so dan khoang 1,25 trieu nguai
(trong do, nguai Algeria la 76.000; nguai
Mali la 100.000; nguoi Libya la 18.000,
nguofi Niger la 700.000; eon lai la nhiing
nguoi lanh nan g Moritania va Burkina Faso)
Ngon ngii eiia nguai Tutsi la tieng
Kirundi, Kinyarwanda va tieng Phap Nguai
Tutsi theo Thien chiia giao va dao Hoi (sau
nan diet ehung)
Sau nan diet chiing nam 1994, mgt so
lugng Ion nhirng tin do Hoi giao Rwanda da
cai dao Mgt ly do cho su thay doi nay la
nhieu nguoi Hoi giao da cho nhiing nguai ti
nan, bao gom nguai Hutu va Tutsi a trong
nha, trong lang va khu vuc ngoai 6 ciia hg
Nhieu nguofi cai dao da chuyen sang dao Hoi
do mot so nguofi diing dau dao Thien chiia va
Tin lanh da tim each lam hai hg thod ky diet
ehung Cac nhom bao ve quyen con nguoi da
dua ra tai lieu chiing minh mgt vai vu viee
ma trong do cac giao sT Ca doc cho phep
nguai Tutsi tim nai an nap trong cac nha tha,
roi sau do lai giao nop hg cho dgi tir hinh
" Vien Ngliien ciru Chau Phi va Trung Dong
Tai lieu dua ra ciing chiing minh nhiing truang hgp ma cae thay tu va muc su khuyen khich eae giao doan ciia hg giet nguai Tutsi Mgt vai nguai Tutsi da eai dao de dugc an toan vi hg sg nhirng nguai Hutu c6 quan diem cue doan qua khich se tiep tue tra thii,
va hg ciing biet rang nhiing ngugi Hoi giao
se bao ve hg thoat khoi su tan sat do Nhieu nguoi Hutu cGng chuyen dao bang each tim den "le riia tgi", hg muon quen di qua khii day bao luc cua minh va khong muon ban tay phai dinh mau Ciing c6 mgt so truong hgp rieng biet, nhiing nguai Hutu da chuyen dao hy vgng rang hg se an nap ben trong egng dong nguai Hoi giao va se thoat khoi
su truy duoi Nam 1997, ti le cai dao da giam xuong Theo cac giao sT Hoi giao a Rwanda, vao nam 2002-2003 viec cai dao van chua thay tang len trong cong dong nguai Hoi giao Co doe giao van giii vai tro quan trgng nhat Dao Thien chiia (xuat hien vao cuoi the
ky XIX voi vi tri la Diie chiia trai trong giao hgi Kito giao) van an sau vao nen van hoa Theo nhiing nguai lanh dao Hoi giao Rwanda thi nguai hoi giao chiem 14% trong tong so 8,2 trieu nguai a Rwanda, quoc gia
CO nhieu nguoi Thien chiia giao nhat ciia chau Phi, nhieu gap hai lan truac khi cugc tan sat bat dau
Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU P H I & TRUNG DONG S6 02 (66) thang 2/2011
Trang 2Le Bich Ngpc Nau'diTutsi, Zulu va mot sa
Nguofi Tutsi o Rwanda lan dau tien tiep
xuc vai cac nuac phuong Tay vao cuoi the
ky XIX Xa hgi Rwanda bi phan tang kha
cao No dugc chia thanh 3 tgc ngugi: Tutsi,
Hutu va Twa Nguofi Tutsi la giai cap cam
quyen va chii yeu la ehan nuoi gia siie
NgUQfi Hutu la nhirng nong dan va nguofi
Twa la nhiing thg san Cac bai thuyet trinh
ciia nguai phuong Tay ve nguoi Tutsi da
nhan manh van de chiing tgc va he thong cap
bac Dua vao hinh dang co the thi hg la
nhiing nguoi cao nhat a chau Phi, va dua
tren hanh vi cu xii quy tgc ciia hg thi vao dau
the ky XX, nguai Tutsi da dugc nguoi
phuang Tay cho la nhirng nguofi chau Phi
tien bg nhat Dien mao ben ngoai ciing vai
hanh vi cu xii nghi thiic the hien da lam cho
hg tra thanh nhiing doi tugng hoan hao cho
cac thg anh Cac vi vua cung sam hieu dugc
nhiing mong uac ciia cac nhiep anh gia bang
viec cho trinh dien tren san khau nhirng vu
dieu Ntore noi tieng eiia eae chien binh tre
Cae biic anh ve vii dieu nay da tro thanh bieu
tugng ciia Rwanda Sau chien tranh the gioi
thii hai, thu do Nyanza cua vuong quoc da
trof thanh mgt diem dung chan tren tuyen du
lich xuyen qua viing va luon c6 rat nhieu cac
nhiep anh va cac nha lam phim,
2 Ngu'di Wodaabe
Bg tgc nguofi Wodaabe thue chat la mgt
nhom nho cua nguoi Fulani noi tieng Fulbe,
noi tieng ve tinh kieu cang va ve dep loi
cuon, Hg thieh ggi minh la Bororo Fulani la
mgt bg tgc nguai du muc, co anh huang lan
doi vai nen kinh te, chinh tri va lich sii dia
phuong tren khip Tay Phi trong suot hon
mgt nghin nam qua Nguai Wodaabe song a
phia nam Nigieria va dong vai tro rat co y
nghTa trong viec thiic day sir thong tri ciia
nguofi Fulani trong khu vuc Dinh cao ciia
trieu dai Fulani la vao giiia nhiing nam dau
1800 va 1900 Duai thai Usman dan Fodio, siic manh nay dugc ciing co va tap trung o phia bic Nigeia Dan Fodio theo giao, da diing siic manh ton giao de khich le quan dgi eiia minh tien hanh hang loat cac cugc chien tranh than thanh Ciing vofi thanh cong ban dau cua cac chien binh Hoi giao, nhiing nguofi Fulani khong theo dao Hoi da di linh
va Cling voi dong dgi ciia hg tao thanh mgt to chiie Ion manh
Kinh te: Nguai Wodaabe ehii yeu la nhiing muc dong va thuong nhan Con
duong ma hg thiet lap a Tay Phi da cung cap
nhiing moi lien he khap cac vung, gop phan thiic day moi quan he kinh te, chinh tri giira cae nhom dan tgc bi co lap Cac san pham lam tir siia bo duge ban cho nhiing nguai nong dan de doi lay cac san pham nong nghiep va nhiing mon hang xa xi Sau do, cac mon hang nay c6 the duge dua tofi cho cac thuang nhan tren sa mac Sahara la nguofi Tuagreg de van chuyen bang tau bien tai mien Bac Nhiing loai vai tot do nguofi Wodaabe det dugc ban tren thi truong quoc
te nhu mgt mon hang dat tien
Che do chinh tn: Hai nhan to eo y nghTa nhat trong he thong ehinh tri Fulani la khach hang va canh tranh De dat dugc mgt dia vi chinh tri thi mgt nguai Fulani se phai canh tranh vai nhiing thanh vien khae de c6 quyen cai tri Nguai do ciing c6 the dua ra su tin nhiem chinh tri ciia minh bang viec ehurng minh dugc rang anh ta co mgt nhom nguofi ung hg Ion a duai dang ca nhan va gia dinh Vai viec dong y trof thanh khach hang ciia mgt nguai dan ong hay mgt gia dinh quyen luc thi nguofi do se cong cac tang vat hay su ung hg ve chinh tri de doi lay su an toan Dan ong Wodaabe thuang nam quyen lire
U • Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02 (66) thang 2/201 ]
Trang 3Ngu'di Tutsi, Zulu va mot so Le Bich Ngpc
chinh tri dang ke trong nhom du muc ciia hg
cung nhu trong nhom cong dong ma hg da
dinh cu a mien Bac Nigieria
Ton giao: Ton giao ciia nguai Wodaabe
phan Ion la theo dao Hoi Mae dii miic dg tin
nguong dugc bieu 16 khac nhau, nhung hau
het mgi nguai deu duy tri it nhat mgt vai
dieu kien co ban ciia ton giao Thong thuang
thi nhiing nguai giau eo va quyen lire lai la
nhirng nguofi mg dao nhat, trong khi nhiing
nguofi khong co nhieu cua cai lai it tuan thii
hoan toan theo ton giao ciia minh Nguai ta
cung diing dao Hoi de bien minh cho nhiing
cugc chien tranh Hoi giao a lanh tho phia
Bac ciia Nigeria duai sir bao trg ciia nhom
lanh dao Fulani va Wodaabe Xet theo
phuong dien heh sii thi that la khi noi rang
nhirng lgi ich kinh te chinh tri nhu vay duge
tao ra duai danh nghTa dao Hoi va ket qua
ciia su lan chiem dat dai quyen lire Dao Hoi
da tra thanh mgt ton giao quan trgng doi vai
cac nhom bg bgc Wgdaabe trong suot the ky
XVI khi ma nha tien tri vT dai Maghili giang
cac hgc thuyet ciia Mohammed cho lop nguofi
uu tii nhat a mien bae Nigeria El Maghili
cung chinh la nguofi chiu trach nhiem cai dao
cho tang lop cai tri trong bg tgc Hausa,
Fulani va Tuareg g trong khu vuc
Hon nhan: Nguofi Wodaabe thuang theo
che do da the, Khi ma cap nam nii dang la
nhiing diia tre, thi viec ket hon da dugc eha
me sap xep hoac ciing eo the den vai nhau vi
tinh yeu va sir loi cuon lan nhau Gia dinh
chu re se dua sinh le sang nha co dau va sau
do hg cuoi nhau
Hgn nhan Koobbal la hon nhan dugc eha
me sap xep tir nho tuoi Con hon nhan
Teegal la kieu hon nhan xay ra trong 2
truang hgp; 1) khi nguai phu nii chua qua
dem tan hon bo di cung vai nguai dan ong
khac (tai thofi diem do mgt vai ngugfi ggi eg
ay la vg), 2) hoac la khi nguofi phu nii bo chong de di vai nguofi dan ong khae va trof thanh vg cua anh ta Doi khi nhiing nguai vg
da bo dl nay lai bo rai nhiing diia con vofi nguofi chong cu ciia hg Nghi thiic ciia hon nhan Teegal rat don gian chii khong cau ky nhu hon nhan Koobgal, Trong nghi thire hon nhan Teegal thi nguofi chong mai giet mgt con ciru due tugng trung cho viee anh ta da cuoi mgt nguai phu nii Koobal c6 mgt nghi
le keo dai va eau ky hon vai nhieu su kien xay ra co lien quan den gia dinh moi cua nhiing nguofi ket hon
Co dau se o vai chong eho den khi c6
bau, sau do co se trof ve nha me de va a do trong vong 3 den 4 nam, Co se de diia tre lai nha me de va trof thanh mgt "boofeydo" - c6 nghTa la "mgt nguofi da pham sai lam", Trong suot thai gian la mgt "boofeydo" co se khong dugc phep gap hay noi chuyen vofi chong minh, Neu nhu nguai chong bay to bat ky mgt su quan tam nao doi vai vg va diia con mai sinh ciia minh thi do se la mgt tgi loi van hoa rat Ion Sau 2 hoac 3 nam me
CO dau se cho co ve tham chong nhung van khong dugc phep song ciing chong hay mang theo diia con cho den tan khi me co ay
CO the mua tat ca mgi thir can thiet cho gia dinh Khi nhirng do vat nay dugc mua thi co
ay mai dugc phep tai song ciing vofi chong
va dua eon ve
Ve dep van hoa: Mat trofi da lan tren thao nguyen, nhiing tia nang chieu lam noi bat cay bao bap (cay a chau Phi co than rat to, qua to,
an duge) diing hien ngang tren duong chan trai Mau da cam va vang ciia bau trdi xe chieu chim vao mau do sam va tim nhu dem toi tao thanh mgt loi di trang le Tat ca mgi thii deu phang lang, yen binh va nhan nai
Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02 (66) thang 2/2011 15
Trang 4Le Bich Ngoc Ngu'di Tutsi, Zulu va mg^jO:
Nhirng nguoi da tirng den tham chau Phi
mai cam nhan dugc ve dep ciia no Tir
nhiing tam vai, do trang siic dii mau sac rue
ra den nhiing mau xanh luc, mau nau va do
cila dat dai ma nhieu nguofi da xem no nhu
mgt luc dja dep nhat tren trai dat Nhin
ehung, nguofi chau Phi rat coi trgng ve dep,
quan ao, do trang siic va phong each ciia hg
lam noi bat len nhiing tieu chuan khac nhau
cua sir loi cuon Tat ca mgi nguai deu xem
trgng cai dep, nhung c6 le bg tgc nguai
Wodaabe ciia Nigie moi la nguofi noi tieng
nhat sof hiiu ve dep ca the nhu la nhiing gia
tri cao nhat
Bg tgc ngUQfi Wodaabe la mgt nhom
nguai du muc rat dang tu hao, sinh song rai
rac dgc theo thao nguyen Sahenlian Sahara a
Nigie-Tay Phi Nguai ta cho rang hg bat
nguon tir thugng luu song Nil va nguon goc
chinh xac ciia hg duge cac hge gia tranh luan
gay gat; mgt vai nguofi noi rang hg den tir
Ethiopia, trong khi nhirng nguai khac khang
dinh rang hg den tir Ai Cap Nguofi Wodaabe
song rat khep kin va hiem khi ket hon vai
nguofi ngoai tgc, nhof vay hg c6 the giir dugc
su thuan tiiy trong tinh dong nhat van hoa va
di truyen hgc Bg tgc nguoi Wodaabe tim ra
dugc nguon goc ciia hg tir hai nguofi anh em,
Ali va Degereejo La mgt nhom tren cua bg
tgc Fulani, nguofi Wodaabe dugc biet nhu la
nguai Bororo
NguQfi Bororo noi tieng ve su thuang thiic
cai dep, dieu nay duong nhu giii mgt gia tri
cao hon bat ky thii khac Ve dep tu nhien
dugc luu giii trong su kinh trgng rat cao doi
vai ngUQfi Bororo, va rat nhieu thir ciia cugc
song hang ngay deu dua tren eai dep No the
hien trong suot le hgi Worso va Geerewol
dugc to chiic hang nam vao miia mua Tai
day, nguoi Bororo ciing nhau tofi de the hien
mgt each cong khai va thieh thii nhirng net dep ciia minh
Le hgi Worso la khoang thofi gian ma nhiing nguoi Bororo trong ciing mgt dong hg tap trung lai de to chiic sinh nhat va dam cuoi Cac thanh vien trong gia dinh gap nhau tai mgt noi da dinh truoc Mac bg quan ao dep va tao nha nhat, hg dugc phep to chirc nhiing nghi le khac nhau xung quanh sinh nhat va le euai trong vong 3 ngay Ban ngay
hg hat, nhay miia va giet mo nhirng con vat
CO gia tri Ion, khi dem tai thi ca nguai gia va tre em bi thu hiit bofi nhiing cau chuyen Le Worso cho phep cac thanh vien trong gia dinh lien ket to chirc va khang dinh lai moi quan he ciia hg
Le hgi Geerewol thi Ion va quan trgng hon, dugc dien ra mgt vai tuan sau le hgi Worso Le hgi dien ra trong vong 7 ngay, tap trung hai dong hg lai de nhay miia va ton vinh ve dep Le hgi nay khong chi cho phep hai dong hg lien ket lai ciing nhau 6f trong ciing buoi le ma con tao co hgi cho nhiing chang trai va nhiing co gai Bororo tim dugc tinh cam yeu men doi vai nhiing nguofi ngoai anh em hg ciia minh
Le hgi keo dai trong vai tuan xoay quanh viec nhay miia va nhiing cugc thi sac dep Hai dieu nhay Yaake va Geerewol dugc uu tien nhat trong le hgi, va do la hai dieu nhay tao CO hgi eho nhiing nguofi dan ong the hien
su quyen rii, ve dep va lam tang kha nang hap dan phu nir ciia hg
Vii dieu Yaake hay con ggi la cugc thi hap dan, doi hoi rat nhieu sir chuan bi ciia nhiing nguofi dan ong Hg danh nhieu thofi gian de chuan bj that dep Hg trang diem khuon mat rat dam va mac nhiing bg quan ao rat ti mi trau truot de khoe su hap dan cua
ill Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG s602 (66) thang 2/2011
Trang 5Ngu'di Tutsi, Zulu va mot so Le Bich Ngpc
hg, Mgt loai bgt mau vang lot dugc quet rat
dam len khuon mat ciia vii cong va mgt loai
phan CO mau den ciing dugc boi len de lam
noi bat ham rang trang va doi mat cua hg,
Mgt duong dai tu tran xuong cam giiip keo
dai cai miii ciia nguofi dan ong, va hg cdn
cag duong diem toe xung quanh mat de khoe
cai tran cua minh,
Khi nhirng ngudi dan ong chuan bi ve
ngoai hinh xong, hg diing lai ciing nhau, vai
ke vai va bat dau dieu nhay eiia minh Trong
ban nhae dong ca, hg nhdn chan ve phia
trudc de the hien chieu cao cua minh eiing su
hap dan dugc the hien tren khuon mat dugc
trang diem dam Mat dao, hai ma rung len,
rang loe sang, ma hg phinh ra giong nhu mgt
con ca, sau dd lai sup lai, mdi cong len, he ra
va rung rung, Ngudi dan dng dao mat phai tir
trong ra nggai thi dugc edng nhan la mgt
nhan tai va dugc danh gia rat cao, Trong khi
dd, nhiing ngudi gia hon thi lien tuc la het
cac vii cdng de thue ep hg cd gang hon va
the hien nhieu hon niia su quyen rii ciia hg,
Nhirng ngudi dan dng dugc danh gia dua
tren su duyen dang, quyen rii va nhan each
ciia hg Ngudi chien thang khdng phai la
ngudi dan dng dep nhat ma la ngudi duyen
dang va hap dan nhat,
Vii dieu Geerewol la vii dieu khat khe va
dugc tdn trgng nhat le hdi, va chi nhiing
chang trai dep nhat mdi dugc tham gia, Cae
chang trai ciing nhau chuan bi rat lau va ti mi
nhung dien mao ciia hg lai rat khac nhau, Hg
mac trang phuc gidng nhau: nhiing chiee ao
trang bd sat dugc budc lai d dau gdi, nhiing
chuoi hat mau trang cheo qua ngue tran va
nhixng chiee mii khdng vanh bang long da
dieu va dc nhd, Khudn mat ciia hg dugc ve
mau do va hg xep hang ndi dudi nhau trong 2
tieng de nhay va hd het mgt each dien cuong
3 Ngu'di Yoruba Yoruba la bd tdc dau tien sdng d tay nam Nigieria va ddng Benin, ndi tieng Yoruba -mdt ngdn ngii ciia ngudi Nigeria va Congo, Ngudi Yoruba chii yeu sdng d thi tran, lam cdng viec cay cudc va ndi tieng nhu nhiing thuong nhan va thg thu cdng, Cac nghe sT Yoruba da tao ra nhiing kiet tac dugc tram khac bang gd va nhirng vat dugc diic bang ddng, mdt sd tac pham dugc lam tir dau the
ky XIII, Tdn giao ciia ngudi Yorubo thugc thuyet duy linh va thd ciing rat nhieu vi than, Vao the ky XVII, ngudi Yoruba da thiet lap thanh edng mdt bang phdn thinh va ldn manh, vuong qudc cua Oyo, nam giiia Dahomey va sdng Niger, Vao nua dau the ky XIX, Oyo tan ra thanh nhieu tieu vuong qudc Den cudi the ky XIX, ngudi Yoruba nam dudi su eai tri cua vuong qudc Anh, Hien nay sd lugng ngudi Yoruba la khoang
27 trieu ngudi va chiem 1/5 dan sd ciia Nigieria, sdng chu yeu d thanh phd ciia Ibadan Rat nhieu cac hga sT va nha van ndi tieng cua Nigieria la ngudi Yoruba,
4 Ngu'di Zaghawa Ngudi Zaghawa sdng rai rac khap cac qudc gia d chau Phi cua ngudi Sudan, Chad
va Niger, Ciing duge ggi la ngudi Beri, ngudi Zaghawa d Sudan la mdt bd tgc mia
du muc dau tien sdng dgc theg bien gidi giira Sudan va Chad, Bao gdm khoang 171,000 ngudi, hg la mgt bd tgc ehan giir gia siic va lac da, ciing lam mgt sd lugng ldn cdng viec ddng ang
Van de ve nude la mdi lo lang chinh ciia ngudi Zaghawa, Hang nam hg phai chd 9 thang khd han mdi ed mdt miia mua ngan keo dai tir giiia cudi thang 6 va cudi thang 8,
De sdng sdt, nhieu ngudi chan nudi gia siic
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02 (66) thang 2/2011 i l
Trang 6Le Bich Ngoc Ngu'di Tutsi, Zulu va mj^so^
da phai liia dan gia sue ciia minh ve phia bac
de an cd trong sudt mua khd, va khi trdi mua
hg lai trd lai mien nam
Nggai viec diing sira cua bd, ciru, lac da,
va ban cac gia siic de ed thu nhap, ngudi
Zaghawa cdn trdng rau nhu ca chua, hanh,
mudp tay trong nhiing khu vudn nhd xung
quanh nha va trdng cac cay ndng nghiep nhu
ke, cac cay than cii Nhieu ngudi Zaghawa
cdn la nhiing lai budn di tdi phia nam va
ddng de tim luong thuc va san xuat nhiing
hang hda ma khu vuc ciia hg khdng cd
Dudng, tra, dau, ehan men, cac san pham
bang nhua va xa bdng dugc mua hoac trao
ddi de lay gia siic, ciru, cd dai va nhua ciia
cay xiem gai Mgt vai ngudi dan dng cdn lam
viec nhu nhiing thg ren, mac dii thg thu cdng
la cai ten ehung tdt nhat cho nhiing ngudi nay
- nhirng ngudi da tao ra cac vat dung bang
kim loai, vii khi va do trang siic, sang tao ra
do gdm, cham nhirng chiee ghe gd va cac
dung cu am nhae, det bdng va thugc da de
lam nhiing do vat bang da khac nhau
Tir khi dao Hdi duge truyen ba vao nhiing
nam 1600, nhiing ngudi dan theo dao Hdi trd
nen rat men khach, viec thd phung va ciing
te td tien ciing duge siia doi va giai thieh lai
de phu hgp vdi dao Hdi Mac du dao Hoi
dugc chap nhan rdng rai va viec nghien ciiu
luat ciia dao Hdi rat dugc kinh trgng, ngudi
Zaghawa ciing nhu ngudi hdi giao d khip
noi van phu thugc rat nhieu vao nhiing dieu
me tin truyen thdng ciia hg De tranh su
nguyen rila ciia "Mat quy"- mdt hien tugng
ma hd va sg hai, hg thudng mang theo biia,
xay nha chac chan va ehiim mat nhirng diia
be d nhirng noi cdng cdng,
5 Ngu'di Zulu
Zulu la nhdm dan tdc ldn nhat d Nam Phi
Hg noi tieng ve nhiing loai hat va nhiing cai gid day mau sic eung nhu nhiing vat dung nhd dugc tram khic khac Trong lich su, hg ndi tieng ve viec da danh bai quan ddi Anh tai Isanlwana
Ngudi Zulu tin ring hg la con chau ciia mdt til trudng d khu vuc Congo vao the ky XVI da di cu tdi mien nam va tiep nhan nhirng truyen thdng va phong tuc cua ngudi San sdng d Nam Phi Sudt the ky XVII va XVIII, nhieu tii trudng manh nhat da ky cac hiep ude va giao su kiem soat ngudi dan Zulu cho Anh,
Su viec nay da gay nen nhieu xung dot bdi ngudi Zulu cd nhieu he thdng chinh quyen lang xa thugc giao trudng rat manh,
Vi vay hg da dau tranh chdng lai ngudi Anh nhung khdng the chien thang vi hg khdng cd
du sire manh, Cudi ciing nhieu viing cua ngudi Zulu bi giao nop cho ngudi Anh, sau
do ngudi Zulu quyet dinh rang hg khdng mudn d dudi su cai tri eua nude Anh, Vao nam 1879 chien tranh da nd ra giiia ngudi Anh va ngudi Zulu, Mac dii liic dau thanh cdng nhung trong vdng 6 thang ngudi Anh
da che ngu Zulu, luu day vua eiia Zulu va phan chia Vuong qudc Zulu, Nam 1906, ngudi Zulu tiep tuc ndi day de eo gang gianh lai nhiing gi thugc ve vuong qudc cd xua cua hg,
Ngudi Amzulu tin rang hg la eon chau rudt eiia tii trudng Zulu, con cua mdt vi lanh
tu Nguni d luu vuc Congo Vao the ky XVI, ngudi Zulu di cu tir phia Nam tdi lanh tho ngay nay ciia hg, tiep nhan nhieu phong tuc ciia ngudi San, bao gdm ca nhiing am thanh ndi tieng trong ngdn ngii hgc ciia viing dd, Trong sudt trieu dai ciia vua Shaka (1816-1826), ngudi Zulu trd thanh mdt lire lugng
lii Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 02 (66) thang 2/2011
Trang 7Ngu'di Tutsi, Zulu va mot so Le Bi'ch Ngpc
quan su hiing manh nhat d Nam Phi
Dingaan, ngudi ky hiep ude vdi thuc dan
Anh da theo hau Shaka, Mpande la vi vua
tiep theo, dng da cho phep thuc dan Anh
kiem soat rdng rai han tren dat nude ciia
minh Nam 1872, khi dng chet thi ngudi
Zulu da hoan toan bi thuc dan Anh kiem
soat, Cetewayo, ngudi thay the Mpande, da
cd gang trong vdng 6 nam de tranh dugc su
duong dau vdi thuc dan Anh, nhung den
nam 1879 chien tranh van xay ra, Mac du luc
dau ngudi Zulu da cd nhiing kinh nghiem
thanh cdng nhung quan ddi Anh van hoan
toan chiem uu the, Chi khdng tdi 6 nam,
Cetewayo da bi luu day tdi Anh, va Vuong
qudc Zulu bi phan chia theo lgi ich cua
ngudi Anh, Cudc noi day cudi ciing ciia
ngudi Zulu chdng lai su dd hd cila ngudi
chau Au do Bombatha lanh dao vao nam
1906, Nhiing nam gan day, trudng Gastha
Buthelezi cd vai trd nhu ngudi lanh dao ve
chinh tri cua Zulu, va la ngudi diing dau
Dang Tu do Inkatha da lanh dao cudc dau
tranh chdng lai ehe do Apartheid va Dang
Dai hgi dan tgc Phi (ANC) de ddi tieng ndi
cho dan tgc minh,
Tdn giao: Ngudi Zulu tin vao vi than sang
tao Nkulunkulu, nhung vi than nay khdng
anh hudng tdi loai ngudi va khdng quan tam
tdi cugc sdng hang ngay ciia hg, Tuy nhien,
hang ngay ngudi Zulu van tiep xiic vdi cac
linh hdn, De traa doi vdi cae linh hdn, ngudi
Zulu phai sii dung cac phep bdi toan va cac
ldi eau nguyen to tien, Theo hg, cac han va
cae rui re khdng phai tu nhien xay ra ma la
de tac ddng ciia cac phep thuat phu thily eiia
quy dii hay eiia cac linh hdn bi xue pham,
Ngudi Zulu hien te nhirng con vat trong cac
nghi le gidng vdi each ciia ngudi Hoi giao va
ngudi Do thai, ,
Thuc te, ngudi Zulu dugc phan chia rat deu, 50% sdng d thanh phd va lam cac cdng viee nha, cdn 50% lam tren cac ndng trai, Kinh te: Ngudi Zulu d viing ndng thdn chan nudi gia siic, trdng trgt cay ngii edc va rau de kiem ke sinh nhai, Dan dng thi cham sec dan bd, tha chg chiing gam cd d nhtrng viing dat rdng, trong khi nhirng ngudi phu nii thi lam hau het cac cdng viec trdng trgt va thu hoaeh, Phu nu: cung la nhiing ngudi chii cua gia dinh va ed quyen luc kinh te dang ke,
O cac thanh phd cua Nam Phi, ngudi Zulu, hay ndi diing hon la tat ca ngudi chau Phi deu phai lam nhirng cdng viec nang nhgc va ganh traeh nhiem ddi vdi edng viee nha Ngudi chau Phi thudng gap khd khan rat ldn khi tim kiem cdng viec vi hg deu chua dugc dag tao
He thdng chinh tri: Lich sii cua ngudi Zulu la mdt bang chiing eho thay, nhirng ngudi lanh dao hay tdc trudng dugc trao quyen lire dua vao lich sii gia dinh eiia ngudi
dd Ngudi nay se ddng gdp mdt phan quan trgng vao viee eai tri ben trong ciia khu vuc ngudi Zulu, va ciing thuc hien vai trd nhu ngudi phat ngdn eho dan tgc tren thi trudng qudc te Mac dii ngudi Zulu van chiu su quan ly cua ehinh quyen Nam Phi nhung hg van thudng xuyen len tieng chdng ddi va ddi cac quyen rieng ciia minh
Tai lieu tham khao
1 vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/chauphi
2 www.africanholocaust.net/
3 www.africarace.com
4 www,theafricanrace,com
5 Lich sir chdu Phi (gidn yeu), Dd Diic
Thinh, Nxb The Gidi, nam 2006
Tap chi nghien cihi CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 02 (66) thang 2/2011 19^